Carolyn Noonan
Biographic Data
| ID | 129830 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carolyn Noonan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carolyn |
| FAMILY NAME | Noonan |
| SIGNATURE | NOONAN C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Washington State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0915-0235 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 23 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Diverse Health-related Outcomes among American Indian and Alaska Native Peoples during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Evolutionary Debunking Arguments, Explanationism and Counterexamples to Modal Security
Evolutionary debunking arguments, moral knowledge and underdetermination
Sharon Street’s influential Darwinian Dilemma argues that moral realism is incompatible with moral knowledge. In this paper I argue that Street’s argument cannot give us reason to reject moral realism. This is because the debunker’s own arguments imply that our evidence for the claim that we have moral knowledge underdetermines its truth. Furthermore, the final part of the Street’s argument, where she infers that moral realism must be false becau…
Physical and Mental Health of Caregivers and Educators of Preschool-Aged Children: Identifying Benefits and Barriers to Outdoor Time, How Outdoor Time Can Make a Difference for Health Equity, and Why …
Outdoor time is positively associated with improved physical and mental health in adults. Little is known about the specific effects of outdoor time on health outcomes for parents and educators of preschool-aged children. Early childhood is a critical window for growth and development, as parental and educator stress negatively impacts young children; thus, it is of paramount importance to systematically support parents and educators during these…
Food insecurity in urban American Indian and Alaska Native populations during the Covid-19 pandemic
High rates of food insecurity among American Indian and Alaska Native communities likely increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the high prevalence of food insecurity, community-led efforts to reduce COVID-19 infection and increase vaccination uptake across Indian Health Service and Tribal healthcare facilities may have mitigated the negative impacts of the pandemic for families experiencing food insecurity. These successful app…
An Ancillary Effect of Patient Navigation Following Detox: Fewer Arrests
Patient navigation (PN) is increasingly used to help people overcome barriers to accessing health care. In a recent trial, PN was added to motivational interviewing (MI) to help patients discharged from detoxification (detox) transition to follow-up care. The goal was to test whether PN in addition to MI increased transition rates and reduced subsequent readmissions into detox compared with MI alone. Results demonstrated little evidence of a trea…
Identifying Challenges and Solutions to Early Childhood Education and the Perceived Importance of Outdoor Time: A Mixed Methods Approach in a Socioeconomically Diverse Population
The current literature supports the positive relationship between time in nature and the improvement in children's health and identifies early childhood education (ECE) settings as an avenue for intervention. Unfortunately, access to both outdoor time and ECE opportunities is lower in communities facing economic adversity. Efforts are needed to identify the best approaches to incorporate outdoor time in ECE settings, especially in communities fac…
Outdoor Time in Childhood: A Mixed Methods Approach to Identify Barriers and Opportunities for Intervention in a Racially and Ethnically Mixed Population
A growing body of literature suggests that outdoor time is beneficial for physical and mental health in childhood. Profound disparities exist in access to outdoor spaces (and the health benefits thereof) for children in communities of color. The objectives of this research were to: (1) identify challenges and solutions to outdoor time for children; (2) assess the importance of outdoor time for children; and (3) evaluate results stratified by race…
An explanationist account of what goes wrong with third-factor replies to debunking arguments
Alcohol Consumption during Covid among Women with an Existing Alcohol-Use Disorder
Prior to the pandemic, our research team implemented a randomized controlled trial of an intervention to reduce risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP) in American Indian women. When active recruitment for the in-person trial was paused due to COVID, the research team moved to conducting follow-up surveys with participants who had completed the intervention to better understand changes to their alcohol use during the pandemic. We collected surve…
Associations of Binge Drinking With Vascular Brain Injury and Atrophy in Older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study
Objectives: American Indians (AIs) generally consume less alcohol than the US general population; however, the prevalence of alcohol use disorder is higher. This is the first large cohort study to examine binge drinking as a risk factor for vascular brain injury (VBI). Methods: We used linear and Poisson regression to examine the association of self-reported binge drinking with VBI, measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in 817 older AIs …
Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Devices: Device Performance in an Alaska Native and American Indian Population
Objectives: Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is an important component of blood pressure (BP) management. We assessed performance of two HBPM devices among Alaska Native and American Indian people (ANAIs). Methods: We measured BP using Omron BP786 arm cuff, Omron BP654 wrist cuff, and Baum aneroid sphygmomanometer in 100 ANAIs. Performance was assessed with intraclass correlation, paired t -tests, and calibration models. Results: Compared to…
Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia Diagnoses in American Indians
The burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) has increased substantially in the United States, particularly in health disparity populations. Little is known about the epidemiology of ADRD in American Indian (AI) adults, although they have a high prevalence of ADRD risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking. Using electronic health records from a large health care organization during 2016-18, we describe …
Hospital Disparities between Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders and Non-Hispanic Whites with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Objective: To compare important indicators of quality of care between Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPIs) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods: We used the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project, Hawaii State Inpatient Databases, 2010-2014. They included 10,645 inpatient encounters from 7,145 NHOPI or NHW patients age ≥ 50 years, residing in Hawaii, and with at least one…
HPV Knowledge and Attitudes Among American Indian and Alaska Native Health and STEM Conference Attendees
Background: American Indian and Alaska Native women had approximately twice the incidence of cervical cancer as white women. Preventive measures for cervical cancer rely on screening and HPV vaccination. However, vaccine series completion and catch-up vaccinations for eligible adults are low across all racial/ethnic groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify gaps in knowledge and evaluate the attitudes toward HPV and the vaccine amo…
Social Support and Physical Activity Among American Indians in Oklahoma: Results From a Community‐based Participatory Research Study
PURPOSE: Little is known about the contribution of social support to physical activity (PA) behavior among American Indians (AIs). This community-based participatory research study examined the prevalence of and associations between different types of PA social support and PA among AIs in rural Oklahoma. METHODS: Our tribal-academic partnership surveyed AI adults (N = 513) living within the tribal jurisdictional areas of 2 tribal nations. We used…
A Healthy Retail Intervention in Native American Convenience Stores: The THRIVE Community-Based Participatory Research Study
Objectives. To assess a healthy retail intervention in Tribal convenience stores in Oklahoma. Methods. We adapted healthy retail strategies to the context of 8 Tribally owned stores. We assessed individual- and store-level outcomes in a cluster-controlled intervention trial (April 2016–June 2017). We measured fruit and vegetable intake, store environment perceptions, and purchases before and after the intervention among a cohort of 1637 Native Am…
Using PhotoVoice to Promote Land Conservation and Indigenous Well-Being in Oklahoma
Food Insecurity and Chronic Diseases Among American Indians in Rural Oklahoma: The THRIVE Study
Objectives. To examine food insecurity and cardiovascular disease–related health outcomes among American Indians (AIs) in rural Oklahoma. Methods. We surveyed a cross-sectional sample of 513 AI adults to assess food insecurity domains (i.e., food quality and quantity) and obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Results. Among AIs surveyed, 56% reported inadequate food quantity and 62% reported inadequate food quality. The unadjusted prevalence of di…
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Health Outcomes Among American Indians in Oklahoma: The THRIVE Study
CVD risk factors and health outcomes persist among American Indians even as some risks (e.g., smoking) appear to be stabilizing or even declining in the general US population. Efforts to include American Indians in national health surveys, implement broad reaching environmental and policy interventions, and address the social determinants of health are critical to the elimination of these disparities
Up in Smoke: A Tradeoff Study between Tobacco as an Economic Development Tool or Public Health Liability in an American Indian Tribe
This article explores American Indians’ attitudes about further tobacco regulation. Many American Indian tribes rely upon the selling of inexpensive tobacco to generate government revenue and employment for communities that, typically, are economically disadvantaged. Although tobacco sales create significant revenue for those tribes that sell tobacco products, tobacco use also causes 40 percent of American Indian deaths. Mounting evidence suggest…
A History of Ashes: An 80 Year Comparative Portrait of Smoking Initiation in American Indians and Non-Hispanic Whites—the Strong Heart Study
The consequences of starting smoking by age 18 are significant. Early smoking initiation is associated with higher tobacco dependence, increased difficulty in smoking cessation and more negative health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine how closely smoking initiation in a well-defined population of American Indians (AI) resembles a group of Non-Hispanic white (NHW) populations born over an 80 year period. We obtained data on age of…
Social Engagement and Physical and Cognitive Health Among American Indian Participants in the Health and Retirement Study
Relation Between the Level of American Indian and Alaska Native Diabetes Education Program Services and Quality-of-Care Indicators
Objectives. We examined the relation between the level of diabetes education program services in the Indian Health Service (IHS) and indicators of the quality of diabetes care to determine if more-comprehensive diabetes services were associated with better quality of diabetes care. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, we used the IHS Integrated Diabetes Education Recognition Program to rank program services into 1 of 3 levels of comprehensiven…
Characteristics Associated with Reservation Travel Among Urban Native American Outpatients
The objectives of this study were to ascertain the extent of, and health-related characteristics associated with, travel to reservations in a low-income, urban American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) population. We surveyed more than 500 AI/AN adults at a primary care clinic. Measures included time spent visiting a reservation during the past year, and sociodemographic, cultural, and clinical characteristics. More than half (52%) of the patient…
Characteristics Associated with Reservation Travel Among Urban Native American Outpatients
The objectives of this study were to ascertain the extent of, and health-related characteristics associated with, travel to reservations in a low-income, urban American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) population. We surveyed more than 500 AI/AN adults at a primary care clinic. Measures included time spent visiting a reservation during the past year, and sociodemographic, cultural, and clinical characteristics. More than half (52%) of the patient…
Social Engagement and Physical and Cognitive Health Among American Indian Participants in the Health and Retirement Study
Food Insecurity and Chronic Diseases Among American Indians in Rural Oklahoma: The THRIVE Study
Objectives. To examine food insecurity and cardiovascular disease–related health outcomes among American Indians (AIs) in rural Oklahoma. Methods. We surveyed a cross-sectional sample of 513 AI adults to assess food insecurity domains (i.e., food quality and quantity) and obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Results. Among AIs surveyed, 56% reported inadequate food quantity and 62% reported inadequate food quality. The unadjusted prevalence of di…
Relation Between the Level of American Indian and Alaska Native Diabetes Education Program Services and Quality-of-Care Indicators
Objectives. We examined the relation between the level of diabetes education program services in the Indian Health Service (IHS) and indicators of the quality of diabetes care to determine if more-comprehensive diabetes services were associated with better quality of diabetes care. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, we used the IHS Integrated Diabetes Education Recognition Program to rank program services into 1 of 3 levels of comprehensiven…
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Health Outcomes Among American Indians in Oklahoma: The THRIVE Study
CVD risk factors and health outcomes persist among American Indians even as some risks (e.g., smoking) appear to be stabilizing or even declining in the general US population. Efforts to include American Indians in national health surveys, implement broad reaching environmental and policy interventions, and address the social determinants of health are critical to the elimination of these disparities
Associations of Binge Drinking With Vascular Brain Injury and Atrophy in Older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study
Objectives: American Indians (AIs) generally consume less alcohol than the US general population; however, the prevalence of alcohol use disorder is higher. This is the first large cohort study to examine binge drinking as a risk factor for vascular brain injury (VBI). Methods: We used linear and Poisson regression to examine the association of self-reported binge drinking with VBI, measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in 817 older AIs …
Hospital Disparities between Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders and Non-Hispanic Whites with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Objective: To compare important indicators of quality of care between Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPIs) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods: We used the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project, Hawaii State Inpatient Databases, 2010-2014. They included 10,645 inpatient encounters from 7,145 NHOPI or NHW patients age ≥ 50 years, residing in Hawaii, and with at least one…
A Healthy Retail Intervention in Native American Convenience Stores: The THRIVE Community-Based Participatory Research Study
Objectives. To assess a healthy retail intervention in Tribal convenience stores in Oklahoma. Methods. We adapted healthy retail strategies to the context of 8 Tribally owned stores. We assessed individual- and store-level outcomes in a cluster-controlled intervention trial (April 2016–June 2017). We measured fruit and vegetable intake, store environment perceptions, and purchases before and after the intervention among a cohort of 1637 Native Am…
Characteristics Associated with Reservation Travel Among Urban Native American Outpatients
The objectives of this study were to ascertain the extent of, and health-related characteristics associated with, travel to reservations in a low-income, urban American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) population. We surveyed more than 500 AI/AN adults at a primary care clinic. Measures included time spent visiting a reservation during the past year, and sociodemographic, cultural, and clinical characteristics. More than half (52%) of the patient…
Relation Between the Level of American Indian and Alaska Native Diabetes Education Program Services and Quality-of-Care Indicators
Objectives. We examined the relation between the level of diabetes education program services in the Indian Health Service (IHS) and indicators of the quality of diabetes care to determine if more-comprehensive diabetes services were associated with better quality of diabetes care. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, we used the IHS Integrated Diabetes Education Recognition Program to rank program services into 1 of 3 levels of comprehensiven…
A History of Ashes: An 80 Year Comparative Portrait of Smoking Initiation in American Indians and Non-Hispanic Whites—the Strong Heart Study
The consequences of starting smoking by age 18 are significant. Early smoking initiation is associated with higher tobacco dependence, increased difficulty in smoking cessation and more negative health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine how closely smoking initiation in a well-defined population of American Indians (AI) resembles a group of Non-Hispanic white (NHW) populations born over an 80 year period. We obtained data on age of…
Social Engagement and Physical and Cognitive Health Among American Indian Participants in the Health and Retirement Study
Up in Smoke: A Tradeoff Study between Tobacco as an Economic Development Tool or Public Health Liability in an American Indian Tribe
This article explores American Indians’ attitudes about further tobacco regulation. Many American Indian tribes rely upon the selling of inexpensive tobacco to generate government revenue and employment for communities that, typically, are economically disadvantaged. Although tobacco sales create significant revenue for those tribes that sell tobacco products, tobacco use also causes 40 percent of American Indian deaths. Mounting evidence suggest…
Food Insecurity and Chronic Diseases Among American Indians in Rural Oklahoma: The THRIVE Study
Objectives. To examine food insecurity and cardiovascular disease–related health outcomes among American Indians (AIs) in rural Oklahoma. Methods. We surveyed a cross-sectional sample of 513 AI adults to assess food insecurity domains (i.e., food quality and quantity) and obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Results. Among AIs surveyed, 56% reported inadequate food quantity and 62% reported inadequate food quality. The unadjusted prevalence of di…
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Health Outcomes Among American Indians in Oklahoma: The THRIVE Study
CVD risk factors and health outcomes persist among American Indians even as some risks (e.g., smoking) appear to be stabilizing or even declining in the general US population. Efforts to include American Indians in national health surveys, implement broad reaching environmental and policy interventions, and address the social determinants of health are critical to the elimination of these disparities
Using PhotoVoice to Promote Land Conservation and Indigenous Well-Being in Oklahoma
HPV Knowledge and Attitudes Among American Indian and Alaska Native Health and STEM Conference Attendees
Background: American Indian and Alaska Native women had approximately twice the incidence of cervical cancer as white women. Preventive measures for cervical cancer rely on screening and HPV vaccination. However, vaccine series completion and catch-up vaccinations for eligible adults are low across all racial/ethnic groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify gaps in knowledge and evaluate the attitudes toward HPV and the vaccine amo…
Social Support and Physical Activity Among American Indians in Oklahoma: Results From a Community‐based Participatory Research Study
PURPOSE: Little is known about the contribution of social support to physical activity (PA) behavior among American Indians (AIs). This community-based participatory research study examined the prevalence of and associations between different types of PA social support and PA among AIs in rural Oklahoma. METHODS: Our tribal-academic partnership surveyed AI adults (N = 513) living within the tribal jurisdictional areas of 2 tribal nations. We used…
A Healthy Retail Intervention in Native American Convenience Stores: The THRIVE Community-Based Participatory Research Study
Objectives. To assess a healthy retail intervention in Tribal convenience stores in Oklahoma. Methods. We adapted healthy retail strategies to the context of 8 Tribally owned stores. We assessed individual- and store-level outcomes in a cluster-controlled intervention trial (April 2016–June 2017). We measured fruit and vegetable intake, store environment perceptions, and purchases before and after the intervention among a cohort of 1637 Native Am…
Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia Diagnoses in American Indians
The burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) has increased substantially in the United States, particularly in health disparity populations. Little is known about the epidemiology of ADRD in American Indian (AI) adults, although they have a high prevalence of ADRD risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking. Using electronic health records from a large health care organization during 2016-18, we describe …
Hospital Disparities between Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders and Non-Hispanic Whites with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Objective: To compare important indicators of quality of care between Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPIs) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods: We used the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project, Hawaii State Inpatient Databases, 2010-2014. They included 10,645 inpatient encounters from 7,145 NHOPI or NHW patients age ≥ 50 years, residing in Hawaii, and with at least one…
Alcohol Consumption during Covid among Women with an Existing Alcohol-Use Disorder
Prior to the pandemic, our research team implemented a randomized controlled trial of an intervention to reduce risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP) in American Indian women. When active recruitment for the in-person trial was paused due to COVID, the research team moved to conducting follow-up surveys with participants who had completed the intervention to better understand changes to their alcohol use during the pandemic. We collected surve…
Associations of Binge Drinking With Vascular Brain Injury and Atrophy in Older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study
Objectives: American Indians (AIs) generally consume less alcohol than the US general population; however, the prevalence of alcohol use disorder is higher. This is the first large cohort study to examine binge drinking as a risk factor for vascular brain injury (VBI). Methods: We used linear and Poisson regression to examine the association of self-reported binge drinking with VBI, measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in 817 older AIs …
Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Devices: Device Performance in an Alaska Native and American Indian Population
Objectives: Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is an important component of blood pressure (BP) management. We assessed performance of two HBPM devices among Alaska Native and American Indian people (ANAIs). Methods: We measured BP using Omron BP786 arm cuff, Omron BP654 wrist cuff, and Baum aneroid sphygmomanometer in 100 ANAIs. Performance was assessed with intraclass correlation, paired t -tests, and calibration models. Results: Compared to…
Identifying Challenges and Solutions to Early Childhood Education and the Perceived Importance of Outdoor Time: A Mixed Methods Approach in a Socioeconomically Diverse Population
The current literature supports the positive relationship between time in nature and the improvement in children's health and identifies early childhood education (ECE) settings as an avenue for intervention. Unfortunately, access to both outdoor time and ECE opportunities is lower in communities facing economic adversity. Efforts are needed to identify the best approaches to incorporate outdoor time in ECE settings, especially in communities fac…
Outdoor Time in Childhood: A Mixed Methods Approach to Identify Barriers and Opportunities for Intervention in a Racially and Ethnically Mixed Population
A growing body of literature suggests that outdoor time is beneficial for physical and mental health in childhood. Profound disparities exist in access to outdoor spaces (and the health benefits thereof) for children in communities of color. The objectives of this research were to: (1) identify challenges and solutions to outdoor time for children; (2) assess the importance of outdoor time for children; and (3) evaluate results stratified by race…
An explanationist account of what goes wrong with third-factor replies to debunking arguments
Food insecurity in urban American Indian and Alaska Native populations during the Covid-19 pandemic
High rates of food insecurity among American Indian and Alaska Native communities likely increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the high prevalence of food insecurity, community-led efforts to reduce COVID-19 infection and increase vaccination uptake across Indian Health Service and Tribal healthcare facilities may have mitigated the negative impacts of the pandemic for families experiencing food insecurity. These successful app…
An Ancillary Effect of Patient Navigation Following Detox: Fewer Arrests
Patient navigation (PN) is increasingly used to help people overcome barriers to accessing health care. In a recent trial, PN was added to motivational interviewing (MI) to help patients discharged from detoxification (detox) transition to follow-up care. The goal was to test whether PN in addition to MI increased transition rates and reduced subsequent readmissions into detox compared with MI alone. Results demonstrated little evidence of a trea…
Evolutionary Debunking Arguments, Explanationism and Counterexamples to Modal Security
Evolutionary debunking arguments, moral knowledge and underdetermination
Sharon Street’s influential Darwinian Dilemma argues that moral realism is incompatible with moral knowledge. In this paper I argue that Street’s argument cannot give us reason to reject moral realism. This is because the debunker’s own arguments imply that our evidence for the claim that we have moral knowledge underdetermines its truth. Furthermore, the final part of the Street’s argument, where she infers that moral realism must be false becau…
Physical and Mental Health of Caregivers and Educators of Preschool-Aged Children: Identifying Benefits and Barriers to Outdoor Time, How Outdoor Time Can Make a Difference for Health Equity, and Why …
Outdoor time is positively associated with improved physical and mental health in adults. Little is known about the specific effects of outdoor time on health outcomes for parents and educators of preschool-aged children. Early childhood is a critical window for growth and development, as parental and educator stress negatively impacts young children; thus, it is of paramount importance to systematically support parents and educators during these…
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Diverse Health-related Outcomes among American Indian and Alaska Native Peoples during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Medicine (20 works) · Environmental health (14 works) · Gerontology (14 works) · Population (10 works) · Psychology (8 works) · Demography (7 works) · Psychiatry (7 works) · Disease (6 works) · Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations (6 works) · Geography (6 works)