Ryken Grattet
Biographic Data
| ID | 130246 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ryken Grattet |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ryken |
| FAMILY NAME | Grattet |
| SIGNATURE | GRATTET R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Davis |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6272-8625 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 358 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Toxic Waste and Race in Twenty-First Century America: Neighborhood Poverty and Racial Composition in the Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities
In 1987, the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice released its groundbreaking study, Toxic Waste and Race in the United States. The report found race to be the most significant predictor of where hazardous waste facilities were located in the United States. We review this and other studies of environmental racism in an effort to explain the relationship between race and the proximity to hazardous waste facilities. More recent res…
Impact of defelonizing drug possession on recidivism
Research Summary California's Proposition 47 (Prop 47), passed in November 2014, sought to scale back punishment for selected drug and property offenses, making them misdemeanors rather than felonies. Although others have examined the impacts of Proposition 47 on crime rates, here we examine the impacts on a range of recidivism outcomes specifically for individuals convicted for drug possession offenses. We focus on the defelonization of drug pos…
The Effect of Strain, Affect, and Personal/Social Resources on Problem Substance Use among Incarcerated and Non-Incarcerated Youth
We explore the applicability of General Strain Theory to juvenile substance use. In doing so, we offer three advances over prior work. First, we put forward the concept of "problem substance use" to move beyond frequency-based and more medicalized conceptions of the phenomenon toward a conceptualization that views substance use as problematic when it disrupts social relationships and expectations and when it reflects a loss of self-control. Secon…
Next Steps in Jail and Prison Downsizing
Realignment and Recidivism
California's 2011 Public Safety Realignment created an unprecedented policy experiment by transferring the authority over lower-level felony offenders from the state correctional system to fifty-eight county jail and probation systems. While centered in California, these changes are reflective of an ongoing national conversation about the appropriate level of government at which to focus crime control efforts. In this article, we first situate Re…
Challenging Criminological Theory: The Legacy of Ruth Rosner Kornhauser
Justice by Other Means: Venue Sorting in Parole Revocation
We consider the factors that shape venue sorting, the process by which a legal case can be handled through different organizational arrangements with distinct procedures, institutional cultures, and sanctioning constraints. The empirical area for our investigation of venue sorting is California's parole revocation system, in which parolees accused of new crimes can be returned to prison by either criminal courts or the parole board. We find that …
Supervision Regimes, Risk, and Official Reactions to Parolee Deviance
Parolee deviance has emerged as a central issue in policy debates about crime and punishment in American society as well as in scholarship on “mass incarceration.” Although the prevailing approach to studying parolees conceives of parole violations as outcomes of individual propensities toward criminal behavior (i.e., criminogenic risk), we consider how indicators of individual risk and characteristics of formal social control systems combine to …
Societal Reactions to Deviance
A common complaint about the sociology of deviance, particularly the perspective known as labeling theory or the societal reaction perspective, is that the field is dead. However, considerable evidence suggests that the core themes of societal reaction work live on in several areas of contemporary scholarship. After identifying and describing three key strands of the early societal reaction perspective, I consider how those strands are reflected …
Back‐end Sentencing” and Reimprisonment: Individual, Organizational, and Community Predictors of Parole Sanctioning Decisions
An understudied contributor to the massive growth of American incarceration is an increase in the practice of reimprisoning parolees through parole board revocations—now referred to as “back‐end sentencing.” To conduct the analyses outlined in this article, we use data from the California Parole Study to analyze the effects of three clusters of factors (parolees' characteristics, organizational pressures, and community conditions) on these senten…
The Urban Ecology of Bias Crime: A Study of Disorganized and Defended Neighborhoods
Journal Article The Urban Ecology of Bias Crime: A Study of Disorganized and Defended Neighborhoods Get access Ryken Grattet Ryken Grattet University of California, Davis Direct correspondence to: Ryken Grattet, Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social Problems, Volume 56, Issue 1, 1 February 2009, Pages …
Transforming Symbolic Law into Organizational Action: Hate Crime Policy and Law Enforcement Practice
For decades sociologists, criminologists, political scientists and socio-legal scholars alike have focused on the symbolic and instrumental dimensions of law in examinations of the effects of social reform and policy implementation. Following in this tradition, we focus on the relationship between hate crime policy and hate crime reporting to identify the conditions under which a symbolic law is accompanied by instrumental effects at the initial …
The Reconstitution of Law in Local Settings: Agency Discretion, Ambiguity, and a Surplus of Law in the Policing of Hate Crime
An important yet poorly understood function of law enforcement organizations is the role they play in distilling and transmitting the meaning of legal rules to frontline law enforcement officers and their local communities. In this study, we examine how police and sheriff's agencies in California collectively make sense of state hate crime laws. To do so, we gathered formal policy documents called "hate crime general orders" from all 397 police a…
The Law-In-Between: The Effects of Organizational Perviousness on the Policing of Hate Crime
This article examines the characteristics of law enforcement agencies and their environments that affect the process by which local organizations create and promote operational understandings of law for the purpose of managing enforcement behavior. Using data on law enforcement agencies in California, logistic and OLS regression models reveal the importance of organizational “perviousness”—that is, susceptibility to environmental influence and or…
Making Hate a Crime: From Social Movement Concept to Law Enforcement Practice
The Birth and Maturation of Hate Crime Policy in the United States
To comprehend the contemporary significance of hate crime, it is necessary to understand how the concept emerged and gained acceptance, as well as how its meaning has been transformed over time and across the institutional spheres of the American policy-making process-from social movements to legislatures to appellate courts and, finally, to law enforcement. As the concept traversed these spheres, its definition and the scope of its application h…
The Atlanta Youth Murders and the Politics of Race
Judicial Rhetoric, Meaning-Making, and the Institutionalization of Hate Crime Law
In this article we examine how the concept of hate crime has been transformed in judicial discourse from a broad ambiguous category, which generated substantial controversy and opposition, to a focused determinate legal construct, which has been largely accepted as a legitimate legal practice. We track changes in judicial rhetoric across 38 appellate court opinions that consider the constitutionality of hate crime cases (1984-1999), and we propos…
The Homogenization and Differentiation of Hate Crime Law in the United States, 1978 to 1995: Innovation and Diffusion in the Criminalization of Bigotry
We view criminalization as a process of institutionalization that involves the diffusion of legal forms and practices. Conventional approaches to criminalization have been dominated by historical case studies that illuminate the collective action and social structural bases of shifts in crime policy by focusing on the dynamics internal to particular polities. Our event history analysis of U.S. states' adoption of hate crime laws indicates that cr…
Sociological Perspectives on Legal Change: The Role of the Legal Field in the Transformation of the Common Law of Industrial Accidents
Ryken Grattet, Sociological Perspectives on Legal Change: The Role of the Legal Field in the Transformation of the Common Law of Industrial Accidents, Social Science History, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 359-397
The Criminalization of Hate: A Comparison of Structural and Polity Influences on the Passage of 'Bias-Crime' Legislation in the United States
Violence born of hatred, bias, or prejudice has become the source of highly politicized public debate and subsequent mandates that 'somebody do something.' Accordingly, many federal, state, county, and city officials have taken measures to curb hate-motivated violence through new legislation. This criminalization of hate is a fairly recent development in legal and criminal history, and it is not surprising that little scholarly attention has so f…
The Homogenization and Differentiation of Hate Crime Law in the United States, 1978 to 1995: Innovation and Diffusion in the Criminalization of Bigotry
We view criminalization as a process of institutionalization that involves the diffusion of legal forms and practices. Conventional approaches to criminalization have been dominated by historical case studies that illuminate the collective action and social structural bases of shifts in crime policy by focusing on the dynamics internal to particular polities. Our event history analysis of U.S. states' adoption of hate crime laws indicates that cr…
The Reconstitution of Law in Local Settings: Agency Discretion, Ambiguity, and a Surplus of Law in the Policing of Hate Crime
An important yet poorly understood function of law enforcement organizations is the role they play in distilling and transmitting the meaning of legal rules to frontline law enforcement officers and their local communities. In this study, we examine how police and sheriff's agencies in California collectively make sense of state hate crime laws. To do so, we gathered formal policy documents called "hate crime general orders" from all 397 police a…
Back‐end Sentencing” and Reimprisonment: Individual, Organizational, and Community Predictors of Parole Sanctioning Decisions
An understudied contributor to the massive growth of American incarceration is an increase in the practice of reimprisoning parolees through parole board revocations—now referred to as “back‐end sentencing.” To conduct the analyses outlined in this article, we use data from the California Parole Study to analyze the effects of three clusters of factors (parolees' characteristics, organizational pressures, and community conditions) on these senten…
The Urban Ecology of Bias Crime: A Study of Disorganized and Defended Neighborhoods
Journal Article The Urban Ecology of Bias Crime: A Study of Disorganized and Defended Neighborhoods Get access Ryken Grattet Ryken Grattet University of California, Davis Direct correspondence to: Ryken Grattet, Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social Problems, Volume 56, Issue 1, 1 February 2009, Pages …
Judicial Rhetoric, Meaning-Making, and the Institutionalization of Hate Crime Law
In this article we examine how the concept of hate crime has been transformed in judicial discourse from a broad ambiguous category, which generated substantial controversy and opposition, to a focused determinate legal construct, which has been largely accepted as a legitimate legal practice. We track changes in judicial rhetoric across 38 appellate court opinions that consider the constitutionality of hate crime cases (1984-1999), and we propos…
The Law-In-Between: The Effects of Organizational Perviousness on the Policing of Hate Crime
This article examines the characteristics of law enforcement agencies and their environments that affect the process by which local organizations create and promote operational understandings of law for the purpose of managing enforcement behavior. Using data on law enforcement agencies in California, logistic and OLS regression models reveal the importance of organizational “perviousness”—that is, susceptibility to environmental influence and or…
Supervision Regimes, Risk, and Official Reactions to Parolee Deviance
Parolee deviance has emerged as a central issue in policy debates about crime and punishment in American society as well as in scholarship on “mass incarceration.” Although the prevailing approach to studying parolees conceives of parole violations as outcomes of individual propensities toward criminal behavior (i.e., criminogenic risk), we consider how indicators of individual risk and characteristics of formal social control systems combine to …
Societal Reactions to Deviance
A common complaint about the sociology of deviance, particularly the perspective known as labeling theory or the societal reaction perspective, is that the field is dead. However, considerable evidence suggests that the core themes of societal reaction work live on in several areas of contemporary scholarship. After identifying and describing three key strands of the early societal reaction perspective, I consider how those strands are reflected …
Transforming Symbolic Law into Organizational Action: Hate Crime Policy and Law Enforcement Practice
For decades sociologists, criminologists, political scientists and socio-legal scholars alike have focused on the symbolic and instrumental dimensions of law in examinations of the effects of social reform and policy implementation. Following in this tradition, we focus on the relationship between hate crime policy and hate crime reporting to identify the conditions under which a symbolic law is accompanied by instrumental effects at the initial …
The Criminalization of Hate: A Comparison of Structural and Polity Influences on the Passage of 'Bias-Crime' Legislation in the United States
Violence born of hatred, bias, or prejudice has become the source of highly politicized public debate and subsequent mandates that 'somebody do something.' Accordingly, many federal, state, county, and city officials have taken measures to curb hate-motivated violence through new legislation. This criminalization of hate is a fairly recent development in legal and criminal history, and it is not surprising that little scholarly attention has so f…
Toxic Waste and Race in Twenty-First Century America: Neighborhood Poverty and Racial Composition in the Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities
In 1987, the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice released its groundbreaking study, Toxic Waste and Race in the United States. The report found race to be the most significant predictor of where hazardous waste facilities were located in the United States. We review this and other studies of environmental racism in an effort to explain the relationship between race and the proximity to hazardous waste facilities. More recent res…
The Birth and Maturation of Hate Crime Policy in the United States
To comprehend the contemporary significance of hate crime, it is necessary to understand how the concept emerged and gained acceptance, as well as how its meaning has been transformed over time and across the institutional spheres of the American policy-making process-from social movements to legislatures to appellate courts and, finally, to law enforcement. As the concept traversed these spheres, its definition and the scope of its application h…
The Effect of Strain, Affect, and Personal/Social Resources on Problem Substance Use among Incarcerated and Non-Incarcerated Youth
We explore the applicability of General Strain Theory to juvenile substance use. In doing so, we offer three advances over prior work. First, we put forward the concept of "problem substance use" to move beyond frequency-based and more medicalized conceptions of the phenomenon toward a conceptualization that views substance use as problematic when it disrupts social relationships and expectations and when it reflects a loss of self-control. Secon…
Next Steps in Jail and Prison Downsizing
Realignment and Recidivism
California's 2011 Public Safety Realignment created an unprecedented policy experiment by transferring the authority over lower-level felony offenders from the state correctional system to fifty-eight county jail and probation systems. While centered in California, these changes are reflective of an ongoing national conversation about the appropriate level of government at which to focus crime control efforts. In this article, we first situate Re…
Justice by Other Means: Venue Sorting in Parole Revocation
We consider the factors that shape venue sorting, the process by which a legal case can be handled through different organizational arrangements with distinct procedures, institutional cultures, and sanctioning constraints. The empirical area for our investigation of venue sorting is California's parole revocation system, in which parolees accused of new crimes can be returned to prison by either criminal courts or the parole board. We find that …
Impact of defelonizing drug possession on recidivism
Research Summary California's Proposition 47 (Prop 47), passed in November 2014, sought to scale back punishment for selected drug and property offenses, making them misdemeanors rather than felonies. Although others have examined the impacts of Proposition 47 on crime rates, here we examine the impacts on a range of recidivism outcomes specifically for individuals convicted for drug possession offenses. We focus on the defelonization of drug pos…
The Criminalization of Hate: A Comparison of Structural and Polity Influences on the Passage of 'Bias-Crime' Legislation in the United States
Violence born of hatred, bias, or prejudice has become the source of highly politicized public debate and subsequent mandates that 'somebody do something.' Accordingly, many federal, state, county, and city officials have taken measures to curb hate-motivated violence through new legislation. This criminalization of hate is a fairly recent development in legal and criminal history, and it is not surprising that little scholarly attention has so f…
Sociological Perspectives on Legal Change: The Role of the Legal Field in the Transformation of the Common Law of Industrial Accidents
Ryken Grattet, Sociological Perspectives on Legal Change: The Role of the Legal Field in the Transformation of the Common Law of Industrial Accidents, Social Science History, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 359-397
The Homogenization and Differentiation of Hate Crime Law in the United States, 1978 to 1995: Innovation and Diffusion in the Criminalization of Bigotry
We view criminalization as a process of institutionalization that involves the diffusion of legal forms and practices. Conventional approaches to criminalization have been dominated by historical case studies that illuminate the collective action and social structural bases of shifts in crime policy by focusing on the dynamics internal to particular polities. Our event history analysis of U.S. states' adoption of hate crime laws indicates that cr…
The Atlanta Youth Murders and the Politics of Race
Judicial Rhetoric, Meaning-Making, and the Institutionalization of Hate Crime Law
In this article we examine how the concept of hate crime has been transformed in judicial discourse from a broad ambiguous category, which generated substantial controversy and opposition, to a focused determinate legal construct, which has been largely accepted as a legitimate legal practice. We track changes in judicial rhetoric across 38 appellate court opinions that consider the constitutionality of hate crime cases (1984-1999), and we propos…
The Birth and Maturation of Hate Crime Policy in the United States
To comprehend the contemporary significance of hate crime, it is necessary to understand how the concept emerged and gained acceptance, as well as how its meaning has been transformed over time and across the institutional spheres of the American policy-making process-from social movements to legislatures to appellate courts and, finally, to law enforcement. As the concept traversed these spheres, its definition and the scope of its application h…
Making Hate a Crime: From Social Movement Concept to Law Enforcement Practice
The Reconstitution of Law in Local Settings: Agency Discretion, Ambiguity, and a Surplus of Law in the Policing of Hate Crime
An important yet poorly understood function of law enforcement organizations is the role they play in distilling and transmitting the meaning of legal rules to frontline law enforcement officers and their local communities. In this study, we examine how police and sheriff's agencies in California collectively make sense of state hate crime laws. To do so, we gathered formal policy documents called "hate crime general orders" from all 397 police a…
The Law-In-Between: The Effects of Organizational Perviousness on the Policing of Hate Crime
This article examines the characteristics of law enforcement agencies and their environments that affect the process by which local organizations create and promote operational understandings of law for the purpose of managing enforcement behavior. Using data on law enforcement agencies in California, logistic and OLS regression models reveal the importance of organizational “perviousness”—that is, susceptibility to environmental influence and or…
Transforming Symbolic Law into Organizational Action: Hate Crime Policy and Law Enforcement Practice
For decades sociologists, criminologists, political scientists and socio-legal scholars alike have focused on the symbolic and instrumental dimensions of law in examinations of the effects of social reform and policy implementation. Following in this tradition, we focus on the relationship between hate crime policy and hate crime reporting to identify the conditions under which a symbolic law is accompanied by instrumental effects at the initial …
The Urban Ecology of Bias Crime: A Study of Disorganized and Defended Neighborhoods
Journal Article The Urban Ecology of Bias Crime: A Study of Disorganized and Defended Neighborhoods Get access Ryken Grattet Ryken Grattet University of California, Davis Direct correspondence to: Ryken Grattet, Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social Problems, Volume 56, Issue 1, 1 February 2009, Pages …
Back‐end Sentencing” and Reimprisonment: Individual, Organizational, and Community Predictors of Parole Sanctioning Decisions
An understudied contributor to the massive growth of American incarceration is an increase in the practice of reimprisoning parolees through parole board revocations—now referred to as “back‐end sentencing.” To conduct the analyses outlined in this article, we use data from the California Parole Study to analyze the effects of three clusters of factors (parolees' characteristics, organizational pressures, and community conditions) on these senten…
Supervision Regimes, Risk, and Official Reactions to Parolee Deviance
Parolee deviance has emerged as a central issue in policy debates about crime and punishment in American society as well as in scholarship on “mass incarceration.” Although the prevailing approach to studying parolees conceives of parole violations as outcomes of individual propensities toward criminal behavior (i.e., criminogenic risk), we consider how indicators of individual risk and characteristics of formal social control systems combine to …
Societal Reactions to Deviance
A common complaint about the sociology of deviance, particularly the perspective known as labeling theory or the societal reaction perspective, is that the field is dead. However, considerable evidence suggests that the core themes of societal reaction work live on in several areas of contemporary scholarship. After identifying and describing three key strands of the early societal reaction perspective, I consider how those strands are reflected …
Justice by Other Means: Venue Sorting in Parole Revocation
We consider the factors that shape venue sorting, the process by which a legal case can be handled through different organizational arrangements with distinct procedures, institutional cultures, and sanctioning constraints. The empirical area for our investigation of venue sorting is California's parole revocation system, in which parolees accused of new crimes can be returned to prison by either criminal courts or the parole board. We find that …
Realignment and Recidivism
California's 2011 Public Safety Realignment created an unprecedented policy experiment by transferring the authority over lower-level felony offenders from the state correctional system to fifty-eight county jail and probation systems. While centered in California, these changes are reflective of an ongoing national conversation about the appropriate level of government at which to focus crime control efforts. In this article, we first situate Re…
Challenging Criminological Theory: The Legacy of Ruth Rosner Kornhauser
Next Steps in Jail and Prison Downsizing
Impact of defelonizing drug possession on recidivism
Research Summary California's Proposition 47 (Prop 47), passed in November 2014, sought to scale back punishment for selected drug and property offenses, making them misdemeanors rather than felonies. Although others have examined the impacts of Proposition 47 on crime rates, here we examine the impacts on a range of recidivism outcomes specifically for individuals convicted for drug possession offenses. We focus on the defelonization of drug pos…
The Effect of Strain, Affect, and Personal/Social Resources on Problem Substance Use among Incarcerated and Non-Incarcerated Youth
We explore the applicability of General Strain Theory to juvenile substance use. In doing so, we offer three advances over prior work. First, we put forward the concept of "problem substance use" to move beyond frequency-based and more medicalized conceptions of the phenomenon toward a conceptualization that views substance use as problematic when it disrupts social relationships and expectations and when it reflects a loss of self-control. Secon…
Toxic Waste and Race in Twenty-First Century America: Neighborhood Poverty and Racial Composition in the Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities
In 1987, the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice released its groundbreaking study, Toxic Waste and Race in the United States. The report found race to be the most significant predictor of where hazardous waste facilities were located in the United States. We review this and other studies of environmental racism in an effort to explain the relationship between race and the proximity to hazardous waste facilities. More recent res…
Criminology (16 works) · Political science (16 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (14 works) · Law (14 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (11 works) · Law (9 works) · Hate crime (6 works) · Psychology (6 works) · Computer Science (5 works)