Richard S Marken
Biographic Data
| ID | 1321435 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Richard S Marken |
| GIVEN NAMES | Richard S |
| FAMILY NAME | Marken |
| SIGNATURE | MARKEN R S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Augsburg University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4787-4891 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 8 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 8 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1969 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Behavioral illusions
A behavioral illusion is a regularity of behavior that appears to reflect something about the functional characteristics of an organism when it does not. This illusion occurs when the methods appropriate to the study of an open-loop or zero feedback (Z)-system are used to study the behavior of what is, in fact, a closed-loop or negative feedback (N)-system. The situation is like the one described in Lewis Carroll’s The Hunting of the Snark, where…
Taking Purpose into Account in Experimental Psychology
Experimental research in psychology is based on a causal model--the General Linear Model (GLM)--that assumes behavior has causes but not purposes. Powers (1978) used a control theory analysis to show that the results of psychological experiments based on such a model can be misleading if the organisms being studied are purposeful (control) systems. In the same paper, Powers presented evidence that organisms are such systems. Nevertheless, psychol…
When Causality Does Not Imply Correlation
Experimental research in psychology is based on an open-loop causal model which assumes that sensory input causes behavioral output. This model was tested in a tracking experiment where participants were asked to control a cursor, keeping it aligned with a target by moving a mouse to compensate for disturbances of differing difficulty. Since cursor movements (inputs) are the only observable cause of mouse movements (outputs), the open-loop model …
A Science of Purpose
Selection of Consequences
The behavior of subjects in a human operant conditioning experiment was “shaped” using a random reinforcement contingency. Bar-press responses kept a moving cursor near a target although the consequence of each response was a random change in the direction of the cursor. The apparent effect of reinforcement on behavior is shown to be an illusion created by ignoring the consistency of behavioral results
Intentional and Accidental Behavior
A procedure based on control theory was used to determine which of two simultaneous activities was the one performed intentionally by a subject. The procedure provides an objective means of discriminating intended from accidental behaviors
Single-Subject Analyses of Three Study Methods
Three common study methods (reading, reading with underlining, and reading with notetaking) were used by the same subject to study passages of text. The study methods had no differential effect on comprehension of the passages, even when time to study the passages was statistically controlled. Although study methods did not affect comprehension measured immediately after completion of each passage, there was evidence that these methods differenti…
Developmental analysis of reversal and half-reversal shifts
Developmental analysis of reversal and half-reversal shifts
Single-Subject Analyses of Three Study Methods
Three common study methods (reading, reading with underlining, and reading with notetaking) were used by the same subject to study passages of text. The study methods had no differential effect on comprehension of the passages, even when time to study the passages was statistically controlled. Although study methods did not affect comprehension measured immediately after completion of each passage, there was evidence that these methods differenti…
Intentional and Accidental Behavior
A procedure based on control theory was used to determine which of two simultaneous activities was the one performed intentionally by a subject. The procedure provides an objective means of discriminating intended from accidental behaviors
Selection of Consequences
The behavior of subjects in a human operant conditioning experiment was “shaped” using a random reinforcement contingency. Bar-press responses kept a moving cursor near a target although the consequence of each response was a random change in the direction of the cursor. The apparent effect of reinforcement on behavior is shown to be an illusion created by ignoring the consistency of behavioral results
A Science of Purpose
When Causality Does Not Imply Correlation
Experimental research in psychology is based on an open-loop causal model which assumes that sensory input causes behavioral output. This model was tested in a tracking experiment where participants were asked to control a cursor, keeping it aligned with a target by moving a mouse to compensate for disturbances of differing difficulty. Since cursor movements (inputs) are the only observable cause of mouse movements (outputs), the open-loop model …
Taking Purpose into Account in Experimental Psychology
Experimental research in psychology is based on a causal model--the General Linear Model (GLM)--that assumes behavior has causes but not purposes. Powers (1978) used a control theory analysis to show that the results of psychological experiments based on such a model can be misleading if the organisms being studied are purposeful (control) systems. In the same paper, Powers presented evidence that organisms are such systems. Nevertheless, psychol…
Behavioral illusions
A behavioral illusion is a regularity of behavior that appears to reflect something about the functional characteristics of an organism when it does not. This illusion occurs when the methods appropriate to the study of an open-loop or zero feedback (Z)-system are used to study the behavior of what is, in fact, a closed-loop or negative feedback (N)-system. The situation is like the one described in Lewis Carroll’s The Hunting of the Snark, where…
Psychology (8 works) · Cognitive psychology (6 works) · Computer Science (5 works) · Artificial Intelligence (4 works) · Artificial Intelligence (4 works) · Social Psychology (4 works) · Control (management (3 works) · Social Psychology (3 works) · Child and Animal Learning Development (2 works) · Cognitive Science and Mapping (2 works)