Brian J Stults
Biographic Data
| ID | 132224 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Brian J Stults |
| GIVEN NAMES | Brian J |
| FAMILY NAME | Stults |
| SIGNATURE | STULTS B J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Florida State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9318-6582 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1038 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Evolving technologies in law enforcement: Documenting the continued growth of real-time crime centers
Real-time crime centers (RTCCs) have rapidly proliferated among law enforcement agencies in the United States, becoming a central feature in modern policing. However, research on RTCCs remains limited, particularly regarding the recent surge in their development. Using data from a nationally representative survey of law enforcement agencies, this study examines the development of RTCCs and their operational characteristics. Results reveal that RT…
The complexity of neighborhood effects: A developmental and ecological framework for violent victimization
Extensive research has established a link between low self‐control and child victimization. However, the specific neighborhood conditions under which low self‐control most strongly influences victimization have been little examined, and, more importantly, no previous studies have investigated the complex ways in which neighborhood context interacts with self‐control and other individual characteristics to impact victimization. Drawing on data fro…
Testing the Social Bond Theory Explanation for the Family Size and Delinquency Relationship
Scholars have long explored how families influence childhood and adolescent outcomes. A large body of work suggests that children in families with a greater number of siblings are more likely to engage in delinquency. There remains, however, little empirical work testing the mediating mechanisms that might account for any observed relationship between family size and delinquency. To address this gap, we test theoretical explanations of the relati…
The Problem of Uneven Contribution: Investigating the Implications of Place for System-Wide Estimates of Race/Ethnicity
Explaining Variability in Trajectories of Self-Control Using Growth-Curve Modeling: The Effects of Parental Socialization and Victimization
Many in recent years have found a lack of stability in self-control throughout childhood. We test whether this finding also applies to a non-US sample using six waves of data from a longitudinal survey of South Korean youth ages 13 to 18. We then expand on prior studies by testing whether trajectories of self-control are affected by parental socialization and victimization. Using hybrid growth-curve models, we find a “J-curve” pattern of self-con…
The intricate nature of vulnerability to victimization: Low self-control, age, and economic status
Race, Institutions, and American Homicide: A Du Boisian Test of Institutional Anomie Theory
Institutional anomie theory (IAT) argues that crime rates will be higher in areas characterized by a value complex that elevates the economy over non-economic institutions. Drawing on the Du Boisian tradition and race-relations scholarship, we argue that the racialized nature of American society influences racial differences in aggregate-level institutional commitments. These racial differences may, in turn, confound the "institutional balance of…
The Legacy of Troubled Childhoods: Adverse Childhood Experiences, Sleep, and Delinquency
Scholars have called for greater understanding of the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on later youth development, including research on sleep as a potential contributor to delinquency. This study seeks to extend that work by situating the focus on ACEs and sleep within a life-course perspective, one that examines life events and turning points, the disruptions that they create, and their longer-term consequences for youth. In part…
Sleep duration as a mediator of the effects of risk factors for substance use
Structural Racism and Criminal Violence: An Analysis of State-Level Variation in Homicide
We advance a structural racism approach to understanding the variation in homicide across the U.S. states. We conceptualize structural racism by juxtaposing the conditions for Blacks with those for Whites across multiple domains. We also include two ideological beliefs, racial resentments and Whites perceptions that their racialized social status is threatened by minority gains. The results show that higher Black homicide rates are associated wit…
Adverse childhood experiences, developmental differences in impulse control and sensation seeking, and delinquency: A prospective multi-cohort study
Brexit, Terrorist Attacks, and Hate Crime: A Longitudinal Analysis
Drawing on theories of intergroup conflict and research on political legitimization of prejudice and crime motivated by bias, this study examines the temporal clustering of hate crimes in the aftermath of triggering events in the UK. In addition to domestic and nondomestic terrorist attacks, we consider the effects of the EU referendum widely known as Brexit. Consistent with previous work, the results reveal sharp increases of hate crimes in the …
Self-Control, Cyberbullying, and the Moderating Effect of Opportunity
Extensive prior research has examined the effect of low self-control on delinquency, as well as whether this effect is moderated by criminal opportunity. The purpose of our study is to examine whether these relationships can be extended to cyberbullying as an outcome. In doing so, we discuss ways in which key theoretical arguments and common measurement strategies must be modified in order to apply to cyberbullying. Using data from a nationally r…
Improving estimates of neighborhood change with constant tract boundaries
The Role of Neighborhood Context in the Relationship between Parenting Effectiveness and Self-control
A large body of work has examined the factors contributing to low self-control among adolescents, with a predominant focus on individual and family characteristics. More recently, a small body of research has examined whether neighborhood characteristics influence self-control, with many finding null effects. We extend this research by considering whether neighborhood characteristics have a moderating influence rather than a direct effect. We exa…
Chapter 17. Space, Place, and Immigration: New Directions for Research on Police Stops
Validating Population Estimates for Harmonized Census Tract Data, 2000-2010
Social scientists regularly rely on population estimates when studying change in small areas over time. Census tract data in the United States are a prime example, since there are substantial shifts in tract boundaries from decade to decade. This study compares alternative estimates of the 2000 population living within 2010 tract boundaries to the Census Bureau's own re-tabulation. All methods of estimation are subject to error; this is the first…
Interpolating U.S. Decennial Census Tract Data from as Early as 1970 to 2010: A Longitudinal Tract Database
Differences in the reporting units of data from diverse sources and changes in units over time are common obstacles to analysis of areal data. We compare common approaches to this problem in the context of changes over time in the boundaries of U.S. census tracts. In every decennial census many tracts are split, consolidated, or changed in other ways from the previous boundaries to reflect population growth or decline. We examine two interpolatio…
The “True” Juvenile Offender: Age Effects and Juvenile Court Sanctioning
Age is the only factor used to demarcate the boundary between juvenile and adult justice. However, little research has examined how age guides the juvenile court in determining which youth within the juvenile justice system merit particular dispositions, especially those that reflect the court's emphasis on rehabilitation. Drawing on scholarship on the court's origins, attribution theory, and cognitive heuristics, we hypothesize that the court fo…
Undocumented Immigrant Threat and Support for Social Controls
Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration is examined in relation to contextual measures of group threat as well as perceived levels of cultural and economic threat posed by undocumented immigrants. Results from a national survey of non-Latino respondents (N = 1,364) indicate that presumed threatening context measured in static terms is inconsequential. But when context is measured in dynamic …
Student Performance in Research Methods Classes: Assessing the Predictive Validity of the DRAMA Scale
A recent study appearing in this journal argued that student anxiety concerning research methods classes in criminology and criminal justice is characterized by three separate but related concepts: Disinterest, Relevance Argumentation, and Math Anxiety (DRAMA). The current study extends the previous work by presenting a modified version of the DRAMA scale and assessing its ability to predict student performance among a sample of students enrolled…
Racial Context and Police Force Size: Evaluating the Empirical Validity of the Minority Threat Perspective
Prior studies demonstrating a relationship between racial context and levels of crime control have not explicitly examined the factors that may account for this relationship. The authors advance the literature by examining whether geographic differences in black economic and political threat explain the effects of %black and racial segregation on police size. They also examine the potential mediating roles of whites' fear of crime and antiblack p…
Racial Threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and Social Control: Considering the Macro‐level Sources of Variation in Arrests
Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological iss…
Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change
Data from Census 2000 show that black-white segregation declined modestly at the national level after 1980, while Hispanic and Asian segregation rose in most metropolitan areas. Changes that may have produced greater changes for blacks proved to have insignificant effects: there was no net shift of the black population toward less-segregated areas, segregation at the metropolitan level did not decline more in areas where the incomes of blacks cam…
Enclaves and Entrepreneurs: Assessing the Payoff for Immigrants and Minorities
Self-employment and work in sectors with high concentrations of owners and workers of the same ethnicity have been identified as potential routes of economic success for immigrants. This study uses 1990 census data to assess the effects of self-employment, ethnic employment, and their interaction on the odds of being at work, on number of hours worked, and on earnings of individual members of several representative groups. These groups include Cu…
Immigrant Groups in the Suburbs: A Reexamination of Suburbanization and Spatial Assimilation
For a number of contemporary immigrant groups, suburbanization is occurring at high levels, and either increased or remained stable during the 1980s, a decade of high immigration. We investigate whether these settlement patterns are consistent with spatial-assimilation theory. Using Public Use Microdata from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. censuses, we examine the link between suburban residence and life-cycle, socioeconomic, and assimilation characterist…
Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change
Data from Census 2000 show that black-white segregation declined modestly at the national level after 1980, while Hispanic and Asian segregation rose in most metropolitan areas. Changes that may have produced greater changes for blacks proved to have insignificant effects: there was no net shift of the black population toward less-segregated areas, segregation at the metropolitan level did not decline more in areas where the incomes of blacks cam…
How Segregated Are Middle-Class African Americans
The prevailing opinion in the sociological literature is that middle-class blacks are almost as segregated from whites as are poor blacks. We re-examine this view, using a multivariate, locational-attainment approach in place of a segregation-index one. Controlling for a variety of socioeconomic characteristics, we find that middleincome, suburban African Americans live in neighborhoods with many more whites than do poor, inner-city blacks. But t…
Only English by the third generation? Loss and preservation of the mother tongue among the grandchildren of contemporary immigrants
We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous waves of immigration, can be applied to the descendants of contemporary immigrant groups. Using the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample 1990 file, we examine the home languages of second- and third-generation children and compare the degree of their language shift against that among the descendants of European immigrants, as evidenced in the 1940…
Racial Threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and Social Control: Considering the Macro‐level Sources of Variation in Arrests
Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological iss…
Racial Context and Police Force Size: Evaluating the Empirical Validity of the Minority Threat Perspective
Prior studies demonstrating a relationship between racial context and levels of crime control have not explicitly examined the factors that may account for this relationship. The authors advance the literature by examining whether geographic differences in black economic and political threat explain the effects of %black and racial segregation on police size. They also examine the potential mediating roles of whites' fear of crime and antiblack p…
The Changing Neighborhood Contexts of the Immigrant Metropolis
To understand the impacts of large-scale immigration on neighborhood contexts, we employ locational-attainment models, in which two characteristics of a neighborhood, its average household income and the majority group's percentage among its residents, are taken as the dependent variables and a number of individual and household characteristics, such as race/ethnicity and household composition, form the vector of independent variables. Models are…
Enclaves and Entrepreneurs: Assessing the Payoff for Immigrants and Minorities
Self-employment and work in sectors with high concentrations of owners and workers of the same ethnicity have been identified as potential routes of economic success for immigrants. This study uses 1990 census data to assess the effects of self-employment, ethnic employment, and their interaction on the odds of being at work, on number of hours worked, and on earnings of individual members of several representative groups. These groups include Cu…
Racial Differences in Exposure to Crime: The City and Suburbs of Cleveland in 1990
Do minorities live in higher crime neighborhoods because they lack the class resources to live in better areas, or do racial differences in exposure to crime persist even for blacks and whites of comparable backgrounds? Does living in the suburbs reduce exposure to crime equally for whites and blacks? This study analyzes the determinants of living in local areas with higher or lower crime rates in the Cleveland metropolitan region in 1990. Multiv…
Validating Population Estimates for Harmonized Census Tract Data, 2000-2010
Social scientists regularly rely on population estimates when studying change in small areas over time. Census tract data in the United States are a prime example, since there are substantial shifts in tract boundaries from decade to decade. This study compares alternative estimates of the 2000 population living within 2010 tract boundaries to the Census Bureau's own re-tabulation. All methods of estimation are subject to error; this is the first…
Undocumented Immigrant Threat and Support for Social Controls
Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration is examined in relation to contextual measures of group threat as well as perceived levels of cultural and economic threat posed by undocumented immigrants. Results from a national survey of non-Latino respondents (N = 1,364) indicate that presumed threatening context measured in static terms is inconsequential. But when context is measured in dynamic …
The “True” Juvenile Offender: Age Effects and Juvenile Court Sanctioning
Age is the only factor used to demarcate the boundary between juvenile and adult justice. However, little research has examined how age guides the juvenile court in determining which youth within the juvenile justice system merit particular dispositions, especially those that reflect the court's emphasis on rehabilitation. Drawing on scholarship on the court's origins, attribution theory, and cognitive heuristics, we hypothesize that the court fo…
Brexit, Terrorist Attacks, and Hate Crime: A Longitudinal Analysis
Drawing on theories of intergroup conflict and research on political legitimization of prejudice and crime motivated by bias, this study examines the temporal clustering of hate crimes in the aftermath of triggering events in the UK. In addition to domestic and nondomestic terrorist attacks, we consider the effects of the EU referendum widely known as Brexit. Consistent with previous work, the results reveal sharp increases of hate crimes in the …
Self-Control, Cyberbullying, and the Moderating Effect of Opportunity
Extensive prior research has examined the effect of low self-control on delinquency, as well as whether this effect is moderated by criminal opportunity. The purpose of our study is to examine whether these relationships can be extended to cyberbullying as an outcome. In doing so, we discuss ways in which key theoretical arguments and common measurement strategies must be modified in order to apply to cyberbullying. Using data from a nationally r…
Structural Racism and Criminal Violence: An Analysis of State-Level Variation in Homicide
We advance a structural racism approach to understanding the variation in homicide across the U.S. states. We conceptualize structural racism by juxtaposing the conditions for Blacks with those for Whites across multiple domains. We also include two ideological beliefs, racial resentments and Whites perceptions that their racialized social status is threatened by minority gains. The results show that higher Black homicide rates are associated wit…
Race, Institutions, and American Homicide: A Du Boisian Test of Institutional Anomie Theory
Institutional anomie theory (IAT) argues that crime rates will be higher in areas characterized by a value complex that elevates the economy over non-economic institutions. Drawing on the Du Boisian tradition and race-relations scholarship, we argue that the racialized nature of American society influences racial differences in aggregate-level institutional commitments. These racial differences may, in turn, confound the "institutional balance of…
Adverse childhood experiences, developmental differences in impulse control and sensation seeking, and delinquency: A prospective multi-cohort study
Racial Differences in Exposure to Crime: The City and Suburbs of Cleveland in 1990
Do minorities live in higher crime neighborhoods because they lack the class resources to live in better areas, or do racial differences in exposure to crime persist even for blacks and whites of comparable backgrounds? Does living in the suburbs reduce exposure to crime equally for whites and blacks? This study analyzes the determinants of living in local areas with higher or lower crime rates in the Cleveland metropolitan region in 1990. Multiv…
Immigrant Groups in the Suburbs: A Reexamination of Suburbanization and Spatial Assimilation
For a number of contemporary immigrant groups, suburbanization is occurring at high levels, and either increased or remained stable during the 1980s, a decade of high immigration. We investigate whether these settlement patterns are consistent with spatial-assimilation theory. Using Public Use Microdata from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. censuses, we examine the link between suburban residence and life-cycle, socioeconomic, and assimilation characterist…
The Changing Neighborhood Contexts of the Immigrant Metropolis
To understand the impacts of large-scale immigration on neighborhood contexts, we employ locational-attainment models, in which two characteristics of a neighborhood, its average household income and the majority group's percentage among its residents, are taken as the dependent variables and a number of individual and household characteristics, such as race/ethnicity and household composition, form the vector of independent variables. Models are…
How Segregated Are Middle-Class African Americans
The prevailing opinion in the sociological literature is that middle-class blacks are almost as segregated from whites as are poor blacks. We re-examine this view, using a multivariate, locational-attainment approach in place of a segregation-index one. Controlling for a variety of socioeconomic characteristics, we find that middleincome, suburban African Americans live in neighborhoods with many more whites than do poor, inner-city blacks. But t…
Only English by the third generation? Loss and preservation of the mother tongue among the grandchildren of contemporary immigrants
We investigate whether a three-generation model of linguistic assimilation, known from previous waves of immigration, can be applied to the descendants of contemporary immigrant groups. Using the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample 1990 file, we examine the home languages of second- and third-generation children and compare the degree of their language shift against that among the descendants of European immigrants, as evidenced in the 1940…
Enclaves and Entrepreneurs: Assessing the Payoff for Immigrants and Minorities
Self-employment and work in sectors with high concentrations of owners and workers of the same ethnicity have been identified as potential routes of economic success for immigrants. This study uses 1990 census data to assess the effects of self-employment, ethnic employment, and their interaction on the odds of being at work, on number of hours worked, and on earnings of individual members of several representative groups. These groups include Cu…
Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change
Data from Census 2000 show that black-white segregation declined modestly at the national level after 1980, while Hispanic and Asian segregation rose in most metropolitan areas. Changes that may have produced greater changes for blacks proved to have insignificant effects: there was no net shift of the black population toward less-segregated areas, segregation at the metropolitan level did not decline more in areas where the incomes of blacks cam…
Racial Threat, Concentrated Disadvantage and Social Control: Considering the Macro‐level Sources of Variation in Arrests
Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological iss…
Racial Context and Police Force Size: Evaluating the Empirical Validity of the Minority Threat Perspective
Prior studies demonstrating a relationship between racial context and levels of crime control have not explicitly examined the factors that may account for this relationship. The authors advance the literature by examining whether geographic differences in black economic and political threat explain the effects of %black and racial segregation on police size. They also examine the potential mediating roles of whites' fear of crime and antiblack p…
Student Performance in Research Methods Classes: Assessing the Predictive Validity of the DRAMA Scale
A recent study appearing in this journal argued that student anxiety concerning research methods classes in criminology and criminal justice is characterized by three separate but related concepts: Disinterest, Relevance Argumentation, and Math Anxiety (DRAMA). The current study extends the previous work by presenting a modified version of the DRAMA scale and assessing its ability to predict student performance among a sample of students enrolled…
Interpolating U.S. Decennial Census Tract Data from as Early as 1970 to 2010: A Longitudinal Tract Database
Differences in the reporting units of data from diverse sources and changes in units over time are common obstacles to analysis of areal data. We compare common approaches to this problem in the context of changes over time in the boundaries of U.S. census tracts. In every decennial census many tracts are split, consolidated, or changed in other ways from the previous boundaries to reflect population growth or decline. We examine two interpolatio…
The “True” Juvenile Offender: Age Effects and Juvenile Court Sanctioning
Age is the only factor used to demarcate the boundary between juvenile and adult justice. However, little research has examined how age guides the juvenile court in determining which youth within the juvenile justice system merit particular dispositions, especially those that reflect the court's emphasis on rehabilitation. Drawing on scholarship on the court's origins, attribution theory, and cognitive heuristics, we hypothesize that the court fo…
Undocumented Immigrant Threat and Support for Social Controls
Popular support for enhanced border and internal controls to deal with undocumented immigration is examined in relation to contextual measures of group threat as well as perceived levels of cultural and economic threat posed by undocumented immigrants. Results from a national survey of non-Latino respondents (N = 1,364) indicate that presumed threatening context measured in static terms is inconsequential. But when context is measured in dynamic …
Validating Population Estimates for Harmonized Census Tract Data, 2000-2010
Social scientists regularly rely on population estimates when studying change in small areas over time. Census tract data in the United States are a prime example, since there are substantial shifts in tract boundaries from decade to decade. This study compares alternative estimates of the 2000 population living within 2010 tract boundaries to the Census Bureau's own re-tabulation. All methods of estimation are subject to error; this is the first…
Chapter 17. Space, Place, and Immigration: New Directions for Research on Police Stops
Improving estimates of neighborhood change with constant tract boundaries
The Role of Neighborhood Context in the Relationship between Parenting Effectiveness and Self-control
A large body of work has examined the factors contributing to low self-control among adolescents, with a predominant focus on individual and family characteristics. More recently, a small body of research has examined whether neighborhood characteristics influence self-control, with many finding null effects. We extend this research by considering whether neighborhood characteristics have a moderating influence rather than a direct effect. We exa…
Adverse childhood experiences, developmental differences in impulse control and sensation seeking, and delinquency: A prospective multi-cohort study
Brexit, Terrorist Attacks, and Hate Crime: A Longitudinal Analysis
Drawing on theories of intergroup conflict and research on political legitimization of prejudice and crime motivated by bias, this study examines the temporal clustering of hate crimes in the aftermath of triggering events in the UK. In addition to domestic and nondomestic terrorist attacks, we consider the effects of the EU referendum widely known as Brexit. Consistent with previous work, the results reveal sharp increases of hate crimes in the …
Self-Control, Cyberbullying, and the Moderating Effect of Opportunity
Extensive prior research has examined the effect of low self-control on delinquency, as well as whether this effect is moderated by criminal opportunity. The purpose of our study is to examine whether these relationships can be extended to cyberbullying as an outcome. In doing so, we discuss ways in which key theoretical arguments and common measurement strategies must be modified in order to apply to cyberbullying. Using data from a nationally r…
The Legacy of Troubled Childhoods: Adverse Childhood Experiences, Sleep, and Delinquency
Scholars have called for greater understanding of the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on later youth development, including research on sleep as a potential contributor to delinquency. This study seeks to extend that work by situating the focus on ACEs and sleep within a life-course perspective, one that examines life events and turning points, the disruptions that they create, and their longer-term consequences for youth. In part…
Sleep duration as a mediator of the effects of risk factors for substance use
Structural Racism and Criminal Violence: An Analysis of State-Level Variation in Homicide
We advance a structural racism approach to understanding the variation in homicide across the U.S. states. We conceptualize structural racism by juxtaposing the conditions for Blacks with those for Whites across multiple domains. We also include two ideological beliefs, racial resentments and Whites perceptions that their racialized social status is threatened by minority gains. The results show that higher Black homicide rates are associated wit…
The Problem of Uneven Contribution: Investigating the Implications of Place for System-Wide Estimates of Race/Ethnicity
Explaining Variability in Trajectories of Self-Control Using Growth-Curve Modeling: The Effects of Parental Socialization and Victimization
Many in recent years have found a lack of stability in self-control throughout childhood. We test whether this finding also applies to a non-US sample using six waves of data from a longitudinal survey of South Korean youth ages 13 to 18. We then expand on prior studies by testing whether trajectories of self-control are affected by parental socialization and victimization. Using hybrid growth-curve models, we find a “J-curve” pattern of self-con…
Geography (15 works) · Psychology (14 works) · Sociology (13 works) · Demography (12 works) · Political science (12 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (11 works) · Criminology (10 works) · Population (10 works) · Demographic economics (9 works) · Economics (9 works)