Matthew S Mcglone
Biographic Data
| ID | 133561 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Matthew S Mcglone |
| GIVEN NAMES | Matthew S |
| FAMILY NAME | Mcglone |
| SIGNATURE | MCGLONE M S |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Texas at Austin |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8130-5724 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 48 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 195 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 48 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1983 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Preparing for the Extreme Cold: Linking Motivations, Water Infrastructure, and Communication Practices to Protective Actions
There is limited understanding of the factors that motivate people to take protective action to safeguard water infrastructure during extreme cold weather. Guided by Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and using a survey deployed in a major city in the USA ( N = 343) that is predominately Hispanic (people with origins from Mexico and often Spanish speaking), we found cognitive, demographic, and experiential factors explained 42% of the variance in…
Clear or compliant? The tension between regulatory requirements and public comprehension in boil water advisories
Risk communications should provide clear messages to the public so people can take appropriate actions to protect their health and safety. Boil Water Advisories (BWAs), for instance, help safeguard communities from water quality issues. This study evaluates BWA effectiveness by analyzing 85 advisories from four Texas metropolitan areas, collected from press releases and social media platforms (e.g., Facebook). The evaluation focused on two main a…
Communicating safety: The impact of warning signs and messages on reducing risky driving in flood conditions
Vehicle-related flood fatalities are common, and past research has largely focused on psychological, experiential, and sociodemographic factors that contribute to driver safety behavior. Less is known about how flood-related road signs and messages are understood and acted on. This study ( n = 1027) addresses that gap by examining how three factors—past exposure to warning signs, comprehension of those signs, and exposure to flood-related risk me…
Pills, Rebel Yells, and Red Dye Spills: Preventing the Misuse of Antibiotics via Language and Color Cues
red) in health communication messages about antibiotic resistance. A 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design was employed with a sample of 386 participants randomly assigned to one of eight conditions. Results indicated that messages assigning agency to humans led to greater perceived freedom threat compared to assigning bacteria as the agent. The interaction effects between threat agency and nominalized forms predicted perceived response …
One HPV Vaccination Message Does Not Fit All: Differences Between Young Adults Deciding to Be Vaccinated and Parents Deciding for Their Children
Despite decades of research on HPV vaccination, the U.S. has still not achieved optimal vaccination rates. This study investigated two different message strategies (agency assignment and deviance regulation marking) for encouraging HPV vaccination in two different populations: parents considering vaccinating their children and young adults (18-26) considering vaccinating themselves. Using a 2 × 3 × 3 online experiment, this study examined the dif…
Strengthening individual preparedness for extreme cold weather through enhanced messaging, risk perception, and trust
Communicating Antibiotic Resistance via Linguistic Agency Assignment
Antibiotic resistance is a serious health threat that healthcare providers must communicate to the public to decelerate its development. Prior studies have shown that linguistic agency assignment is a viable strategy to frame health threats in a way that both conveys their severity and preserves audience members’ sense of self-efficacy. In the current study, we examined this messaging strategy in the context of antibiotic resistance. Individuals’…
Investigating ways to better communicate flood risk: The tight coupling of perceived flood map usability and accuracy
Flooding is increasing worldwide, and many current maps and models available to help people understand their risk are not designed with risk communication best practices in mind. This study is one of the first to combine comparative U.S. flood modelling approaches with measures of perceived flood map usability and accuracy to begin to understand how maps may be used to communicate flood risk. Using a survey of residents in Texas, U.S. counties af…
How to get a national biodiversity monitoring programme off the ground: Lessons from New Zealand
The Department of Conservation manages protected areas in New Zealand (32 per cent of the land area) and marine reserves. In recent years, it has come under pressure to provide evidence concerning their biodiversity status and trends. In 2011, the Department implemented systematic monitoring of terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems as part of its Biodiversity Assessment Framework. Data generated now form part of the Department's reporting cy…
Did I Offend You or Did It? Agency Assignment in Interpersonal Apology
When apologizing to victims of transgressions, people may assign the agency for harm to themselves (“I’m sorry I offended you”), to the act (“I’m sorry it offended you”), or omit agency altogether (“I’m sorry you were offended”). They also may acknowledge or question the victim’s harm by the choice of conjunction used to introduce an explanatory subordinate clause (“I’m sorry that you were offended” vs. “I’m sorry if you were offended”). Particip…
Hate the Sin, Love the Saints: Activities Versus Actors in Message Design
The reported study investigated the persuasive effects of nouns describing activities and their human actors in message design. Fictitious op-ed essays were created from the point of view of authors taking a complimentary or critical stance on two controversial topics. Different versions were created in which activity nouns ( immigration, cosmetic surgery) or actor nouns ( immigrants, cosmetic surgeons) referring to the topics were manipulated or…
Time Is on Our Side: Temporal Agency in Courtship Narratives
The reported study investigated how newlyweds linguistically encode changes in relationship commitment in retrospective courtship narratives. In particular, we explored their use of emotion words and its correspondence with “temporal agency,” that is, the attribution of temporal change to human actors or to abstract events and processes. A corpus of courtship narratives composed by recently married participants was analyzed. Narrators used a high…
Naive Realism in the Unmarried Cohabitation Controversy in the United States
We explored the role of “naà ̄ve realism†in perceptions of attitudinal differences between proponents and opponents of unmarried cohabitation (UC) in the United States. Participants were presented with UC vignettes, asked to describe their own impressions of the couple in each scenario, and then to speculate about the impressions of the typical UC proponent and opponent. A comparison of these impressions yielded a pattern of false polarization in…
Stereotype Threat and the Evaluative Context of Communication
We explored the impact of "stereotype threat" -that is, distress associated with the prospect of confirming a negative stereotype-on communication in evaluative contexts. Participants engaged in a conflict resolution simulation framed as diagnostic of their ability either to be a leader or to maintain close personal relationships. Women were less fluent and used more tentative language under leadership than relational maintenance framing, but men…
Giving Radon Gas Life Through Language: Effects of Linguistic Agency Assignment in Health Messages About Inanimate Threats
Health messages that linguistically assign agency to a threat (e.g., HIV infects people) tend to evoke more fear and elevate perceptions of threat severity and susceptibility relative to those that assign agency to humans (e.g., people contract HIV). The present experiment ( N = 843) extended these findings to a nonliving health threat, radon gas, and compared nonsentient (e.g., radon gas is seeping . . .) and sentient (e.g., radon gas is invadin…
The Cowl Makes the Monk: How Avatar Appearance and Role Labels Affect Cognition in Virtual Worlds
This study examined how avatars influence operators in stereotype-consistent ways. Participants controlled formally or glamorously dressed avatars, and then created stories. Half of the participants heard a comment about the likely role of the avatar based on its looks (e.g., professor, supermodel). An automated linguistic analysis uncovered that participants using formally dressed avatars referred more to education, books, and numbers. Conversel…
Hyperbole, Homunculi, and Hindsight Bias: An Alternative Evaluation of Conceptual Metaphor Theory
To its credit, conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) has drawn significant attention to the question of what figurative language can tell us about human concepts. However, the answers CMT theorists have offered are typically unsubstantiated by the empirical evidence, and occasionally unfalsifiable. This reply to Raymond W. Gibbs Jr.'s positive evaluation of the theory offers an alternative assessment that is more critical of its shortcomings. This cri…
Seasonality in the early Holocene: Extending fossil-based estimates with a forest ecosystem process model
Past seasonality changes are often poorly represented by Quaternary proxies because one season, or one factor, dominates the reconstructed signal. During the early Holocene in New Zealand, mean annual temperatures were at least 1.5°C warmer than present. However, treelines were lower, suggesting summers were cooler. Here we use a forest ecosystem process model, LINKNZ, to explore past precipitation and temperature seasonality changes in an interm…
Are treelines advancing? A global meta‐analysis of treeline response to climate warming
Treelines are temperature sensitive transition zones that are expected to respond to climate warming by advancing beyond their current position. Response to climate warming over the last century, however, has been mixed, with some treelines showing evidence of recruitment at higher altitudes and/or latitudes (advance) whereas others reveal no marked change in the upper limit of tree establishment. To explore this variation, we analysed a global d…
The Obama effect: An experimental test
Does Time Fly When You're Having Fun, or Do You: Affect, Agency, and Embodiment in Temporal Communication
When describing the passage of time, people metaphorically assign the agency for temporal change to themselves (e.g., we are approaching the weekend) or an event ( the weekend is approaching). Embodiment theory suggests that temporal agency assignments reflect conceptual correspondences between time, motion, and emotion, whereby people symbolically move toward affectively positive events but passively observe the arrival of negative events. This …
Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: An assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data
The Generality and Consequences of Stereotype Threat
‘Stereotype threat’ refers to the state of psychological discomfort people experience when confronted by an unflattering reputation in a situation where that reputation can be confirmed by one's behavior. Once aroused, stereotype threat can have a number of disruptive effects, among them the short‐term impairment of intelligent thought and academic achievement. Over time, it can prompt defensive adaptations that have far‐reaching effects, such as…
What is the explanatory value of a conceptual metaphor
Contamination and Camouflage in Euphemisms
Communicators may representationally displace an unpleasant topic by avoiding direct reference to it (e.g., she died) in favor of a euphemism (she's no longer with us). How does a euphemism's displacement capacity change over its career in the vernacular? Linguists have assumed that this capacity deteriorates as euphemisms become conventional and thus “contaminated” by their association with negative referents. In contrast, communicative pragmati…
Stereotype Threat and the Gender Gap in Political Knowledge
Men tend to achieve higher response accuracy than women on surveys of political knowledge. We investigated the possibility that this performance gap is moderated by factors that render the communicative context of a survey intellectually threatening to women and thereby induce stereotype threat. In a telephone survey of college students' political knowledge, we manipulated two factors of the survey context: the alleged diagnosticity of the questi…
Semantic productivity and idiom comprehension
When people understand an idiom such as “spill the beans,” two kinds of meaning are simultaneously apprehended: the meanings of the words themselves and the idiomatic meaning. Standard models of language comprehension assume that the literal meanings of figurative expressions are rejected in favor of a nonliteral meaning. We propose an alternative approach in which literal meanings are systematically used to constrain the use and variation of con…
When love is not a journey: What metaphors mean
What is the explanatory value of a conceptual metaphor
The Kaharoa Tephra as a Critical Datum for Earliest Human Impact in Northern New Zealand
The Obama effect: An experimental test
Does Time Fly When You're Having Fun, or Do You: Affect, Agency, and Embodiment in Temporal Communication
When describing the passage of time, people metaphorically assign the agency for temporal change to themselves (e.g., we are approaching the weekend) or an event ( the weekend is approaching). Embodiment theory suggests that temporal agency assignments reflect conceptual correspondences between time, motion, and emotion, whereby people symbolically move toward affectively positive events but passively observe the arrival of negative events. This …
Pollen, Phytoliths and Diatoms in Prehistoric Coprolites from Kohika, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
The Keats heuristic: Rhyme as reason in aphorism interpretation
Hyperbole, Homunculi, and Hindsight Bias: An Alternative Evaluation of Conceptual Metaphor Theory
To its credit, conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) has drawn significant attention to the question of what figurative language can tell us about human concepts. However, the answers CMT theorists have offered are typically unsubstantiated by the empirical evidence, and occasionally unfalsifiable. This reply to Raymond W. Gibbs Jr.'s positive evaluation of the theory offers an alternative assessment that is more critical of its shortcomings. This cri…
Contamination and Camouflage in Euphemisms
Communicators may representationally displace an unpleasant topic by avoiding direct reference to it (e.g., she died) in favor of a euphemism (she's no longer with us). How does a euphemism's displacement capacity change over its career in the vernacular? Linguists have assumed that this capacity deteriorates as euphemisms become conventional and thus “contaminated” by their association with negative referents. In contrast, communicative pragmati…
Anchoring in the interpretation of probability expressions
Stereotype Threat and the Evaluative Context of Communication
We explored the impact of "stereotype threat" -that is, distress associated with the prospect of confirming a negative stereotype-on communication in evaluative contexts. Participants engaged in a conflict resolution simulation framed as diagnostic of their ability either to be a leader or to maintain close personal relationships. Women were less fluent and used more tentative language under leadership than relational maintenance framing, but men…
Giving Radon Gas Life Through Language: Effects of Linguistic Agency Assignment in Health Messages About Inanimate Threats
Health messages that linguistically assign agency to a threat (e.g., HIV infects people) tend to evoke more fear and elevate perceptions of threat severity and susceptibility relative to those that assign agency to humans (e.g., people contract HIV). The present experiment ( N = 843) extended these findings to a nonliving health threat, radon gas, and compared nonsentient (e.g., radon gas is seeping . . .) and sentient (e.g., radon gas is invadin…
Forest disturbance in the central North Island, New Zealand, following the 1850 BP Taupo eruption
The 1850 BP Taupo eruption covered c. 30 000 km 2 of the central North Island with airfall deposits and c. 20 000 km 2 with ignimbrite. This paper reviews pollen and charcoal analyses of lake and peat sediment cores from sites at various distances and directions from the Taupo vent to establish the effects of this eruption on the surrounding forests. Forests within range of the ignimbrite were destroyed, and forests located up to 170 km east of t…
Did I Offend You or Did It? Agency Assignment in Interpersonal Apology
When apologizing to victims of transgressions, people may assign the agency for harm to themselves (“I’m sorry I offended you”), to the act (“I’m sorry it offended you”), or omit agency altogether (“I’m sorry you were offended”). They also may acknowledge or question the victim’s harm by the choice of conjunction used to introduce an explanatory subordinate clause (“I’m sorry that you were offended” vs. “I’m sorry if you were offended”). Particip…
Time Is on Our Side: Temporal Agency in Courtship Narratives
The reported study investigated how newlyweds linguistically encode changes in relationship commitment in retrospective courtship narratives. In particular, we explored their use of emotion words and its correspondence with “temporal agency,” that is, the attribution of temporal change to human actors or to abstract events and processes. A corpus of courtship narratives composed by recently married participants was analyzed. Narrators used a high…
Seasonality in the early Holocene: Extending fossil-based estimates with a forest ecosystem process model
Past seasonality changes are often poorly represented by Quaternary proxies because one season, or one factor, dominates the reconstructed signal. During the early Holocene in New Zealand, mean annual temperatures were at least 1.5°C warmer than present. However, treelines were lower, suggesting summers were cooler. Here we use a forest ecosystem process model, LINKNZ, to explore past precipitation and temperature seasonality changes in an interm…
The Generality and Consequences of Stereotype Threat
‘Stereotype threat’ refers to the state of psychological discomfort people experience when confronted by an unflattering reputation in a situation where that reputation can be confirmed by one's behavior. Once aroused, stereotype threat can have a number of disruptive effects, among them the short‐term impairment of intelligent thought and academic achievement. Over time, it can prompt defensive adaptations that have far‐reaching effects, such as…
Contextomy: The art of quoting out of context
‘Contextomy’ refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original linguistic context in a way that distorts the source’s intended meaning, a practice commonly referred to as ‘quoting out of context’. Contextomy is employed in contemporary mass media to promote products, defame public figures and misappropriate rhetoric. A contextomized quotation not only prompts audiences to form a false impression of the source’s intentions, but can c…
Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic change on Auckland Island, Subantarctic New Zealand
Auckland Island is a small uninhabited Subantarctic island south ( c.51°S) of the New Zealand mainland. It is the southernmost outpost of tall forest in the southwest Pacific. Pollen analysis of two closely adjacent peat cores near tree-line documents climate change and forest dynamics during the Lateglacial and Holocene. After the retreat of glaciers before 15 000 14 C yr BP, mountain tundra communities dominated on mineral soils under a cooler …
Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and environment of Campbell Island, far southern New Zealand
Campbell Island lies 600 km southeast of the New Zealand mainland. Scrub, grassland, rushes and large-leaved forb vegetation grow on the deep peats that cover nearly the entire island. Campbell Island was extensively glaciated at the height of the Last Glaciation and mean annual temperatures were about 5°C below present. Peat growth began c. 13 000 BP, and large-leaved forbs, rushes and other tundra plants grew under a cooler (—3°C) climate than …
Polynesian Deforestation of New Zealand: A Preliminary Synthesis
In olden times our islands were covered with forest growth; the only open spaces were sterile places whereon nothing would grow. When Kupe and other early immigrants arrived here they lit fires at all places whereat they landed, and so much forest was destroyed, also the moa perished in those fires. Maori tradition related to Best (1942:2)
Climate and Sea Level During Oxygen Isotope Stage 7b: On-Land Evidence from New Zealand
Strata at Landguard Bluff, near Wanganui, New Zealand preserve a clear record of relative sea-level changes during oxygen-isotope stage 7. Two relative high sea-level stands (during stages 7a about 210,000 yr ago and 7c about 240,000 yr ago) are separated by a relative low sea level (stage 7b) that was at least 32 m lower than present. Pollen analysis of sediment deposited during stage 7b indicates climate at the time was up to 3°C cooler than pr…
The role of Egmont-sourced tephra in evaluating the paleoclimatic correspondence between the bio- and soil-stratigraphic records of central Taranaki, New Zealand
Semantic productivity and idiom comprehension
When people understand an idiom such as “spill the beans,” two kinds of meaning are simultaneously apprehended: the meanings of the words themselves and the idiomatic meaning. Standard models of language comprehension assume that the literal meanings of figurative expressions are rejected in favor of a nonliteral meaning. We propose an alternative approach in which literal meanings are systematically used to constrain the use and variation of con…
An Integrated Latest Quaternary (Stage 3 to Present) Paleoclimatic and Paleoceanographic Record from Offshore Northern New Zealand
Paleoceanographic and onshore paleoclimatic changes during the last 59,000 yr are established from three deep-sea sediment cores off northeast New Zealand using an integrated log of sediment texture, CaCO 3 content, palynology, and planktonic and benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O and δ 13 C data, together with dated silicic tephras. These records from the isotopic stage 4-3 boundary to the present record northern New Zealand vegetation history, change…
Forest disturbance in the central North Island, New Zealand, following the 1850 BP Taupo eruption
The 1850 BP Taupo eruption covered c. 30 000 km 2 of the central North Island with airfall deposits and c. 20 000 km 2 with ignimbrite. This paper reviews pollen and charcoal analyses of lake and peat sediment cores from sites at various distances and directions from the Taupo vent to establish the effects of this eruption on the surrounding forests. Forests within range of the ignimbrite were destroyed, and forests located up to 170 km east of t…
Property Attribution in Metaphor Comprehension
Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and environment of Campbell Island, far southern New Zealand
Campbell Island lies 600 km southeast of the New Zealand mainland. Scrub, grassland, rushes and large-leaved forb vegetation grow on the deep peats that cover nearly the entire island. Campbell Island was extensively glaciated at the height of the Last Glaciation and mean annual temperatures were about 5°C below present. Peat growth began c. 13 000 BP, and large-leaved forbs, rushes and other tundra plants grew under a cooler (—3°C) climate than …
The Kaharoa Tephra as a Critical Datum for Earliest Human Impact in Northern New Zealand
Anchoring in the interpretation of probability expressions
The Keats heuristic: Rhyme as reason in aphorism interpretation
When love is not a journey: What metaphors mean
Birds of a Feather Flock Conjointly (?): Rhyme as Reason in Aphorisms
We explored the role that poetic form can play in people's perceptions of the accuracy of aphorisms as descriptions of human behavior. Participants judged the ostensible accuracy of unfamiliar aphorisms presented in their textually surviving form or a semantically equivalent modified form. Extant rhyming aphorisms in their original form (e.g., “What sobriety conceals, alcohol reveals”) were judged to be more accurate than modified versions that d…
Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic change on Auckland Island, Subantarctic New Zealand
Auckland Island is a small uninhabited Subantarctic island south ( c.51°S) of the New Zealand mainland. It is the southernmost outpost of tall forest in the southwest Pacific. Pollen analysis of two closely adjacent peat cores near tree-line documents climate change and forest dynamics during the Lateglacial and Holocene. After the retreat of glaciers before 15 000 14 C yr BP, mountain tundra communities dominated on mineral soils under a cooler …
The Continuum of Metaphor Processing
We describe the explanatory value of a relativistic account of metaphor processing in which different modes of metaphor interpretation are assumed to be operative in dif-ferent discourse contexts. Employing the cognitive psychological notion of a process-ing set, we explain why people might favor attributional interpretations of figurative expressions in some circumstances and analogical interpretations in others. Applying this logic to findings …
Looking Out for Number One: Euphemism and Face
Communicators have two possible motives for referring to a distasteful topic euphemistically: to minimize threat to the addressee's face and to minimize threat to their own. The experiment reported here investigated the influence of these interrelated but distinct face motives on euphemism use. Participants described a series of photographs, one of which depicted a distasteful stimulus (e.g., dog urine), in electronic messages they sent to a fict…
Pollen, Phytoliths and Diatoms in Prehistoric Coprolites from Kohika, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the Cass Basin, central South Island, New Zealand
Lithology, pollen, macrofossils, and stable carbon isotopes from an intermontane basin bog site in southern New Zealand provide a detailed late-glacial and early Holocene vegetation and climate record. Glacial retreat occurred before 17,000 cal yr B.P., and tundra-like grassland"shrubland occupied the basin shortly after. Between 16,500 and 14,600 cal yr B.P., a minor regional expansion of forest patches occurred in response to warming, but the b…
A Certain Je Ne Sais Quoi: Verbalization Bias in Evaluation
People's evaluations of stimuli may change when they verbally attempt to communicate the reasons underlying their judgments. The reported experiments demonstrate the interactive influence of expertise, verbalizability (i.e., the ease with which stimulus features can be linguistically encoded), and appraisal mode in the verbalization bias phenomenon. In Experiment 1, art novices and experts rated their liking of artworks with compositional feature…
Quoted Out of Context: Contextomy and Its Consequences
Journal Article Quoted Out of Context: Contextomy and Its Consequences Get access Matthew S. McGlone Matthew S. McGlone 1Matthew S. McGlone (PhD, 1994, Princeton University) is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication Studies at the University of Texas at Austin 2Address communication to McGlone at Department of Communication Studies, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1105, Austin, TX 78712; Search for other wo…
A Certain Je Ne Sais Quoi: Verbalization Bias in Evaluation
People's evaluations of stimuli may change when they verbally attempt to communicate the reasons underlying their judgments. The reported experiments demonstrate the interactive influence of expertise, verbalizability (i.e., the ease with which stimulus features can be lin-guistically encoded), and appraisal mode in the verbalization bias phenomenon. In Experiment 1, art novices and experts rated their liking of artworks with compositional featur…
Contextomy: The art of quoting out of context
‘Contextomy’ refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original linguistic context in a way that distorts the source’s intended meaning, a practice commonly referred to as ‘quoting out of context’. Contextomy is employed in contemporary mass media to promote products, defame public figures and misappropriate rhetoric. A contextomized quotation not only prompts audiences to form a false impression of the source’s intentions, but can c…
Contamination and Camouflage in Euphemisms
Communicators may representationally displace an unpleasant topic by avoiding direct reference to it (e.g., she died) in favor of a euphemism (she's no longer with us). How does a euphemism's displacement capacity change over its career in the vernacular? Linguists have assumed that this capacity deteriorates as euphemisms become conventional and thus “contaminated” by their association with negative referents. In contrast, communicative pragmati…
Stereotype Threat and the Gender Gap in Political Knowledge
Men tend to achieve higher response accuracy than women on surveys of political knowledge. We investigated the possibility that this performance gap is moderated by factors that render the communicative context of a survey intellectually threatening to women and thereby induce stereotype threat. In a telephone survey of college students' political knowledge, we manipulated two factors of the survey context: the alleged diagnosticity of the questi…
The Generality and Consequences of Stereotype Threat
‘Stereotype threat’ refers to the state of psychological discomfort people experience when confronted by an unflattering reputation in a situation where that reputation can be confirmed by one's behavior. Once aroused, stereotype threat can have a number of disruptive effects, among them the short‐term impairment of intelligent thought and academic achievement. Over time, it can prompt defensive adaptations that have far‐reaching effects, such as…
Psychology (28 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Geography (12 works) · Language, Metaphor, and Cognition (12 works) · Linguistics (12 works) · Cognitive psychology (11 works) · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research (10 works) · Philosophy (10 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Epistemology (9 works)