Constance Hammen
Biographic Data
| ID | 133632 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Constance Hammen |
| GIVEN NAMES | Constance |
| FAMILY NAME | Hammen |
| SIGNATURE | HAMMEN C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Los Angeles |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 161 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Prenatal Maternal Stress and Pediatric Asthma Across Development: Adolescent Female-Specific Vulnerability
Risk Factors for Depression: An Autobiographical Review
I have been given a priceless opportunity to reflect on my career in the remarkably productive field of risk factors for depression. Psychological research on depression exploded in the early years of my work. I try to give an account of the choices and challenges, and reflect on the influences, some calculated and some serendipitous, that determined the paths I have followed. I focus mostly on the robust depression risk factors that have influen…
Association of Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Offspring Physical Health in Low-Income Families
A daily diary investigation of the influence of early family adversity on social functioning during the transition to adulthood
Early life stressors are associated with maladaptive social functioning in childhood and adolescence, but it is unclear whether and how the negative interpersonal effects of stress persist into adulthood. Daily diary surveys were used to examine young adults' social behavior and mood reactivity to social stressors as a function of experiences of early family adversity. Stressful early family environments predicted more daily reassurance seeking, …
The Effects of Childhood and Adolescent Adversity on Substance Use Disorders and Poor Health in Early Adulthood
The Impact of Asynchronous Pubertal Development on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Among Females
Mood Disorders
Depressive syndromes and bipolar disorder are the two main forms of mood disorders. Unipolar depression occurs in many degrees of severity and chronicity, and implies considerable impairment to the self and disruption of typical roles and relationships. It is caused by a complex mixture of biological and psychosocial features, including genetic, neuroendocrine, neurocognitive, personality, stress, and behavioral variables. Depression is treatable…
Resilience to maternal depression in young adulthood
Using a prospective longitudinal design, this study investigated factors associated with resilience in 20-year-old offspring of depressed mothers (n = 648). Resilient youth were operationally defined as those whose mothers were depressed but who themselves had no history of recurrent depression and currently evidenced adequate academic or work and romantic functioning, no Axis I psychopathology, and no clinically significant internalizing behavio…
Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions
Depressed individuals report higher rates of stressful life events, especially those that have occurred in part because of the person's characteristics and behaviors affecting interpersonal interactions. Termed stress generation , this phenomenon draws attention to the role of the individual as an active contributor rather than passive player in his or her environment, and is therefore an example of action theory. In this article, the author spec…
Interpersonal predictors of onset of depression during the transition to adulthood
There is evidence that depression during adolescence and early adulthood is marked by deficits in interpersonal functioning. However, few studies have prospectively examined whether interpersonal difficulties are a risk factor for depression onset, so it is unclear whether these deficits in interpersonal functioning are products or predictors of depression. The present study aimed to clarify the direction of association between interpersonal fact…
Stress and Depression
Improved methods of assessment and research design have established a robust and causal association between stressful life events and major depressive episodes. The chapter reviews these developments briefly and attempts to identify gaps in the field and new directions in recent research. There are notable shortcomings in several important topics: measurement and evaluation of chronic stress and depression; exploration of potentially different pr…
Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity.
The authors tested a stress-sensitization version of a diathesis-stress approach to depression. In a 2-year longitudinal follow-up design, exposure to stressful life events was examined in young women in the transition to adulthood. The authors hypothesized that those who had experienced one or more significant childhood adversities would have a lower threshold for developing a depressive reaction to stressors. Results indicated that women with e…
Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: Relationships with child outcomes at age 5
Age and Gender as Determinants of Stress Exposure, Generation, and Reactions in Youngsters: A Transactional Perspective
The present study used a contextual and transactional approach to examine age and gender differences in the experience and consequences of life stress in clinic-referred preadolescents and adolescents. Eighty-eight youngsters and their parents completed the Child Episodic Life Stress Interview, a detailed semistructured interview assessing the occurrence of stressful events in multiple life domains. Interviews were coded using a contextual threat…
Attachment Cognitions Predict Perceived and Enacted Social Support during Late Adolescence
This study examined the relationship between attachment cognitions and social support in a community sample of late-adolescent women. Participants were 129 women recruited as seniors from three Los Angeles high schools to take part in a 5-year longitudinal study of adolescent development. As predicted, attachment cognitions representing greater security in close relationships were found to be associated with higher levels of perceived and enacted…
Social competence as a predictor of chronic interpersonal stress
This 1‐year prospective study tested Segrin and Abramson's (1994) social skills‐stress hypothesis in a community sample of 137 late‐adolescent females. The study found that self‐reported interpersonal competence at initial evaluation predicted a significant proportion of the variance in chronic interpersonal stress 1 year later, even when prior chronic interpersonal stress and concurrent psychopathology were controlled. Exploratory analyses sugge…
Attachment cognitions and college and work functioning two years later in late adolescent women
Why does attachment style change
Adult attachment research has proceeded on the assumption that attachment style is relatively stable and affects future functioning. However, researchers have become interested in attachment instability and predictors of attachment style change. In this article, 2 conceptualizations of attachment style change were examined: Attachment style change is a reaction to current circumstances, and attachment style change is an individual difference in s…
Parenting in homeless families: The double crisis
The same factors that impede a mother's ability to maintain a stable residence are likely to impair her capacity to nurture children. This double crisis of homelessness and child rearing confronts caregivers with a special set of ethical and practical dilemmas. Psychosocial characteristics of homeless mothers and children are reviewed, and the need to support these mothers is underscored
Life events and depression: The plot thickens
Conclusions Although we certainly agree with Beck's original ideas that depression results from people's negative interpretations of events, unlike Beck we believe that many of the interpretations are not necessarily distortions. Awful and difficult events happen to many people, and many depressions are preceded by truly negative life stressors. We propose that stressors result both from fate and from human agency. And maybe we will get as much m…
Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression.
Factors influencing suicide intent in gay and bisexual suicide ideators: Differing models for men with and without human immunodeficiency virus
Of 778 gay and bisexual men (none with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]), 27% (n = 212) reported suicidal ideation over the previous 6 months. Covariance structure models were used to explore predictors of suicide intent among (n = 112) suicide ideators with (n = 100) and without (n = 112) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Current AIDS-related stressors (deaths and illnesses and perceived AIDS risk) and past levels of adaptive function…
Relationship of mother and child variables to child outcomes in a high-risk sample: A causal modeling analysis
Children of depressed mothers are at risk for psychopathology, but most studies have failed to examine mediators of the effects, mutual influence of children and mothers on each other, and effects of children's own characteristics. Children, aged 8 to 16, of 64 mothers with recurrent unipolar or bipolar affective disorders, chronic medicalillness, or no disorder were assessed on initial and 6-month follow-up measures. Structural equation modeling…
Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory
Self-schemas and risk for depression: A prospective study
The role of depressive self-schemas in vulnerability to depression was explored in a longitudinal design. Five groups of subjects hypothesized to be at differential risk for depression according to a schema model were identified: depressed schematic, depressed nonschematic, nondepressed schematic, nondepressed nonschematic, and a psychopathology control. They were followed regularly for 4 months with self-report and clinical interview measures of…
Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: Relationships with child outcomes at age 5
Why does attachment style change
Adult attachment research has proceeded on the assumption that attachment style is relatively stable and affects future functioning. However, researchers have become interested in attachment instability and predictors of attachment style change. In this article, 2 conceptualizations of attachment style change were examined: Attachment style change is a reaction to current circumstances, and attachment style change is an individual difference in s…
Sex differences in depressive symptom expression and help-seeking among college students
Relationship of mother and child variables to child outcomes in a high-risk sample: A causal modeling analysis
Children of depressed mothers are at risk for psychopathology, but most studies have failed to examine mediators of the effects, mutual influence of children and mothers on each other, and effects of children's own characteristics. Children, aged 8 to 16, of 64 mothers with recurrent unipolar or bipolar affective disorders, chronic medicalillness, or no disorder were assessed on initial and 6-month follow-up measures. Structural equation modeling…
Life events and depression: The plot thickens
Conclusions Although we certainly agree with Beck's original ideas that depression results from people's negative interpretations of events, unlike Beck we believe that many of the interpretations are not necessarily distortions. Awful and difficult events happen to many people, and many depressions are preceded by truly negative life stressors. We propose that stressors result both from fate and from human agency. And maybe we will get as much m…
Factors influencing suicide intent in gay and bisexual suicide ideators: Differing models for men with and without human immunodeficiency virus
Of 778 gay and bisexual men (none with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]), 27% (n = 212) reported suicidal ideation over the previous 6 months. Covariance structure models were used to explore predictors of suicide intent among (n = 112) suicide ideators with (n = 100) and without (n = 112) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Current AIDS-related stressors (deaths and illnesses and perceived AIDS risk) and past levels of adaptive function…
The Effects of Childhood and Adolescent Adversity on Substance Use Disorders and Poor Health in Early Adulthood
Perceptions of stressful life events and depression: A test of attributional models
A brief review of tests of the attributional model of depression suggests that there is only weak or inconsistent support for the predicted causal ascriptions by depressed persons for negative events. Moreover, in very few studies have researchers actually tested the causal predictions of the model. Finally, because many of the studies were conducted with normal college students, the generality of the model as applied to different populations nee…
A Cognitive Perspective on the Experience of Sexual Arousal
Much of the important research in human sexual functioning has consisted of surveys and descriptions of sexual acts or analyses of the biological components of the sexual response. This paper presents an analysis of cognitive factors that affect the way in which physiological and interpersonal events are defined and experienced as sexual. Research and theory from current social psychological investigations of emotions are discussed, and the impli…
Attachment cognitions and college and work functioning two years later in late adolescent women
Brief encounters: Impact of gender, sex-role attitudes, and partner's gender on interaction and cognition
Resilience to maternal depression in young adulthood
Using a prospective longitudinal design, this study investigated factors associated with resilience in 20-year-old offspring of depressed mothers (n = 648). Resilient youth were operationally defined as those whose mothers were depressed but who themselves had no history of recurrent depression and currently evidenced adequate academic or work and romantic functioning, no Axis I psychopathology, and no clinically significant internalizing behavio…
Attachment Cognitions Predict Perceived and Enacted Social Support during Late Adolescence
This study examined the relationship between attachment cognitions and social support in a community sample of late-adolescent women. Participants were 129 women recruited as seniors from three Los Angeles high schools to take part in a 5-year longitudinal study of adolescent development. As predicted, attachment cognitions representing greater security in close relationships were found to be associated with higher levels of perceived and enacted…
Social Psychological Issues in Sexual Behavior: An Overview
A daily diary investigation of the influence of early family adversity on social functioning during the transition to adulthood
Early life stressors are associated with maladaptive social functioning in childhood and adolescence, but it is unclear whether and how the negative interpersonal effects of stress persist into adulthood. Daily diary surveys were used to examine young adults' social behavior and mood reactivity to social stressors as a function of experiences of early family adversity. Stressful early family environments predicted more daily reassurance seeking, …
The Impact of Asynchronous Pubertal Development on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Among Females
Self-schemas and risk for depression: A prospective study
The role of depressive self-schemas in vulnerability to depression was explored in a longitudinal design. Five groups of subjects hypothesized to be at differential risk for depression according to a schema model were identified: depressed schematic, depressed nonschematic, nondepressed schematic, nondepressed nonschematic, and a psychopathology control. They were followed regularly for 4 months with self-report and clinical interview measures of…
Effects of Depression, Feedback, and Gender on Selective Exposure to Information about the Self
The hypothesis of benign reactions to the self following a success experience, supported by data from Mischel, Ebbesen, and Zeiss (1973), was tested with 71 depressed and 38 nondepressed students, using a social rather than an intellectual task. Theoretical propositions from Aaron Beck's approach to depression were used as a basis for the prediction that depressed subjects would selectively attend to negative information about themselves. The res…
Social Psychological Issues in Sexual Behavior: An Overview
A Cognitive Perspective on the Experience of Sexual Arousal
Much of the important research in human sexual functioning has consisted of surveys and descriptions of sexual acts or analyses of the biological components of the sexual response. This paper presents an analysis of cognitive factors that affect the way in which physiological and interpersonal events are defined and experienced as sexual. Research and theory from current social psychological investigations of emotions are discussed, and the impli…
Brief encounters: Impact of gender, sex-role attitudes, and partner's gender on interaction and cognition
Sex differences in depressive symptom expression and help-seeking among college students
Self-schemas and risk for depression: A prospective study
The role of depressive self-schemas in vulnerability to depression was explored in a longitudinal design. Five groups of subjects hypothesized to be at differential risk for depression according to a schema model were identified: depressed schematic, depressed nonschematic, nondepressed schematic, nondepressed nonschematic, and a psychopathology control. They were followed regularly for 4 months with self-report and clinical interview measures of…
Perceptions of stressful life events and depression: A test of attributional models
A brief review of tests of the attributional model of depression suggests that there is only weak or inconsistent support for the predicted causal ascriptions by depressed persons for negative events. Moreover, in very few studies have researchers actually tested the causal predictions of the model. Finally, because many of the studies were conducted with normal college students, the generality of the model as applied to different populations nee…
Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory
Relationship of mother and child variables to child outcomes in a high-risk sample: A causal modeling analysis
Children of depressed mothers are at risk for psychopathology, but most studies have failed to examine mediators of the effects, mutual influence of children and mothers on each other, and effects of children's own characteristics. Children, aged 8 to 16, of 64 mothers with recurrent unipolar or bipolar affective disorders, chronic medicalillness, or no disorder were assessed on initial and 6-month follow-up measures. Structural equation modeling…
Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression.
Factors influencing suicide intent in gay and bisexual suicide ideators: Differing models for men with and without human immunodeficiency virus
Of 778 gay and bisexual men (none with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]), 27% (n = 212) reported suicidal ideation over the previous 6 months. Covariance structure models were used to explore predictors of suicide intent among (n = 112) suicide ideators with (n = 100) and without (n = 112) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Current AIDS-related stressors (deaths and illnesses and perceived AIDS risk) and past levels of adaptive function…
Life events and depression: The plot thickens
Conclusions Although we certainly agree with Beck's original ideas that depression results from people's negative interpretations of events, unlike Beck we believe that many of the interpretations are not necessarily distortions. Awful and difficult events happen to many people, and many depressions are preceded by truly negative life stressors. We propose that stressors result both from fate and from human agency. And maybe we will get as much m…
Parenting in homeless families: The double crisis
The same factors that impede a mother's ability to maintain a stable residence are likely to impair her capacity to nurture children. This double crisis of homelessness and child rearing confronts caregivers with a special set of ethical and practical dilemmas. Psychosocial characteristics of homeless mothers and children are reviewed, and the need to support these mothers is underscored
Attachment cognitions and college and work functioning two years later in late adolescent women
Why does attachment style change
Adult attachment research has proceeded on the assumption that attachment style is relatively stable and affects future functioning. However, researchers have become interested in attachment instability and predictors of attachment style change. In this article, 2 conceptualizations of attachment style change were examined: Attachment style change is a reaction to current circumstances, and attachment style change is an individual difference in s…
Social competence as a predictor of chronic interpersonal stress
This 1‐year prospective study tested Segrin and Abramson's (1994) social skills‐stress hypothesis in a community sample of 137 late‐adolescent females. The study found that self‐reported interpersonal competence at initial evaluation predicted a significant proportion of the variance in chronic interpersonal stress 1 year later, even when prior chronic interpersonal stress and concurrent psychopathology were controlled. Exploratory analyses sugge…
Age and Gender as Determinants of Stress Exposure, Generation, and Reactions in Youngsters: A Transactional Perspective
The present study used a contextual and transactional approach to examine age and gender differences in the experience and consequences of life stress in clinic-referred preadolescents and adolescents. Eighty-eight youngsters and their parents completed the Child Episodic Life Stress Interview, a detailed semistructured interview assessing the occurrence of stressful events in multiple life domains. Interviews were coded using a contextual threat…
Attachment Cognitions Predict Perceived and Enacted Social Support during Late Adolescence
This study examined the relationship between attachment cognitions and social support in a community sample of late-adolescent women. Participants were 129 women recruited as seniors from three Los Angeles high schools to take part in a 5-year longitudinal study of adolescent development. As predicted, attachment cognitions representing greater security in close relationships were found to be associated with higher levels of perceived and enacted…
Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity.
The authors tested a stress-sensitization version of a diathesis-stress approach to depression. In a 2-year longitudinal follow-up design, exposure to stressful life events was examined in young women in the transition to adulthood. The authors hypothesized that those who had experienced one or more significant childhood adversities would have a lower threshold for developing a depressive reaction to stressors. Results indicated that women with e…
Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: Relationships with child outcomes at age 5
Stress and Depression
Improved methods of assessment and research design have established a robust and causal association between stressful life events and major depressive episodes. The chapter reviews these developments briefly and attempts to identify gaps in the field and new directions in recent research. There are notable shortcomings in several important topics: measurement and evaluation of chronic stress and depression; exploration of potentially different pr…
Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions
Depressed individuals report higher rates of stressful life events, especially those that have occurred in part because of the person's characteristics and behaviors affecting interpersonal interactions. Termed stress generation , this phenomenon draws attention to the role of the individual as an active contributor rather than passive player in his or her environment, and is therefore an example of action theory. In this article, the author spec…
Interpersonal predictors of onset of depression during the transition to adulthood
There is evidence that depression during adolescence and early adulthood is marked by deficits in interpersonal functioning. However, few studies have prospectively examined whether interpersonal difficulties are a risk factor for depression onset, so it is unclear whether these deficits in interpersonal functioning are products or predictors of depression. The present study aimed to clarify the direction of association between interpersonal fact…
Resilience to maternal depression in young adulthood
Using a prospective longitudinal design, this study investigated factors associated with resilience in 20-year-old offspring of depressed mothers (n = 648). Resilient youth were operationally defined as those whose mothers were depressed but who themselves had no history of recurrent depression and currently evidenced adequate academic or work and romantic functioning, no Axis I psychopathology, and no clinically significant internalizing behavio…
Mood Disorders
Depressive syndromes and bipolar disorder are the two main forms of mood disorders. Unipolar depression occurs in many degrees of severity and chronicity, and implies considerable impairment to the self and disruption of typical roles and relationships. It is caused by a complex mixture of biological and psychosocial features, including genetic, neuroendocrine, neurocognitive, personality, stress, and behavioral variables. Depression is treatable…
Psychology (30 works) · Developmental psychology (24 works) · Clinical Psychology (21 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (18 works) · Psychiatry (17 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Clinical Psychology (10 works) · Cognition (10 works) · Social Psychology (10 works) · Interpersonal communication (9 works)