Emile Crognier
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 134236 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Emile Crognier |
| NOMBRES | Emile |
| APELLIDO | Crognier |
| FIRMA | CROGNIER E |
| AFILIACIONES | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 34 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 19 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1970 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2006 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Preference for sons and sex ratio in two non‐western societies
Moroccan Berbers and the Bolivian Aymara are two unrelated peasant groups living in adverse environments with a still rather traditional agriculture. Precarious life conditions may be responsible for the importance given to male labor and hence for the cultural preference conferred on male descent. This preference, expressed in the social valorization of sons to the detriment of daughters, is more emphasized if the socioeconomic status of the fam…
Fertility Changes in Rural Moroccan Berbers during the 20th Century
Morocco’s fertility pattern evolved in the 20th century from a traditional model close to ‘natural fertility’ to a modern pattern incorporating contraception. The very high fertility rate of nearly 7 offspring per woman observed in the 1960s was still at a level of 5.5 offspring per woman in the early 1980s. The total fertility rate subsequently declined to 2.5 by 2003. This decline was apparently, principally, the result of two factors in the ur…
La pratique contraceptive dans la Wilaya de Marrakech (Maroc)
The pattern of family planning was analysed in two communities of the Wilaya of Marrakesh (Morocco). One of them is urban, represented by the city of Marrakesh, and the other is rural and represented by some municipalities of Amizmiz (circle of Amizmiz, province of Haouz, Wilaya of Marrakesh). In general, the use of contraception is quite high, but it is especially high in the urban environment. The analysis of contraception biographies, particul…
Culture universals and genes
Reproductive success
The theory of kin selection (the part played by behavior in the changes of mean inclusive fitness) induced many human sociobiologists to think that since behavior was involved in the increase in fitness, this last entity could apply to the individual. Approximated by the individual's lifetime reproductive success, this measure became the keyword of studies linking social and cultural behavior to biological adaptive processes. To be commonly appli…
Introduction
Reproduction in High Altitude Aymara
Reproductive characteristics at high altitude are described based on the reproductive histories of 720 Aymara women, collected in 1998 and 1999 in a group of twelve peasant communities at a mean altitude of 4000 m in the Bolivian Altiplano. The reproductive pattern is shaped by a late onset of childbearing, associated with a rather short reproductive span and large birth intervals. Environmental conditions could explain the particularly late age …
Helping patterns and reproductive success in Aymara communities
"Helpers at the nest," young adults remaining in their parents home to take care of younger siblings, are known in many species of birds and mammals. Similar behaviors are occasionally observed in human societies but their frequency and significance for parental reproductive success are still not fully appraised. This study was designed to document this issue in a traditional Aymara peasant society of the Bolivian Altiplano, It is based on 359 re…
Do “helpers at the nest” increase their parents' reproductive success
“Helpers at the nest,” usually offspring of a preceding litter who contribute by feeding the young to increase the reproductive success of a breeding pair, are known in many species of birds and mammals. Although similar behaviors were described by ethnological observations in several human societies, there is a lack of data on their existence and role. This study of 794 reproductive life histories of post-menopausal Berber women of Southern Moro…
Do “helpers at the nest” increase their parents' reproductive success
“Helpers at the nest,” usually offspring of a preceding litter who contribute by feeding the young to increase the reproductive success of a breeding pair, are known in many species of birds and mammals. Although similar behaviors were described by ethnological observations in several human societies, there is a lack of data on their existence and role. This study of 794 reproductive life histories of post‐menopausal Berber women of Southern Moro…
Âge au premier mariage, contraception et mortalité infantile
The recent fertility trends within a traditional Berber population of the Western High Atlas mountains (Anougal valley) and the main factors responsible for these trends have been studied during three retrospective and complementary inquiries. Results showed that a demographic transition has started within the population. The decrease in fertility observed in all age classes is related to the increase of age at first marriage and the decrease in …
Invited Review
In 1930, both Fisher and Wright identified Darwin's initial concept of adaptive evolution in the light of the genetical theory with intergenerational variation in allelic frequencies brought about by the action of natural selection through differential reproduction. They emphasized that selection only works at the level of the individual and that its only consequence is to increase fitness. One genetical evolution not easy to explain on these bas…
Comportements Culturelles et Fécondité Maximum en Afrique Tropicale
La valeur adaptative des comportements reproductifs est analysée dans une population africaine du sud de la Republique du Tchad demeurée essentiellement traditionnelle (Sara Madjingaye), a partir de données réunies entre 1968 et 1973. Comme dans la plupart des sociétés africaines, les valeurs culturelles convergent à promouvoir une fécondité maximum, que ne viennent compromettre que les aléas d'un fardeau pathologique éleve et d'une instabilité m…
Is the reduction of birth intervals an efficient reproductive strategy in traditional Morocco
Birth interval lengths are analysed from reproductive life histories of 517 Berber peasant women of the region of Marrakesh (Southern Morocco), whose fertility developed in a full traditional context. The high mortality rates associated with short birth intervals indicate that a rapid succession of births is detrimental to the progeny. The reproductive efficiency of the traditional propensity to a large family size is therefore examined by means …
The replacement of generations, a basic necessity in the life of human populations
L'évolution des comportements sociaux dans la perspective darwinienne
Crognier Émile. L'évolution des comportements sociaux dans la perspective darwinienne. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Série. Tome 9 fascicule 3-4, 1997. pp. 239-250
Determinants of contraceptive use in Morocco
The determinants of modern contraceptive use in traditional populations are analysed in married women aged 30–44 living in the province of Marrakech (Morocco). Women who have never used contraception have smaller family sizes than those who do: the number of live children (or live births) is the variable with maximum predictive power on contraceptive use, while child mortality is the main inhibiting factor. The probability of contraceptive use in…
Behavioral and environmental determinants of reproductive success in traditional Moroccan Berber groups
The reproductive histories of women aged 45-70 years from a homogeneous Berber population of South Morocco were sampled from three contrasting environments: a small town (n = 75), villages in the lowlands (n = 217), and villages in the highlands (n = 128). The main reproductive variables oppose the relatively better conditions of fertile life in the lowlands to the more hostile ones in the highlands. Path analysis confirms this difference through…
The pattern of reproductive life in a Berber population of morocco
Reproductive patterns were studied from data collected in 1,450 Berber households in the province of Marrakesh, Morocco in 1984. Women aged 45-49 years had a mean of 8.9 pregnancies to achieve 5.7 living children. Social influences on fertility rates show the importance of tradition, particularly through time-dependent variables such as age at marriage, waiting time to first birth, interbirth intervals, and duration of breastfeeding. Birth contro…
Jean Hiernaux's Festschrift
Conceptions and strategies of research in anthropobiology from the 1950s to the 1980s, through Jean Hiernaux's publications
J. Hiernaux's career in anthropobiology, expresses the changes which occured in the disciplines since the 50s. The substitution of the populationist approach to the former typological study of variation, the question of human races reconsidered in this new scope through the computation of biological distances and by the use of numerical taxonomy, the endeavour of the IBP and its yields in human adaptability, and finally the recent subdisciplinary…
Child mortality and society in Morocco
Multivariate (correspondence) analysis is employed to identify socioeconomic factors affecting fertility and infant mortality in Marrakesh (Morocco), using questionnaire data from some 3000 women attending 20 dispensaries in different parts of the city. Factors of the material environment (availability of water and electricity in the residence), size of household and number of wage earners in it are pervasive and suggest a polarity between archai…
Consanguinity and social change
The evolution of the inbreeding coefficient estimated by the isonymic method is studied in a rural canton of mid-France, using data divided into 10-year intervals of 6277 marriages recorded in the civil registers between 1870 and 1979. The results show a strong diminution of the values of F from 1930 onwards, probably related to the drop in population due to exodus from rural areas. The evolution of the inbreeding coefficient observed in three la…
Climate and anthropometric variations in Europe and the Mediterranean area
Fourteen anthropometric measurements collected among 85 European, North African and Middle Eastern populations have been studied with respect to eight climatic variables through zero-order correlations and multiple stepwise regressions. The average contribution of climate to the total variance of physical features between populations is 35%. The most important correlations of postcranial body measurements and nasal index are with the extremes of …
The influence of climate on the physical diversity of European and Mediterranean populations
The influence of climate on the physical diversity of European and Mediterranean populations
Adaptation morphologique d'une population africaine au biotope tropical
Crognier Émile. Adaptation morphologique d'une population africaine au biotope tropical : les Sara du Tchad . In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XII° Série. Tome 10 fascicule 1, 1973. pp. 3-151
Modification, avec l'âge, des caractères pondéraux, de la force de préhension manuelle et de la pression artérielle, dans des populations d'agriculteurs de subsistance
Crognier Émile, Nakroumi M. Modification, avec l'âge, des caractères pondéraux, de la force de préhension manuelle et de la pression artérielle, dans des populations d'agriculteurs de subsistance. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XIII° Série. Tome 8 fascicule 2, 1981. pp. 165-188
Marriages, migrations and the biological population in a Sara tribe from Chad
Assortative mating for physical features in an African population from Chad
Fertility Changes in Rural Moroccan Berbers during the 20th Century
Morocco’s fertility pattern evolved in the 20th century from a traditional model close to ‘natural fertility’ to a modern pattern incorporating contraception. The very high fertility rate of nearly 7 offspring per woman observed in the 1960s was still at a level of 5.5 offspring per woman in the early 1980s. The total fertility rate subsequently declined to 2.5 by 2003. This decline was apparently, principally, the result of two factors in the ur…
La pratique contraceptive dans la Wilaya de Marrakech (Maroc)
The pattern of family planning was analysed in two communities of the Wilaya of Marrakesh (Morocco). One of them is urban, represented by the city of Marrakesh, and the other is rural and represented by some municipalities of Amizmiz (circle of Amizmiz, province of Haouz, Wilaya of Marrakesh). In general, the use of contraception is quite high, but it is especially high in the urban environment. The analysis of contraception biographies, particul…
The pattern of reproductive life in a Berber population of morocco
Reproductive patterns were studied from data collected in 1,450 Berber households in the province of Marrakesh, Morocco in 1984. Women aged 45-49 years had a mean of 8.9 pregnancies to achieve 5.7 living children. Social influences on fertility rates show the importance of tradition, particularly through time-dependent variables such as age at marriage, waiting time to first birth, interbirth intervals, and duration of breastfeeding. Birth contro…
Sensibilité différentielle de la morphologie aux diverses variables climatiques. Conséquences sur la diversité des populations Euro-Méditerranéennes
Crognier Émile. Sensibilité différentielle de la morphologie aux diverses variables climatiques. Conséquences sur la diversité des populations Euro-Méditerranéennes. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XIII° Série. Tome 6 fascicule 2, 1979. pp. 197-209
Les variations ethniques de la morphologie de la face osseuse
Crognier Émile. Les variations ethniques de la morphologie de la face osseuse. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XII° Série. Tome 6 fascicule 4, 1970. pp. 311-321
Adaptation morphologique d'une population africaine au biotope tropical
Crognier Émile. Adaptation morphologique d'une population africaine au biotope tropical : les Sara du Tchad . In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XII° Série. Tome 10 fascicule 1, 1973. pp. 3-151
Les Natoufiens du Nahal Oren (Ouadi Fallah). Etude anthropologique
Forty five skeletons have been dug out from thirty six graves in the late Natufian burial-ground of the Nahal Oren Cave (wadi Fallah) upon the Mount-Carmel. Among them, thirty four are adults of both sexes and eleven are children. The morphological characteristics of these bones, though beeing close to those of previous Natufian findings, show a relative gracility. This can be observed upon mandibles and upon the bones of the legs
Marriages, migrations and the biological population in a Sara tribe from Chad
Assortative mating for physical features in an African population from Chad
Age at menarche in rural France
Data upon age at menarche have been collected among 254 schoolgirls of a relatively endogamous rural population in central France. The median age at menarche estimated by probits was 13.05+/-0.18, SD1.42. This accords well with results obtained from urban samples in the years 1965-68. Both rural and urban samples give a median age 0.5 year earlier than date from a national survey performed in 1950
Sensibilité différentielle de la morphologie aux diverses variables climatiques. Conséquences sur la diversité des populations Euro-Méditerranéennes
Crognier Émile. Sensibilité différentielle de la morphologie aux diverses variables climatiques. Conséquences sur la diversité des populations Euro-Méditerranéennes. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XIII° Série. Tome 6 fascicule 2, 1979. pp. 197-209
Climate and anthropometric variations in Europe and the Mediterranean area
Fourteen anthropometric measurements collected among 85 European, North African and Middle Eastern populations have been studied with respect to eight climatic variables through zero-order correlations and multiple stepwise regressions. The average contribution of climate to the total variance of physical features between populations is 35%. The most important correlations of postcranial body measurements and nasal index are with the extremes of …
The influence of climate on the physical diversity of European and Mediterranean populations
Modification, avec l'âge, des caractères pondéraux, de la force de préhension manuelle et de la pression artérielle, dans des populations d'agriculteurs de subsistance
Crognier Émile, Nakroumi M. Modification, avec l'âge, des caractères pondéraux, de la force de préhension manuelle et de la pression artérielle, dans des populations d'agriculteurs de subsistance. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XIII° Série. Tome 8 fascicule 2, 1981. pp. 165-188
La diversité biologique humaine. Human Biological Diversity
Consanguinity and social change
The evolution of the inbreeding coefficient estimated by the isonymic method is studied in a rural canton of mid-France, using data divided into 10-year intervals of 6277 marriages recorded in the civil registers between 1870 and 1979. The results show a strong diminution of the values of F from 1930 onwards, probably related to the drop in population due to exodus from rural areas. The evolution of the inbreeding coefficient observed in three la…
Child mortality and society in Morocco
Multivariate (correspondence) analysis is employed to identify socioeconomic factors affecting fertility and infant mortality in Marrakesh (Morocco), using questionnaire data from some 3000 women attending 20 dispensaries in different parts of the city. Factors of the material environment (availability of water and electricity in the residence), size of household and number of wage earners in it are pervasive and suggest a polarity between archai…
Jean Hiernaux's Festschrift
Conceptions and strategies of research in anthropobiology from the 1950s to the 1980s, through Jean Hiernaux's publications
J. Hiernaux's career in anthropobiology, expresses the changes which occured in the disciplines since the 50s. The substitution of the populationist approach to the former typological study of variation, the question of human races reconsidered in this new scope through the computation of biological distances and by the use of numerical taxonomy, the endeavour of the IBP and its yields in human adaptability, and finally the recent subdisciplinary…
The pattern of reproductive life in a Berber population of morocco
Reproductive patterns were studied from data collected in 1,450 Berber households in the province of Marrakesh, Morocco in 1984. Women aged 45-49 years had a mean of 8.9 pregnancies to achieve 5.7 living children. Social influences on fertility rates show the importance of tradition, particularly through time-dependent variables such as age at marriage, waiting time to first birth, interbirth intervals, and duration of breastfeeding. Birth contro…
Determinants of contraceptive use in Morocco
The determinants of modern contraceptive use in traditional populations are analysed in married women aged 30–44 living in the province of Marrakech (Morocco). Women who have never used contraception have smaller family sizes than those who do: the number of live children (or live births) is the variable with maximum predictive power on contraceptive use, while child mortality is the main inhibiting factor. The probability of contraceptive use in…
Behavioral and environmental determinants of reproductive success in traditional Moroccan Berber groups
The reproductive histories of women aged 45-70 years from a homogeneous Berber population of South Morocco were sampled from three contrasting environments: a small town (n = 75), villages in the lowlands (n = 217), and villages in the highlands (n = 128). The main reproductive variables oppose the relatively better conditions of fertile life in the lowlands to the more hostile ones in the highlands. Path analysis confirms this difference through…
The replacement of generations, a basic necessity in the life of human populations
L'évolution des comportements sociaux dans la perspective darwinienne
Crognier Émile. L'évolution des comportements sociaux dans la perspective darwinienne. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Série. Tome 9 fascicule 3-4, 1997. pp. 239-250
Comportements Culturelles et Fécondité Maximum en Afrique Tropicale
La valeur adaptative des comportements reproductifs est analysée dans une population africaine du sud de la Republique du Tchad demeurée essentiellement traditionnelle (Sara Madjingaye), a partir de données réunies entre 1968 et 1973. Comme dans la plupart des sociétés africaines, les valeurs culturelles convergent à promouvoir une fécondité maximum, que ne viennent compromettre que les aléas d'un fardeau pathologique éleve et d'une instabilité m…
Is the reduction of birth intervals an efficient reproductive strategy in traditional Morocco
Birth interval lengths are analysed from reproductive life histories of 517 Berber peasant women of the region of Marrakesh (Southern Morocco), whose fertility developed in a full traditional context. The high mortality rates associated with short birth intervals indicate that a rapid succession of births is detrimental to the progeny. The reproductive efficiency of the traditional propensity to a large family size is therefore examined by means …
Invited Review
In 1930, both Fisher and Wright identified Darwin's initial concept of adaptive evolution in the light of the genetical theory with intergenerational variation in allelic frequencies brought about by the action of natural selection through differential reproduction. They emphasized that selection only works at the level of the individual and that its only consequence is to increase fitness. One genetical evolution not easy to explain on these bas…
Do “helpers at the nest” increase their parents' reproductive success
“Helpers at the nest,” usually offspring of a preceding litter who contribute by feeding the young to increase the reproductive success of a breeding pair, are known in many species of birds and mammals. Although similar behaviors were described by ethnological observations in several human societies, there is a lack of data on their existence and role. This study of 794 reproductive life histories of post-menopausal Berber women of Southern Moro…
Do “helpers at the nest” increase their parents' reproductive success
“Helpers at the nest,” usually offspring of a preceding litter who contribute by feeding the young to increase the reproductive success of a breeding pair, are known in many species of birds and mammals. Although similar behaviors were described by ethnological observations in several human societies, there is a lack of data on their existence and role. This study of 794 reproductive life histories of post‐menopausal Berber women of Southern Moro…
Geography (21 obras) · Demography (20 obras) · Biology (19 obras) · Sociology (19 obras) · Population (16 obras) · Ecology (10 obras) · Fertility (9 obras) · Demography (8 obras) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (7 obras) · Medicine (7 obras)