Krishna Pendakur
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 137212 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Krishna Pendakur |
| PRENOMES | Krishna |
| SOBRENOME | Pendakur |
| ASSINATURA | PENDAKUR K |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Simon Fraser University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5773-8266 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 29 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 127 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 29 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1998 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Indigenous Earnings Convergence
Les auteurs évaluent la disparité du marché du travail autochtone chez les travailleurs d'origine canadienne entre 1995 et 2020 et décrivent de nouvelles données sur les structures de rémunération. Ils constatent une remarquable convergence de rémunération chez les travailleurs autochtones, les disparités salariales se sont réduites de plus de 50 %, passant de 36 % à 16 % chez les hommes autochtones et de 16 % à 6 % chez les femmes autochtones. I…
Excess mortality in Covid-19-negative people with non-communicable disorders during the first pandemic wave
During the first pandemic year, mortality in COVID-negative adults was several times greater than before COVID-19, in people with matched NCD distribution and severity. Our findings suggest that low direct COVID-19 mortality was accompanied by less visible-but much higher- indirect mortality due to undiagnosed and/or untreated NCDs, highlighting the need to focus not only on mitigating the harms of new agents, but also of continuing service deliv…
Off-Colour
Urban mortality and the repeal of federal prohibition
Inefficient Collective Households
We propose a model of consumption inefficiency in collective households. Inefficiency depends on a ‘cooperation factor’, which can also affect both the allocation of resources within a household and the utility of household members. Households are conditionally efficient, conditioning on the value of the cooperation factor. This lets us exploit convenient modelling features of efficient households (like not needing to specify the bargaining proce…
Diamonds in the Rough?
Traditional per capita measures of \n poverty assign the same poverty status to individuals living \n in the same household and overlook differences in living \n standards within households. There has been a long-standing \n need for a tool that enables poverty measurement at the \n individual level, while avoiding overly complex estimation \n techniques and, if possible, using readily available \n household survey data. An ordinary least squares…
Identification of Random Resource Shares in Collective Households Without Preference Similarity Restrictions
Resource shares, defined as the fraction of total household spending going to each person in a household, are important for assessing individual material well-being, inequality, and poverty. They are difficult to identify because consumption is measured typically at the household level, and many goods are jointly consumed, so that individual level consumption in multi-person households is not directly observed. We consider random resource shares,…
How Did the Canada Child Benefit Affect Household Spending
We assess how the July 2016 increase in the Canada Child Benefit (CCB) affected household spending with respect to total current expenditure and its seven constituent categories: clothing, food, health care, household operations, recreation, shelter, and transportation. The increase in the CCB was large: for most recipient households, it increased by more than $2,000 per child per year. We consider households below the median income level and fin…
The Impact of Self-Government, Comprehensive Land Claims, and Opt-In Arrangements on Income Inequality in Indigenous Communities in Canada
In Canada, self-government agreements, comprehensive land claims agreements, and opt-in arrangements allow Indigenous groups to govern their internal affairs and assume greater responsibility and control over the decision-making that affects their communities. We use difference-in-difference models to measure the impact of such agreements on average income and income inequality in Indigenous communities at the community level. In comparison with …
Ordinary Least Squares Estimation of the Intrahousehold Distribution of Expenditure
We provide a method to estimate resource shares—the fraction of total household expenditure allocated to each household member—using linear (e.g., ordinary least squares) estimation of Engel curves. The method is a linear reframing of the 2013 nonlinear model of Dunbar, Lewbel, and Pendakur, extended to allow single-parent and other complex households, scale economies in assignable goods, and complementarities between nonassignable goods and supp…
Infant Mortality and the Repeal of Federal Prohibition
Using new data on county-level variation in alcohol prohibition from 1933 to 1939, we investigate whether the repeal of federal prohibition increased infant mortality, both in counties and states that repealed and in neighbouring counties. We find that repeal is associated with a 4.0% increase in infant mortality rates in counties that chose wet status via local option elections or state-wide legislation and with a 4.7% increase in neighbouring d…
The Effects of Modern Treaties and Opt-In Legislation on Household Incomes in Aboriginal Communities
Unobserved Preference Heterogeneity in Demand Using Generalized Random Coefficients
We prove a new identification theorem showing nonparametric identification of the joint distribution of random coefficients in general nonlinear and additive models. This differs from existing random coefficients models by not imposing a linear index structure for the regressors. We then model unobserved preference heterogeneity in consumer demand as utility functions with random Barten scales. These Barten scales appear as random coefficients in…
Which Child Immigrants Face Earnings Disparity? Age‐at‐immigration, Ethnic Minority Status and Labour Market Attainment in Canada
Using Canadian Census microdata from 1990 to 2005, we investigate the earnings attainment of immigrants to Canada in 6 age‐at‐arrival cohorts. In comparison to past work we extend our understanding regarding three dimensions of the age at immigration debate: we explore heterogeneity across fine grained age‐at‐arrival cohorts, over a fifteen‐year period and across different ethnic groups. We find that white immigrants and female immigrants arrivin…
Are Residential and Workplace Concentration Correlated for Immigrants? Evidence for Sweden
Fiscal Effects of Immigrants in Canada
Children's Resources in Collective Households
The share of household resources devoted to children is hard to identify because consumption is measured at the household level and goods can be shared. Using semiparametric restrictions on individual preferences within a collective model, we identify how total household resources are divided up among household members by observing how each family member's expenditures on a single private good like clothing vary with income and family size. Using…
How many types are there
We consider a revealed preference‐based method that will bound the minimal partition of consumer microdata into a set of preference types such that the data are perfectly rationalisable by standard utility theory. This provides a simple, non‐parametric and theory‐driven way of investigating unobserved preference heterogeneity in empirical data, and easily extends to any choice model which has a revealed preference characterisation. We illustrate …
Aboriginal Income Disparity in Canada
Investigating the earnings and income disparity faced by Aboriginal people in Canada from 1995 to 2005, we find that Aboriginal people face substantial income and earnings gaps in comparison with Canadian-born majority-group workers with similar characteristics (such as age and education). The estimated gaps are large: about 10 to 20 percent for women and 20 to 50 percent for men. However, these gaps eroded somewhat over 1995 to 2005. Among Abori…
Glass Ceilings or Glass Doors? Wage Disparity Within and Between Firms
We investigate whether immigrant and minority workers’ poor access to high-wage jobs—that is, glass ceilings—is attributable to poor access to jobs in high-wage firms, a phenomenon we call glass doors. Our analysis uses linked employer–employee data to measure mean and quantile-wage differentials of immigrants and ethnic minorities, both within and across firms. We find that glass ceilings exist for some immigrant groups, and that they are driven…
The Common-Scaling Social Cost-of-Living Index
If preferences or budgets are heterogeneous across people (as they clearly are), then individual cost-of-living indexes are also heterogeneous. Thus, any social cost-of-living index faces an aggregation problem. In this article, we provide a solution to this problem that we call a “common-scaling” social cost-of-living index (CS-SCOLI). In addition, we describe nonparametric methods for estimating such social cost-of-living indexes. As an applica…
Global Trade and the Maritime Transport Revolution
What is the role of transport improvements in globalization? We argue that the nineteenth century is the ideal testing ground for this question: freight rates fell on average by 50% while global trade increased 400% from 1870 to 1913. We estimate the first indices of bilateral freight rates for the period and directly incorporate these into a standard gravity model. We also take the endogeneity of bilateral trade and freight rates seriously and p…
Color by Numbers
Minority Earnings Disparity Across the Distribution
We use quantile regression methods on 2001 Census of Canada data to assess disparity at four points in the conditional distribution of earnings of native-born ethnic minorities (the 20th, 50th, 80th and 90th percentiles) as well as at the mean. In doing so, we examine and assess the degree to which minorities face earnings differentials at both the top and bottom of the conditional distribution as well as at the mean, thereby testing the degree t…
The Identification of Fixed Costs From Consumer Behavior
Some household expenditures, such as those for subsistence or basic needs, are fixed. Using the methodology of equivalence scales, we develop a model in which differences in fixed costs of characteristics across households can be identified from household behavior. Equivalent expenditure for a household is the expenditure needed to bring a reference household, such as a single childless adult, to the level of well-being of household members. The …
Colour My World
Krishna Pendakur, Ravi Pendakur, Colour My World: Have Earnings Gaps for Canadian-Born Ethnic Minorities Changed over Time?, Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 2002), pp. 489-512
Language as Both Human Capital and Ethnicity
In this study, we estimate earnings differentials for knowledge of thirteen minority languages in Canada's three largest urban areas. We find that conditional on knowledge of a majority language, knowledge of a minority language is associated with lower earnings. However, the negative differential diminishes for those languages with large local populations. This suggests a positive human capital effect which is for the most part swamped by a nega…
Aboriginal Income Disparity in Canada
Investigating the earnings and income disparity faced by Aboriginal people in Canada from 1995 to 2005, we find that Aboriginal people face substantial income and earnings gaps in comparison with Canadian-born majority-group workers with similar characteristics (such as age and education). The estimated gaps are large: about 10 to 20 percent for women and 20 to 50 percent for men. However, these gaps eroded somewhat over 1995 to 2005. Among Abori…
Ordinary Least Squares Estimation of the Intrahousehold Distribution of Expenditure
We provide a method to estimate resource shares—the fraction of total household expenditure allocated to each household member—using linear (e.g., ordinary least squares) estimation of Engel curves. The method is a linear reframing of the 2013 nonlinear model of Dunbar, Lewbel, and Pendakur, extended to allow single-parent and other complex households, scale economies in assignable goods, and complementarities between nonassignable goods and supp…
The Effects of Modern Treaties and Opt-In Legislation on Household Incomes in Aboriginal Communities
The Impact of Self-Government, Comprehensive Land Claims, and Opt-In Arrangements on Income Inequality in Indigenous Communities in Canada
In Canada, self-government agreements, comprehensive land claims agreements, and opt-in arrangements allow Indigenous groups to govern their internal affairs and assume greater responsibility and control over the decision-making that affects their communities. We use difference-in-difference models to measure the impact of such agreements on average income and income inequality in Indigenous communities at the community level. In comparison with …
Minority Earnings Disparity Across the Distribution
We use quantile regression methods on 2001 Census of Canada data to assess disparity at four points in the conditional distribution of earnings of native-born ethnic minorities (the 20th, 50th, 80th and 90th percentiles) as well as at the mean. In doing so, we examine and assess the degree to which minorities face earnings differentials at both the top and bottom of the conditional distribution as well as at the mean, thereby testing the degree t…
How Did the Canada Child Benefit Affect Household Spending
We assess how the July 2016 increase in the Canada Child Benefit (CCB) affected household spending with respect to total current expenditure and its seven constituent categories: clothing, food, health care, household operations, recreation, shelter, and transportation. The increase in the CCB was large: for most recipient households, it increased by more than $2,000 per child per year. We consider households below the median income level and fin…
How many types are there
We consider a revealed preference‐based method that will bound the minimal partition of consumer microdata into a set of preference types such that the data are perfectly rationalisable by standard utility theory. This provides a simple, non‐parametric and theory‐driven way of investigating unobserved preference heterogeneity in empirical data, and easily extends to any choice model which has a revealed preference characterisation. We illustrate …
Consumption Poverty in Canada, 1969 to 1998
In this paper, I estimate the poverty rate as the proportion of individuals who have consumption - rather than income - lower than an absolute poverty line. The absolute poverty line used is based on the expenditure necessary to achieve a minimum level of material well-being. It does not change over time with changing social values as do relative poverty lines. Consumption is used because consumption levels are chosen by households with some know…
Unobserved Preference Heterogeneity in Demand Using Generalized Random Coefficients
We prove a new identification theorem showing nonparametric identification of the joint distribution of random coefficients in general nonlinear and additive models. This differs from existing random coefficients models by not imposing a linear index structure for the regressors. We then model unobserved preference heterogeneity in consumer demand as utility functions with random Barten scales. These Barten scales appear as random coefficients in…
Inefficient Collective Households
We propose a model of consumption inefficiency in collective households. Inefficiency depends on a ‘cooperation factor’, which can also affect both the allocation of resources within a household and the utility of household members. Households are conditionally efficient, conditioning on the value of the cooperation factor. This lets us exploit convenient modelling features of efficient households (like not needing to specify the bargaining proce…
Which Child Immigrants Face Earnings Disparity? Age‐at‐immigration, Ethnic Minority Status and Labour Market Attainment in Canada
Using Canadian Census microdata from 1990 to 2005, we investigate the earnings attainment of immigrants to Canada in 6 age‐at‐arrival cohorts. In comparison to past work we extend our understanding regarding three dimensions of the age at immigration debate: we explore heterogeneity across fine grained age‐at‐arrival cohorts, over a fifteen‐year period and across different ethnic groups. We find that white immigrants and female immigrants arrivin…
Color by Numbers
Infant Mortality and the Repeal of Federal Prohibition
Using new data on county-level variation in alcohol prohibition from 1933 to 1939, we investigate whether the repeal of federal prohibition increased infant mortality, both in counties and states that repealed and in neighbouring counties. We find that repeal is associated with a 4.0% increase in infant mortality rates in counties that chose wet status via local option elections or state-wide legislation and with a 4.7% increase in neighbouring d…
Are Residential and Workplace Concentration Correlated for Immigrants? Evidence for Sweden
The Colour of Money
The literature on ethnically based earnings differentials in Canada has focused on differences either between whites and visible minorities or between particular ethnic groups. In this paper we examine both earnings differentials between whites and visible minorities, and earnings differentials within the white and visible-minority groupings. Among both men and women we nd substantial earnings differentials both between and within the white and v…
Consumption Poverty in Canada, 1969 to 1998
In this paper, I estimate the poverty rate as the proportion of individuals who have consumption - rather than income - lower than an absolute poverty line. The absolute poverty line used is based on the expenditure necessary to achieve a minimum level of material well-being. It does not change over time with changing social values as do relative poverty lines. Consumption is used because consumption levels are chosen by households with some know…
Colour My World
Krishna Pendakur, Ravi Pendakur, Colour My World: Have Earnings Gaps for Canadian-Born Ethnic Minorities Changed over Time?, Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 2002), pp. 489-512
Language as Both Human Capital and Ethnicity
In this study, we estimate earnings differentials for knowledge of thirteen minority languages in Canada's three largest urban areas. We find that conditional on knowledge of a majority language, knowledge of a minority language is associated with lower earnings. However, the negative differential diminishes for those languages with large local populations. This suggests a positive human capital effect which is for the most part swamped by a nega…
The Identification of Fixed Costs From Consumer Behavior
Some household expenditures, such as those for subsistence or basic needs, are fixed. Using the methodology of equivalence scales, we develop a model in which differences in fixed costs of characteristics across households can be identified from household behavior. Equivalent expenditure for a household is the expenditure needed to bring a reference household, such as a single childless adult, to the level of well-being of household members. The …
Minority Earnings Disparity Across the Distribution
We use quantile regression methods on 2001 Census of Canada data to assess disparity at four points in the conditional distribution of earnings of native-born ethnic minorities (the 20th, 50th, 80th and 90th percentiles) as well as at the mean. In doing so, we examine and assess the degree to which minorities face earnings differentials at both the top and bottom of the conditional distribution as well as at the mean, thereby testing the degree t…
Glass Ceilings or Glass Doors? Wage Disparity Within and Between Firms
We investigate whether immigrant and minority workers’ poor access to high-wage jobs—that is, glass ceilings—is attributable to poor access to jobs in high-wage firms, a phenomenon we call glass doors. Our analysis uses linked employer–employee data to measure mean and quantile-wage differentials of immigrants and ethnic minorities, both within and across firms. We find that glass ceilings exist for some immigrant groups, and that they are driven…
The Common-Scaling Social Cost-of-Living Index
If preferences or budgets are heterogeneous across people (as they clearly are), then individual cost-of-living indexes are also heterogeneous. Thus, any social cost-of-living index faces an aggregation problem. In this article, we provide a solution to this problem that we call a “common-scaling” social cost-of-living index (CS-SCOLI). In addition, we describe nonparametric methods for estimating such social cost-of-living indexes. As an applica…
Global Trade and the Maritime Transport Revolution
What is the role of transport improvements in globalization? We argue that the nineteenth century is the ideal testing ground for this question: freight rates fell on average by 50% while global trade increased 400% from 1870 to 1913. We estimate the first indices of bilateral freight rates for the period and directly incorporate these into a standard gravity model. We also take the endogeneity of bilateral trade and freight rates seriously and p…
Color by Numbers
Aboriginal Income Disparity in Canada
Investigating the earnings and income disparity faced by Aboriginal people in Canada from 1995 to 2005, we find that Aboriginal people face substantial income and earnings gaps in comparison with Canadian-born majority-group workers with similar characteristics (such as age and education). The estimated gaps are large: about 10 to 20 percent for women and 20 to 50 percent for men. However, these gaps eroded somewhat over 1995 to 2005. Among Abori…
Children's Resources in Collective Households
The share of household resources devoted to children is hard to identify because consumption is measured at the household level and goods can be shared. Using semiparametric restrictions on individual preferences within a collective model, we identify how total household resources are divided up among household members by observing how each family member's expenditures on a single private good like clothing vary with income and family size. Using…
How many types are there
We consider a revealed preference‐based method that will bound the minimal partition of consumer microdata into a set of preference types such that the data are perfectly rationalisable by standard utility theory. This provides a simple, non‐parametric and theory‐driven way of investigating unobserved preference heterogeneity in empirical data, and easily extends to any choice model which has a revealed preference characterisation. We illustrate …
Fiscal Effects of Immigrants in Canada
Which Child Immigrants Face Earnings Disparity? Age‐at‐immigration, Ethnic Minority Status and Labour Market Attainment in Canada
Using Canadian Census microdata from 1990 to 2005, we investigate the earnings attainment of immigrants to Canada in 6 age‐at‐arrival cohorts. In comparison to past work we extend our understanding regarding three dimensions of the age at immigration debate: we explore heterogeneity across fine grained age‐at‐arrival cohorts, over a fifteen‐year period and across different ethnic groups. We find that white immigrants and female immigrants arrivin…
Are Residential and Workplace Concentration Correlated for Immigrants? Evidence for Sweden
Unobserved Preference Heterogeneity in Demand Using Generalized Random Coefficients
We prove a new identification theorem showing nonparametric identification of the joint distribution of random coefficients in general nonlinear and additive models. This differs from existing random coefficients models by not imposing a linear index structure for the regressors. We then model unobserved preference heterogeneity in consumer demand as utility functions with random Barten scales. These Barten scales appear as random coefficients in…
The Effects of Modern Treaties and Opt-In Legislation on Household Incomes in Aboriginal Communities
Diamonds in the Rough?
Traditional per capita measures of \n poverty assign the same poverty status to individuals living \n in the same household and overlook differences in living \n standards within households. There has been a long-standing \n need for a tool that enables poverty measurement at the \n individual level, while avoiding overly complex estimation \n techniques and, if possible, using readily available \n household survey data. An ordinary least squares…
Identification of Random Resource Shares in Collective Households Without Preference Similarity Restrictions
Resource shares, defined as the fraction of total household spending going to each person in a household, are important for assessing individual material well-being, inequality, and poverty. They are difficult to identify because consumption is measured typically at the household level, and many goods are jointly consumed, so that individual level consumption in multi-person households is not directly observed. We consider random resource shares,…
How Did the Canada Child Benefit Affect Household Spending
We assess how the July 2016 increase in the Canada Child Benefit (CCB) affected household spending with respect to total current expenditure and its seven constituent categories: clothing, food, health care, household operations, recreation, shelter, and transportation. The increase in the CCB was large: for most recipient households, it increased by more than $2,000 per child per year. We consider households below the median income level and fin…
The Impact of Self-Government, Comprehensive Land Claims, and Opt-In Arrangements on Income Inequality in Indigenous Communities in Canada
In Canada, self-government agreements, comprehensive land claims agreements, and opt-in arrangements allow Indigenous groups to govern their internal affairs and assume greater responsibility and control over the decision-making that affects their communities. We use difference-in-difference models to measure the impact of such agreements on average income and income inequality in Indigenous communities at the community level. In comparison with …
Ordinary Least Squares Estimation of the Intrahousehold Distribution of Expenditure
We provide a method to estimate resource shares—the fraction of total household expenditure allocated to each household member—using linear (e.g., ordinary least squares) estimation of Engel curves. The method is a linear reframing of the 2013 nonlinear model of Dunbar, Lewbel, and Pendakur, extended to allow single-parent and other complex households, scale economies in assignable goods, and complementarities between nonassignable goods and supp…
Infant Mortality and the Repeal of Federal Prohibition
Using new data on county-level variation in alcohol prohibition from 1933 to 1939, we investigate whether the repeal of federal prohibition increased infant mortality, both in counties and states that repealed and in neighbouring counties. We find that repeal is associated with a 4.0% increase in infant mortality rates in counties that chose wet status via local option elections or state-wide legislation and with a 4.7% increase in neighbouring d…
Inefficient Collective Households
We propose a model of consumption inefficiency in collective households. Inefficiency depends on a ‘cooperation factor’, which can also affect both the allocation of resources within a household and the utility of household members. Households are conditionally efficient, conditioning on the value of the cooperation factor. This lets us exploit convenient modelling features of efficient households (like not needing to specify the bargaining proce…
Economics (26 obras) · Demographic economics (15 obras) · Political science (15 obras) · Economic growth (12 obras) · Geography (12 obras) · Sociology (12 obras) · Econometrics (10 obras) · Demography (9 obras) · Income, Poverty, and Inequality (9 obras) · Earnings (8 obras)