Lawrence E Williams
Biographic Data
| ID | 137360 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lawrence E Williams |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lawrence E |
| FAMILY NAME | Williams |
| SIGNATURE | WILLIAMS L E |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of South Alabama |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2267-9918 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 68 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 42 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1972 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
No Response to Inconsistently Experienced Inequity in Four Primate Species
Understanding when and how nonhuman primates respond to inequity is essential for uncovering the evolutionary roots of human fairness. Previous studies have shown that some species will refuse to participate or refuse rewards in some contexts when outcomes are unequal, but in these studies, subjects experienced inequity on every trial. This is likely not a realistic reflection of daily life, and we do not know whether these responses persist when…
The Science of Creating Brand Associations: A Continuous Trinity Model Linking Brand Associations to Learning Processes
The continuous trinity model (CTM) of brand associations integrates 50 years of consumer learning research with recent conceptualizations of consciousness. Three types of brand associations are proposed at the representational level (expectations, meaning, and affect), corresponding to three types of learning at the process level (predictive learning, referential learning, and direct affect transfer). A core proposition derived from research on a…
The Pursuit of Meaning and the Preference for Less Expensive Options
Finding meaning in life is a fundamental human motivation. Along with pleasure, meaning is a pillar of happiness and well-being. Yet, despite the centrality of this motive, and despite firms' attempts to appeal to this motive, scant research has investigated how the pursuit of meaning influences consumer choice, especially in comparison to the study of pleasure. While previous perspectives would suggest that the pursuit of meaning tilts consumers…
Neonatal activity and state control differences among three squirrel monkey subspecies ( Saimiri sciureus sciureus, S. boliviensis boliviensis , and S. boliviensis peruviensis )
Squirrel monkeys are a long‐standing biomedical model, with multiple species and subspecies housed in research facilities. Few studies have examined the developmental differences between these subspecies, which may affect research outcomes. The primate neonatal neurobehavioral assessment was completed at 2 weeks of age with 279 dam‐reared squirrel monkeys (188 Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis , 45 S. b. peruviensis , and 46 Saimiri. sciureus sciur…
Testing the weekend effect hypothesis: Time of day and lunar phase better predict the timing of births in laboratory‐housed primates than day of week
The weekend effect hypothesis proposes that captive primates are more likely to give birth during times of low disturbance and reduced staff activity. The hypothesis specifically predicts that laboratory‐housed primates will be more likely to give birth during the weekend than weekdays when staff activity is reduced. To date, support for the weekend effect hypothesis has been mixed and based on studies with relatively few subjects. To further exa…
Chemical composition of glandular secretions from a pair‐living monogamous primate: Sex, age, and gland differences in captive and wild owl monkeys ( Aotus spp.)
Broadening our knowledge of olfactory communication in strictly monogamous systems can inform our understanding of how chemosignals may facilitate social and reproductive behavior between the sexes. Compared to other social and mating systems, relatively little is known about olfactory communication in strictly monogamous non-human primates. Furthermore, platyrrhines are not well represented in chemical analyses of glandular secretions. We conduc…
Are olfactory traits in a pair‐bonded primate under sexual selection? An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in Aotus nancymaae
OBJECTIVES: Sexual selection has seemingly influenced chemical communication in numerous non-human primates, although it is unclear whether it has influenced strictly pair-living and pair-bonded taxa. The physical similarities between male and female owl monkeys suggest that disruptive selection has not played a role in this taxon. However, given their nocturnality, olfactory traits may show differing patterns of sexual selection than visual trai…
Socialization of adult owl monkeys ( Aotus sp.) in Captivity
Social housing has often been recommended as one-way to address the psychological well-being of captive non-human primates. Published reports have examined methods to socialize compatible animals by forming pairs or groups. Successful socialization rates vary depending on the species, gender, and environment. This study presents a retrospective look at pairing attempts in two species of owl monkeys, Aotus nancymaae and A. azarae, which live in mo…
The Case for Considering Consciousness Second: Response to Baumeister et al.; Plassmann and Mormann; and Sweldens, Tuk, and Hütter
Future efforts to better understand the causal antecedents of consumer behavior are aided by conceptual clarity, methodological rigor, collaboration, and debate. For these reasons we thank Baumeister, Clark, Kim, and Lau (this issue; henceforth BCKL), Plassmann and Mormann (this issue; henceforth PM), and Sweldens, Tuk, and Hütter (this issue; henceforth STH) for their insightful and indispensable comments on Williams and Poehlman (this issue; he…
Relative tooth size at birth in primates: Life history correlates
OBJECTIVES: Dental eruption schedules have been closely linked to life history variables. Here we examine a sample of 50 perinatal primates (28 species) to determine whether life history traits correlate with relative tooth size at birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ) of the upper jaw were measured and residuals from cranial length were calculated with least squares regressions to obtain relative dental volumes (RDVs). RESULTS: Relative dental volumes…
Conceptualizing Consciousness in Consumer Research
An outsized focus on the explanatory value of conscious thought can constrain opportunities to more rigorously examine the influence of less obvious drivers of consumer behavior. This article proposes a more precise, disaggregated, and minimized perspective on consciousness, distinguishing it from other higher-order mental processes (i.e., deliberation, intentionality, control, and effort). A more circumscribed perspective on consciousness, we ar…
Age and sex‐specific mortality of wild and captive populations of a monogamous pair‐bonded primate ( Aotus azarae )
In polygynous primates, a greater reproductive variance in males have been linked to their reduced life expectancy relative to females. The mortality patterns of monogamous pair-bonded primates, however, are less clear. We analyzed the sex differences in mortality within wild (NMales = 70, NFemales = 73) and captive (NMales = 25, NFemales = 29) populations of Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae), a socially and genetically monogamous primate exhibi…
The Rise and Fall of Humor: Psychological Distance Modulates Humorous Responses to Tragedy
Humor is a ubiquitous experience that facilitates coping, social coordination, and well-being. We examine how humorous responses to a tragedy change over time by measuring reactions to jokes about Hurricane Sandy. Inconsistent with the belief that the passage of time monotonically increases humor, but consistent with the benign violation theory of humor, a longitudinal study reveals that humorous responses to Sandy’s destruction rose, peaked, and…
Commentary and Rejoinder on
The Distinct Affective Consequences of Psychological Distance and Construal Level
Much of the existing literature on psychological distance has focused on cognitive outcomes, such as changes in construal level, largely framing affective processes out of the discussion. The current research examines the distinct influences of psychological distance and construal level on affect-based evaluation. In a first set of experiments, psychological distance (vs. closeness) reduces the intensity of felt affect, while abstract (vs. concre…
Demographic variability and density‐dependent dynamics of a free‐ranging rhesus macaque population
Density-dependence is hypothesized as the major mechanism of population regulation. However, the lack of long-term demographic data has hampered the use of density-dependent models in nonhuman primates. In this study, we make use of the long-term demographic data from Cayo Santiago's rhesus macaques to parameterize and analyze both a density-independent and a density-dependent population matrix model, and compare their projections with the observ…
A corpus-driven study of second-person pronoun variation in L2 French synchronous computer-mediated communication
Using a corpus-driven variationist approach, this study analyzes variation between the French second-person pronouns tu (T) and vous (V) during synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) interactions among learners at different instructional levels. In general, learners at all instructional levels alternated between T and V, yet this variation did not normally lead to any form of social conflict regarding the sociolinguistic appropriatene…
Pattern of maternal circulating CRH in laboratory‐housed squirrel and owl monkeys
The anthropoid primate placenta appears to be unique in producing corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH). Placental CRH is involved in an endocrine circuit key to the production of estrogens during pregnancy. CRH induces cortisol production by the maternal and fetal adrenal glands, leading to further placental CRH production. CRH also stimulates the fetal adrenal glands to produce dehydroepiandrostendione sulfate (DHEAS), which the placenta conver…
The unconscious regulation of emotion: Nonconscious reappraisal goals modulate emotional reactivity
People often encounter difficulty when making conscious attempts to regulate their emotions. We propose that nonconscious self-regulatory processes may be of help in these difficult circumstances because nonconscious processes are not subject to the same set of limitations as are conscious processes. Two experiments examined the effects of nonconsciously operating goals on people's emotion regulatory success. In Experiment 1, participants engaged…
The scaffolded mind: Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world
It has long been a staple of psychological theory that early life experiences significantly shape the adult's understanding of and reactions to the social world. Here we consider how early concept development along with evolved motives operating early in life can come to exert a passive, unconscious influence on the human adult's higher‐order goal pursuits, judgments, and actions. In particular, we focus on concepts and goal structures specialize…
Conceptual scaffolding: Further thoughts on the relation between the physical and social worlds
Keeping One's Distance: The Influence of Spatial Distance Cues on Affect and Evaluation
Current conceptualizations of psychological distance (e.g., construal-level theory) refer to the degree of overlap between the self and some other person, place, or point in time. We propose a complementary view in which perceptual and motor representations of physical distance influence people's thoughts and feelings without reference to the self, extending research and theory on the effects of distance into domains where construal-level theory …
Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth
“Warmth” is the most powerful personality trait in social judgment, and attachment theorists have stressed the importance of warm physical contact with caregivers during infancy for healthy relationships in adulthood. Intriguingly, recent research in humans points to the involvement of the insula in the processing of both physical temperature and interpersonal warmth (trust) information. Accordingly, we hypothesized that experiences of physical w…
The composition of milk from Bolivian squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis )
Squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri ) give birth to relatively large neonates with large, fast‐growing brains. Maternal energy expenditure during gestation and infant development is argued to be high, but may be offset by the provisioning of offspring by females other than the mother (allonursing). Milk composition is an important component of maternal energy expenditure, but has been examined in only a small number of primate species. Here, we repor…
Population modeling for a captive squirrel monkey colony: Population Model for Squirrel Monkey
Population modeling for a squirrel monkey colony breeding in a captive laboratory environment was approached with the use of two different mathematical modeling techniques. Deterministic modeling was used initially on a spreadsheet to estimate future census figures for animals in various age/sex classes. Historical data were taken as input parameters for the model, combined with harvesting policies to calculate future population figures in the co…
The scaffolded mind: Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world
It has long been a staple of psychological theory that early life experiences significantly shape the adult's understanding of and reactions to the social world. Here we consider how early concept development along with evolved motives operating early in life can come to exert a passive, unconscious influence on the human adult's higher‐order goal pursuits, judgments, and actions. In particular, we focus on concepts and goal structures specialize…
The Distinct Affective Consequences of Psychological Distance and Construal Level
Much of the existing literature on psychological distance has focused on cognitive outcomes, such as changes in construal level, largely framing affective processes out of the discussion. The current research examines the distinct influences of psychological distance and construal level on affect-based evaluation. In a first set of experiments, psychological distance (vs. closeness) reduces the intensity of felt affect, while abstract (vs. concre…
Conceptualizing Consciousness in Consumer Research
An outsized focus on the explanatory value of conscious thought can constrain opportunities to more rigorously examine the influence of less obvious drivers of consumer behavior. This article proposes a more precise, disaggregated, and minimized perspective on consciousness, distinguishing it from other higher-order mental processes (i.e., deliberation, intentionality, control, and effort). A more circumscribed perspective on consciousness, we ar…
The Science of Creating Brand Associations: A Continuous Trinity Model Linking Brand Associations to Learning Processes
The continuous trinity model (CTM) of brand associations integrates 50 years of consumer learning research with recent conceptualizations of consciousness. Three types of brand associations are proposed at the representational level (expectations, meaning, and affect), corresponding to three types of learning at the process level (predictive learning, referential learning, and direct affect transfer). A core proposition derived from research on a…
The Pursuit of Meaning and the Preference for Less Expensive Options
Finding meaning in life is a fundamental human motivation. Along with pleasure, meaning is a pillar of happiness and well-being. Yet, despite the centrality of this motive, and despite firms' attempts to appeal to this motive, scant research has investigated how the pursuit of meaning influences consumer choice, especially in comparison to the study of pleasure. While previous perspectives would suggest that the pursuit of meaning tilts consumers…
Are olfactory traits in a pair‐bonded primate under sexual selection? An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in Aotus nancymaae
OBJECTIVES: Sexual selection has seemingly influenced chemical communication in numerous non-human primates, although it is unclear whether it has influenced strictly pair-living and pair-bonded taxa. The physical similarities between male and female owl monkeys suggest that disruptive selection has not played a role in this taxon. However, given their nocturnality, olfactory traits may show differing patterns of sexual selection than visual trai…
Commentary and Rejoinder on
A corpus-driven study of second-person pronoun variation in L2 French synchronous computer-mediated communication
Using a corpus-driven variationist approach, this study analyzes variation between the French second-person pronouns tu (T) and vous (V) during synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) interactions among learners at different instructional levels. In general, learners at all instructional levels alternated between T and V, yet this variation did not normally lead to any form of social conflict regarding the sociolinguistic appropriatene…
Past and Present Glaciological Responses to Climate in Eastern Baffin Island
Much of Baffin Island is close to the modern glaciation limit and climatic changes within the last decade are already being reflected in snow cover extent. Statistical analysis of glacierized and ice-free corries indicates that changes in direct solar radiation due to astronomical factors are inadequate to account for glacierization of those at present ice-free. These and other sources of evidence demonstrate the need for augmented winter snowfal…
The influence of male presence or absence on the reproductive cycle of celebes black ape females (Macaca nigra)
A Comparison of Evidence for Late Holocene Summer Temperature Variations in the Northern Hemisphere
Data on glacier, tree-line, tree-ring, pollen, and ice-core variations in North America, Greenland, and Europe during the last 2000 yr (up to A.D. 1800) are compared in detail on the century time scale. Only data that may be indicative of summer temperature changes are included, since these comprise most of the available paleoclimatic information, although some variations (especially of glaciers) may have been in response to precipitation changes…
Diurnal variations of androgens in sexually mature male Bolivian squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ) during the breeding season
To assess diurnal fluctuations of serum androgens and cortisol in adult male Bolivian squirrel monkeys, these steroids were measured at predetermined times (0300, 0900, and 2300 hours) during two separate 24‐hour periods in the breeding season (January 1983 and late November 1983). A significant diurnal change in serum cortisol was noted, with a nadir of 99.9 ± 11.9 μg/dl (x̄ ± SEM) at 2300 hours and a peak of 168.9 ± 7.8 μg/dl at 0900 hours. Con…
Male behavior through the breeding season in Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis
The Bolivian squirrel monkey ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis ) is a seasonal breeder. Male squirrel monkeys show distinct morphological and behavioral changes prior to and during the breeding season. A “fatting syndrome” includes increased body weight, increased levels of androgens, and in the Bolivian subspecies, an increasingly active role in the social organization of the group. In this study, the behavior of ten adult male Bolivian squirrel…
Forthcoming article
Seasonal changes in serum dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone levels in the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis )
The squirrel monkey ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis ) has a well‐defined breeding season during which adult males undergo androgen‐dependent morphological changes, with acquisition of active spermatogenesis. To assess the hormonal events of this annual cycle, blood samples were obtained weekly from ten adult males, and serum was assayed for testosterone (T), androstenedione (ΔA), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). A significant seasonal variati…
In vitro bioactive luteinizing hormone assay shows cyclical, seasonal hormonal changes and response to luteinizing‐hormone releasing hormone in the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis )
Studies on the reproductive mechanisms of the squirrel monkey have been hampered by inadequate measurements of luteinizing hormone (LH). The mouse interstitial cell bioassay, which measures testosterone production as the endpoint, was validated for use in the squirrel monkey by parallel responses of serum to LH standards and by in vivo responses to an LH‐releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue. The LH surge profile, as determined by daily blood samplin…
Determination of lactogenic activity in the serum of the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri boliviensis ) using the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay
Determination of squirrel monkey prolactin by immunoassay has been hampered by the lack of antiserum specific to prolactin from this species. As an alternate method, we have investigated whether the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay could be adapted for routine measurement of the lactogenic activity of samples of squirrel monkey serum. The growth of the Nb2 cells is absolutely dependent on the presence of lactogens in the culture medium. The cells were maint…
Effects of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) administration to pregnant squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis )
Poor reproductive performance of the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis ) in captivity and a relative progesterone (P) deficiency in pregnancy have been reported. Since premature births may contribute to pregnancy wastage, we attempted to measure the effectiveness of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) treatment of pregnant squirrel monkeys to prevent early deliveries. Based on clearance studies of nonpregnant animals, 25 mg …
Confirmation of ovulation and characterization of luteinizing hormone and progesterone secretory patterns in cycling, isosexually housed Bolivian squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis )
In the female Bolivian squirrel monkey a much greater elevation of serum estradiol (E 2 ) was measured after mating than that observed in similary cycling monkeys that did not mate. This raised the possibility that cycling squirrel monkeys may not ovulate during nonmated cycles To test this hypothesis, we performed laparoscopies on nine isosexually housed, cycling monkeys to observe the ovaries after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, which was …
Characterization of prolactin and growth hormone immuno‐ and bioactivities in the pituitary gland and serum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
The immunological and biological activities of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in the pituitary gland and serum of the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis ) have been studied. Proteins in pituitary homogenates were solubilized in 1% SDS, electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose. Squirrel monkey GH and PRL were identified by immunoblotting with anti‐human GH antibodies and a monoclonal ant…
Model life tables for the smaller new world monkeys
Mortality statistics from five populations of small New World monkeys (includinsg Callithrix jaccus, Leontopithecus rosalia, Saguinus fuscicollis , and Saguinus oedipus ) were combined to generate a standard model life table reflecting the mortality patterns of these primates. The model is applied to three individual populations to illustrate a strategy for smoothing and interpolating mortality statistics of varying completeness and quality. © 19…
Age‐related hormonal differences in cycling squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis )
This study was planned to evaluate the poor reproductive performance of aged squirrel monkeys in a self‐sustaining breeding colony. Two groups of monkeys aged 6–8 years (Group 1), and >12 years (Group 2) were evaluated. During the midbreeding season, daily blood samples were obtained for a period of 35 days from 10 animals in each group. Blood samples were assayed for serum estradiol (E), progesterone (P), and bioassayable luteinizing hormone (bi…
Allomaternal interactions in the Bolivian squirrel monkey ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis )
Allomaternal behavior is defined as maternal‐like interactions between an infant and some animal other than its natural mother. The occurrence of allomothering can have a profound influence on the life of the infant and on the animal with which the infant interacts. Allomaternal interactions were studied during the first 6 months of life in 50 Bolivian squirrel monkeys in two different social settings. Allomaternal interactions began during the f…
Midcycle and luteal elevations of follicle stimulating hormone in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) during the estrous cycle
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) has fundamental importance in reproductive function, but its cyclic pattern has not previously been described in the squirrel monkey, due primarily to the lack of a suitable assay. An homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) based on recombinant cynomolgus FSH measured changes in serum FSH relative to patterns of bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone during the estrous cycle. FSH was observed …
Midcycle and luteal elevations of follicle stimulating hormone in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) during the estrous cycle
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) has fundamental importance in reproductive function, but its cyclic pattern has not previously been described in the squirrel monkey, due primarily to the lack of a suitable assay. An homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) based on recombinant cynomolgus FSH measured changes in serum FSH relative to patterns of bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and progesterone during the estrous cycle. FSH was observed …
Creating a Multicultural Library
Population modeling for a captive squirrel monkey colony: Population Model for Squirrel Monkey
Population modeling for a squirrel monkey colony breeding in a captive laboratory environment was approached with the use of two different mathematical modeling techniques. Deterministic modeling was used initially on a spreadsheet to estimate future census figures for animals in various age/sex classes. Historical data were taken as input parameters for the model, combined with harvesting policies to calculate future population figures in the co…
Keeping One's Distance: The Influence of Spatial Distance Cues on Affect and Evaluation
Current conceptualizations of psychological distance (e.g., construal-level theory) refer to the degree of overlap between the self and some other person, place, or point in time. We propose a complementary view in which perceptual and motor representations of physical distance influence people's thoughts and feelings without reference to the self, extending research and theory on the effects of distance into domains where construal-level theory …
Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth
“Warmth” is the most powerful personality trait in social judgment, and attachment theorists have stressed the importance of warm physical contact with caregivers during infancy for healthy relationships in adulthood. Intriguingly, recent research in humans points to the involvement of the insula in the processing of both physical temperature and interpersonal warmth (trust) information. Accordingly, we hypothesized that experiences of physical w…
The composition of milk from Bolivian squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis )
Squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri ) give birth to relatively large neonates with large, fast‐growing brains. Maternal energy expenditure during gestation and infant development is argued to be high, but may be offset by the provisioning of offspring by females other than the mother (allonursing). Milk composition is an important component of maternal energy expenditure, but has been examined in only a small number of primate species. Here, we repor…
The unconscious regulation of emotion: Nonconscious reappraisal goals modulate emotional reactivity
People often encounter difficulty when making conscious attempts to regulate their emotions. We propose that nonconscious self-regulatory processes may be of help in these difficult circumstances because nonconscious processes are not subject to the same set of limitations as are conscious processes. Two experiments examined the effects of nonconsciously operating goals on people's emotion regulatory success. In Experiment 1, participants engaged…
The scaffolded mind: Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world
It has long been a staple of psychological theory that early life experiences significantly shape the adult's understanding of and reactions to the social world. Here we consider how early concept development along with evolved motives operating early in life can come to exert a passive, unconscious influence on the human adult's higher‐order goal pursuits, judgments, and actions. In particular, we focus on concepts and goal structures specialize…
Conceptual scaffolding: Further thoughts on the relation between the physical and social worlds
Biology (24 works) · Psychology (15 works) · Squirrel monkey (15 works) · Ecology (14 works) · Primate Behavior and Ecology (14 works) · Zoology (13 works) · Hormone (12 works) · Medicine (12 works) · Endocrinology (10 works) · Social Psychology (10 works)