Piers Watson
Biographic Data
| ID | 138127 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Piers Watson |
| GIVEN NAMES | Piers |
| FAMILY NAME | Watson |
| SIGNATURE | WATSON P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Tennessee at Chattanooga |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9116-5174 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 119 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 147 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 119 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Making the Mold: Replicating a Lost-Wax Casting Technique from Late Postclassic Oaxaca, Mexico
Lost-wax casting is a metallurgical technology that emerged independently in several regions of the ancient world. This general process is well understood, but less attention has been paid to variability in the particular methods, materials, and techniques utilized across cultures through time. Studies of this variability, and the reasoning behind it, can deepen our understanding of ancient technology, but also lead to a host of cultural insights…
Recollections of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Complexities of Religious Coping and Muslim Religious and Psychological Adjustment in Afghanistan
Amanah and Muslim Identity: Relationships with Religious and Psychological Adjustment in Malaysia
Poets and transliminality: Relationships with mystical experience and religious commitment in Iran
Xenophilia and the Religious Openness Hypothesis: Love of the “Stranger” within Religious Fundamentalist and Biblical Foundationalist Ideological Surrounds
While research documents conservative religious tendencies towards a fear (“phobia”) of the stranger (“xeno”), this investigation sought to evaluate possible additional potentials for a love (“philia”) of the stranger (“xeno”). Procedures explored a preliminary measure of religious xenophilia that defined xenophilic love and xenophilic grace factors in a sample of 279 American Christian university undergraduates. Xenophilic correlations with reli…
Religious fundamentalism in Iran: Religious and psychological adjustment within a Muslim cultural context
This first analysis of the Religious Fundamentalism Scale in Iran further examined findings that conservative religious commitments have positive adjustment implications outside the West. Religious Fundamentalism in a sample of 385 Iranian university students displayed direct relationships with Muslim religiosity and spirituality and correlated positively with the Transcendence and negatively with the Symbolism Post-Critical Beliefs (PCB) factors…
Religious reflection in Pakistan: Further evidence of integration between Muslim faith and intellect
Religious groups outside the West have displayed a positive correlation between faith and intellect-oriented reflection in contrast to the negative relationship found with American Christians. This study extended the analysis to Pakistani Muslims. University students (N = 180) responded to religious reflection scales along with measures of religious orientation and satisfaction with life. Faith- and intellect-oriented reflection correlated positi…
Post-Critical Beliefs and Religious Reflection: Religious Openness Hypothesis in Iranian University and Islamic Seminary Students
Negative relationships between Post-Critical Beliefs in Iran imply that Muslim perspectives are closed-minded, but positive correlations between Religious Reflection factors point instead toward a Muslim open-mindedness. The hypothesis of this study was that this contrast reveals the Post-Critical Belief of Symbolism to be a questionable index of Muslim open-mindedness. Iranian university students and Islamic seminarians ( N = 296) responded to P…
Model of Muslim Religious Spirituality: Impact of Muslim Experiential Religiousness on Religious Orientations and Psychological Adjustment among Iranian Muslims
Previous research indicates that spirituality expressed in tradition-specific terms may initiate, invigorate, and integrate Muslim religious commitments, suggesting a 3-I Model of Religious Spirituality. In a test of this model, Islamic seminarians, university students, and office workers in Iran ( N = 604) responded to Muslim Experiential Religiousness (MER), Religious Orientation, and mental health scales. The tradition- specific spirituality o…
Greater Jihad of society and self: Religious and psychological implications in Pakistani Madrassa and University students
Development of a Greater Jihad Scale sought to record “jihad” as a Muslim spiritual struggle. Pakistani madrassa and university students responded to items that described Self Jihad as a struggle against corruptions within the self and Societal Jihad as an effort to bring social life into conformity with Islamic ideals. Greater Jihad factors correlated positively with Islamic Moral Values, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Social Religious Orientations, an…
Supplication and the Muslim personality: Psychological nature and functions of prayer as interpreted by Said Nursi
Efforts to describe an Islamic psychology of religion must include the relationship that Muslims maintain with God through supplication. The Turkish theologian and scholar Said Nursi (1877–1960) offered useful theoretical guidance for understanding this issue. His perspective rested on the assumption that supplication finds its motivation in humanity’s innate shortcomings. Such imperfections encourage a person to communicate with God through supp…
Muslim attitudes and spirituality: Relationships with Dark Triad and Harmony Control in Iranian teachers
Iranian teachers (N = 250) responded to Muslim attitude and spirituality measures in a project testing the hypothesis that Muslim personality functioning will reflect beliefs in the beneficence of society and a consequent need to restrain personal desires. Muslim attitudes were especially noteworthy in displaying negative relationships with disturbances in personal restraint as represented by the Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism comp…
Diversity and Complexity of Religion and Spirituality in Iran: Relationships With Self-Compassion and Self-Forgiveness
This study examined religious-spiritual types in Iran by comparing seminary and university students on self-compassion, self-forgiveness, and other measures of religious and psychological functioning. Islamic seminarians (N = 198) more frequently self-identified as both religious and spiritual or as religious only. University students (N = 302) more commonly described themselves as spiritual only or as neither spiritual nor religious. The both re…
Muslim Work Ethics: Relationships with Religious Orientations and the "Perfect Man" (Ensān-e Kāmel) in Managers and Staff in Iran
Weber's association of a work ethic with Protestantism has been extended to religions, including Islam, more generally. Managers and staff in a bank and department store in Tehran responded to Muslim religiousness measures along with the multidimensional work ethics profile (MWEP). The MWEP is a 7-factor instrument that records Weber's interpretation of work ethics. Intrinsic, extrinsic personal, and extrinsic cultural religious orientations pred…
Muslim attachments to God and the “perfect man” (Ensān-e Kāmel): Relationships with religious orientation and psychological adjustment in Iran
Muslim Experiential Religiousness: Spirituality Relationships With Psychological and Religious Adjustment in Iran
Iranian university (N = 153) and Islamic seminary (N = 143) students responded to a Muslim Experiential Religiousness measure of spirituality. This instrument correlated positively with Integrative Self-Knowledge, Self-Control, Mindfulness, and Satisfaction With Life. Muslim Experiential Religiousness also displayed direct associations with Muslim Attitudes Toward Religion and with Intrinsic and Extrinsic Personal Religious Orientations. At highe…
Religious and Psychological Implications of Positive and Negative Religious Coping in Iran
Muslim Spirituality, Religious Coping, and Reactions to Terrorism Among Pakistani University Students
Muslim Distress Mobilization Hypothesis: Complex roles of Islamic Positive Religious Coping and Punishing Allah Reappraisal in Iranian students
Muslim religious coping may include distress mobilisation effects that explain why adaptive and maladaptive forms of religious coping correlate positively rather than nonsignificantly, as they usually do in the West. In this study, 147 Iranian university students responded to Islamic Positive Religious Coping (IPRC) and Punishing Allah Reappraisal (PAR) Scales along with Religious Orientation, Perceived Stress, and mental health measures. IPRC an…
Religious Schema within a Muslim Ideological Surround: Religious and Psychological Adjustment in Iran
With Religious Schema Scales in the West, Truth of Texts and Teachings correlates negatively with the commitment to interreligious dialogue recorded by Xenosophia. This measure of fundamentalism also predicts problematic religious and psychosocial functioning. The present project examined Religious Schema Scales in university students and Islamic seminarians in the Muslim cultural context of Iran. Truth of Texts and Teachings correlated positivel…
Associations of Personality Traits and Childhood Insult Experience with Perceived Husbands’ Psychological Aggression among Iranian Women
Muslim Experiential Religiousness in Pakistan: Meaning in Life, General Well-Being and gender differences
This study examined relationships of Muslim spirituality with positive psychology in Pakistan. In a sample of 200 university students and community members, the spirituality of Muslim Experiential Religiousness displayed direct linkages with Meaning in Life and General Well-Being subscales. Muslim Experiential Religiousness also correlated positively with single-item assessments of the Intrinsic, Extrinsic Personal, and Extrinsic Social Religious…
Meanings of Animal Sacrifice during Eid-ul-Adha: Relationships with Religious Orientations and Muslim Experiential Religiousness in Pakistan
This investigation examined Pakistani Muslim understandings of the animal sacrifice that occurs during Eid-ul-Adha at the end of the Hajj. Pakistani university students ( N = 156) responded to a number of items expressing possible interpretations of this ritual. A Faithful Sacrifice factor operationalized sincere religious reasons for the sacrifice and correlated positively with an Intrinsic Religious Orientation and with Muslim Experiential Reli…
Muslim Religious Openness and Ilm: Relationships with Islamic Religious Reflection, Religious Schema, and Religious Commitments in Malaysia
Religious Reflection Scales yield cross-cultural data suggesting that religious traditions have potentials to integrate intellect with faith. This investigation extended analysis of that possibility to Sunni Muslim university students in Malaysia ( N = 211) and also examined the hypothesis that Islamic commitments to knowledge ( Ilm) promote religious openness. Faith and Intellect Oriented Religious Reflection correlated positively and predicted …
Narcissism and Anger: Self-Esteem and Contingencies of Self-Worth as Mediating Self-Structures
Theory and research suggest that an internalization of psychological “structure†related to self-esteem may mediate relationships of Maladaptive Narcissism with higher and Adaptive Narcissism with lower Anger. In the present study (N = 623), Self-Esteem and Contingency of Self-Worth Scales served as presumed indices of the presence or absence of structure. Maladaptive Narcissism predicted greater Anger and a relative absence of structure whereas A…
Muslim-Christian Religious Orientation Scales: Distinctions, Correlations, and Cross-Cultural Analysis in Iran and the United States
Allport and Ross (1967) Religious Orientation Scales were administered along with nine new Muslim-Christian Religious Orientation Scales (MCROS) to students in Iran and the United States. Religious extrinsicness was associated with self-reported symptoms of psychological disturbance; with the Iranians, intrinsicness predicted adjustment. Most relations among the religious variables were positive with the two samples displaying similar, though not…
Dimensions of the Mysticism Scale: Confirming the Three-Factor Structure in the United States and Iran
In a mostly Christian American sample (N = 1,379), confirmatory factor analysis of Hood's (1975) Mysticism Scale verified the existence of Stace's (1960) introvertive and extrovertive dimensions of mystical phenomenology along with a separate interpretation factor. A second study confirmed the presence of these three factors in not only another group of Americans (N = 188), but also in a sample of Iranian Muslims (N = 185). Relationships of the i…
Research: Construction of the Pakistani Religious Coping Practices Scale: Correlations With Religious Coping, Religious Orientation, and Reactions to Stress Among Muslim University Students
The Pakistani Religious Coping Practices Scale was created to specifically record Muslim religious approaches to coping. A sample of 129 Pakistani university students responded to Urdu versions of this new instrument along with the Brief Religious Coping (RCOPE) Scale, single-item assessments of religious orientation and religious interest, and scales recording anxious, depressed, and hostile reactions to stress. The Pakistani Religious Coping Pr…
Apologetics and Ethnocentrism: Psychology and Religion Within an Ideological Surround
The psychology of religion can be seen as a creation of Enlightenment forms of thought. Within this framework, researchers presumably use an unbiased rationality and a value-free empiricism to develop a progressively more objective psychology of the religious self. Recent critiques of the Enlightenment have suggested that all forms of rationality are biased and that all empiricism is theory-laden. Within a post-Enlightenment frame of reference, r…
Narcissism, sex roles, and self-functioning
Mystical Experience Among Tibetan Buddhists: The Common Core Thesis Revisited
In the study of mysticism the debate has centered on whether a universal experiential core exists regardless of religious interpretation. The current investigation combines Jamesian empiricist and social constructivist perspectives to argue that stable experiential facets load variously on factors to construct local interpretations. Local interpretations reflect a family resemblance—a mystical common core experienced across cultures. Results of c…
Religious Orientation, Identity, and the Quest for Meaning in Ethics Within an Ideological Surround
Controversies in the religious orientation literature may reflect the unavoidable influences of ideology in the psychology of religion. Support for this possibility was observed when religious intrinsicness was associated with the idealism and antirela- tivism of an absolutist ethical position. Quest Scales, in contrast, were incompatible with this absolutist search for meaning in ethics. Quest Scales also predicted identity confusion, were assoc…
Religiosity and Social Desirability
A series of five studies explored the meaning of the positive relationship between End religiosity and the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale (SDS). Among the more noteworthy findings were the observations that 1) End religiosity was largely unrelated to measures conceptually associated with social desirability response sets; 2) neither End nor the SDS yielded any important evidence of a relationship with rnaladaptive psychological function…
Music Video and the Politics of Representation: Music Video and the Politics of Representation
Spiritual Experience and Identity: Relationships with Religious Orientation, Religious Interest, and Intolerance of Ambiguity
Research: Negatively Reinforcing Personal Extrinsic Motivations: Religious Orientation, Inner Awareness, and Mental Health in Iran and the United States
(2002). RESEARCH: Negatively Reinforcing Personal Extrinsic Motivations: Religious Orientation, Inner Awareness, and Mental Health in Iran and the United States. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 255-276
Empathy, sex role orientation, and narcissism
Self-Compassion in Iranian Muslims: Relationships With Integrative Self-Knowledge, Mental Health, and Religious Orientation
Although a Buddhist construct, self-compassion may have implications for understanding psychological adjustment cross-culturally. In Iranian Muslims, the Self-Compassion Scale correlated positively with integrative self-knowledge, self-esteem, and basic need satisfactions and negatively with depression and anxiety. Negative linkages with depression and anxiety continued to appear in partial correlations controlling for self-esteem, replicating a …
Common Core Thesis and Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mysticism in Chinese Buddhist Monks and Nuns
This study explores the phenomenological structure of mystical experience among 139 Chinese Pure Land and Chan Buddhist monks and nuns. Semi-structured interviews, thematic coding, and statistical analyses demonstrated that Stace's common facets of mysticism as measured by Hood's Mysticism Scale (M Scale) successfully described Buddhist experience as modified by Buddhist doctrines. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that these facets cou…
Afterlife Motivation Scale: Correlations With Maladjustment and Incremental Validity in Iranian Muslims
In a previous study of Iranian Muslims, two scales measuring religious commitments based on a desire to avoid hell and to reach heaven predicted maladjustment. The responding of Iranian university students in this investigation revealed that these two forms of desire could be reduced to a single factor that was adequately operationalized in a brief six-item instrument. This Afterlife Motivation Scale displayed strong internal consistency and corr…
Varieties of Quest and the Religious Openness Hypothesis within Religious Fundamentalist and Biblical Foundationalist Ideological Surrounds
According to the Religious Openness Hypothesis, the religious and psychological openness of American Christians is obscured by a defensive ghettoization of thought associated with a Religious Fundamentalist Ideological Surround and can be discovered instead within a Biblical Foundationalist Ideological Surround. A test of this claim examined Religious Fundamentalism, Biblical Foundationalism, Quest, and Multidimensional Quest Scales in 432 underg…
Aggression, sex role measures, and Kohut's psychology of the self
Interactional Factor Correlations with Means and End Religiousness
In this research, principal component analyses of the Interactional Scale in nine separate samples revealed a reliable two-item Identity factor that was directly related to the AUlport and Ross Intrinsic Scale, to other measures of an End religious orientation, and to generally adaptive self-functioning. A two-item Doubt component and two other items that failed to load reliably on any factor predicted greater extrinsicness, diminished intrinsicn…
Age and Religious Orientation
Sin, Depression, and Narcissism
Antireligious Humanistic Values, Guilt, and Self Esteem
Empirical analyses of religiosity and self functioning may be complicated by an ideological conflict between certain humanistic and theistic value perspectives. Support for this possibility was supplied by the observations that inverse relationships were more obvious when explicitly humanistic self scales were employed and when beliefs about sin were expressed in an orthodox language emphasizing self rejection and guilt. Factor analysis revealed …
Greater Jihad of society and self: Religious and psychological implications in Pakistani Madrassa and University students
Development of a Greater Jihad Scale sought to record “jihad” as a Muslim spiritual struggle. Pakistani madrassa and university students responded to items that described Self Jihad as a struggle against corruptions within the self and Societal Jihad as an effort to bring social life into conformity with Islamic ideals. Greater Jihad factors correlated positively with Islamic Moral Values, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Social Religious Orientations, an…
Diversity and Complexity of Religion and Spirituality in Iran: Relationships With Self-Compassion and Self-Forgiveness
This study examined religious-spiritual types in Iran by comparing seminary and university students on self-compassion, self-forgiveness, and other measures of religious and psychological functioning. Islamic seminarians (N = 198) more frequently self-identified as both religious and spiritual or as religious only. University students (N = 302) more commonly described themselves as spiritual only or as neither spiritual nor religious. The both re…
Mysticism in Chinese Christians and Non-Christians: Measurement Invariance of the Mysticism Scale and Implications for the Mean Differences
In this study, the authors validated the 3-factor, 8-facet model of Hood's Mysticism Scale and explored mean differences in mysticism with 330 indigenous Chinese Christian and 323 non-Christian participants. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good fit for the overall Chinese sample and established measurement invariance of the instrument across the 2 groups. Both groups scored above the midpoint on the total Mysticism Scale, whereas Christ…
After Postmodernism: Perspectivism, a Christian Epistemology of Love, and the Ideological Surround
Postmodernism liberates the integration of psychology and Christianity from the domination of modernism, but also leads to a vertiginous relativism. A movement beyond postmodernism seems essential. For Christians, such a movement might build upon the “future objectivity” of Friedrich Nietzsche's postmodern perspectivism. Writings of the French social theorist René Girard suggest how this “objectivity” might be assimilated within a Christian metan…
Nonmotor functions of the cerebellum
Nonmotor functions of the cerebellum
Personality Correlates of the Report of Mystical Experience
The search for stable personality correlates of mystical experience has been hampered by the use of pathologically oriented personality inventories or those confounded by heavy loadings on mystical experiences. The present research with college students ( n = 118) utilizing the Jackson Personality Inventory, a normatively oriented, psychometrically sound inventory, indicated stable personality correlates for scores on Hood's Mysticism Scale. Thes…
Teachers' Self-Monitoring of Praise vs Praise Instructions: Effects on Teachers' and Students' Behavior
This study investigated the relative effects of praise vs teachers' self-monitoring of praise on both teachers' and students' behavior. Although further applied research is needed, the results suggest that teachers' self-monitoring may enhance the effectiveness of teachers' contingent praise on the display of appropriate behavior by students. This enhancement may be dependent upon an optimal level and consistent rate of teachers' praise
Narcissism and Empathy: Validity Evidence for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Three empathy questionnaires were correlated with scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), and the predicted negative relationship was observed in two of the three cases. In addition, the Exploitiveness/Entitlement (E/E) subscale of the NPI was inversely related to all three empathy scales and directly related to another hypothesized measure of narcissism. Unexpected negative correlations between the E/E subscale and social desirab…
Religious Orientation, Humanistic Values, and Narcissism
Religiosity, Sin and Self-Esteem
The empirical literature remains largely unsuccessful in clearly defining the functioning of the self within religious persons; and at the same time, a controversy exists within the religious community over how to integrate biblical beliefs about sin with psychological notions associating positive self-regard with mental health. The present study suggests that the wider social controversy is useful in clarifying the empirical problem and that mor…
Maintenance of Religious Fundamentalism
Kuhn's analysis of paradigm clashes in science is the backdrop from which the maintenance of religious fundamentalism is discussed. Claims that fundamentalists display either forms of psychopathology or some sort of intellectual distortion are reviewed and shown to be unwarranted. The relevance of paradigm clashes is confronted in terms of influencing both the collection and evaluation of data regarding fundamentalists. The general issue of bound…
Religiosity and Social Desirability
A series of five studies explored the meaning of the positive relationship between End religiosity and the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale (SDS). Among the more noteworthy findings were the observations that 1) End religiosity was largely unrelated to measures conceptually associated with social desirability response sets; 2) neither End nor the SDS yielded any important evidence of a relationship with rnaladaptive psychological function…
Religious Orientation and Prayer Experience
Sunm~y.-86 participants with at least nominal religious affiliation completed a questionnaire on experiences during All participants were identified as to religious orientation using Allport's well known typology As predicted, no religious types differed on minimal phenomenological experlcnces during However, as predicted, intrinsic and indiscriminately favorable persons were more likely to interpret their experiences in relevant religious terms …
Religious Orientation and Prayer Experience
86 participants with at least nominal religious affiliation completed a questionnaire on experiences during prayer. All participants were identified as to religious orientation using Allport's well known typology. As predicted, no religious types differed on minimal phenomenological experiences during prayer. However, as predicted, intrinsic and indiscriminately favorable persons were more likely to interpret their experiences in relevant religio…
Narcissism, sex roles, and self-functioning
Sin and Self-Functioning, Part 2: Grace, Guilt and Psychological Adjustment
Grace and an intrinsic religious orientation were generally consistent with healthy psychological characteristics as revealed in relationships with self-consciousness, depression, hopelessness and/or self-efficacy. Extrinsicness and orthodox beliefs dealing with guilt tended to predict maladjustment. Several findings suggested that grace can obviate the negative effects of guilt while mediating the positive consequences of intrinsicness, and thes…
Sin and Self-Functioning, Part 1: Grace, Guilt and Self-Consciousness
An intrinsic religious orientation and beliefs relating to grace tended to predict an Internal State of Awareness, Style Consciousness, and less depression. These outcomes supported the hypothesis that orthodox conceptualizations of sin can promote an adaptive sensitivity to the self and to the self in relation to others; although in some samples these effects may be accompanied by the liability of less assertiveness. Obtained data also demonstra…
Sin and Self-Functioning, Part 3: The Psychology and Ideology of Irrational Beliefs
Irrational beliefs identified by Rational-Emotive theory (Ellis, 1962) as pathogenic were related to religious motivations and to orthodox beliefs having to do with sin. An extrinsic religious motivation and beliefs referring to the guilt of others appeared to predict problematic self-functioning. On the other hand, intrinsicness and beliefs about grace displayed complex linkages with irrational thinking and were also associated with less depress…
Age and Religious Orientation
Sin, Depression, and Narcissism
Antireligious Humanistic Values, Guilt, and Self Esteem
Empirical analyses of religiosity and self functioning may be complicated by an ideological conflict between certain humanistic and theistic value perspectives. Support for this possibility was supplied by the observations that inverse relationships were more obvious when explicitly humanistic self scales were employed and when beliefs about sin were expressed in an orthodox language emphasizing self rejection and guilt. Factor analysis revealed …
Sin and Self-Functioning, Part 4: Depression, Assertiveness, and Religious Commitments
Intrinsic religiosity and a belief in grace were associated with emotional empathy, and grace was additionally predictive of less Personal Distress and depression. Earlier linkages of these variables with nonassertiveness were not replicated. One item from the Rathus (1973) Assertiveness Schedule and all of the Costello and Comrey (1967) Depression Scale were evaluated as relevant to religious commitments. Religious orientation, sin, and depressi…
Sin and Self-Functioning, Part 5: Antireligious Humanistic Values, Individualism, and the Community
Grace alone or in combination with intrinsic religiosity was associated with less narcissistic Exploitiveness, Machiavellianism, and individualism while being congruent with a belief in authority and equalitarianism. Measures of individualism were related to a manipulative style of interpersonal relationships. The failure of religious variables to predict healthy self-functioning as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory appeared to refle…
Androgyny as synthetic narcissism: Sex role measures and Kohut's psychology of the self
Prayer Experience and Religious Orientation
Interactional Factor Correlations with Means and End Religiousness
In this research, principal component analyses of the Interactional Scale in nine separate samples revealed a reliable two-item Identity factor that was directly related to the AUlport and Ross Intrinsic Scale, to other measures of an End religious orientation, and to generally adaptive self-functioning. A two-item Doubt component and two other items that failed to load reliably on any factor predicted greater extrinsicness, diminished intrinsicn…
Values, “Irrationality,” and Religiosity
The predictive validity of rational-emotive understandings of religiosity, values, and irrational beliefs was found to be limited. Two rational-emotive irrationalities, both of which were consistent with an adaptive intrinsic religious motivation, correlated negatively with a number of other irrationalities. Subjects from a religious college and those with a more intrinsic commitment were not uniformly more irrational than those from a state univ…
Intrinsicness, Self-Actualization, and the Ideological Surround
Previous data have suggested that observation of positive relationships between self-actualization and intrinsic religiosity may be made difficult by an antireligious, humanistic element within self-actualization scales. In the present project, the Allport and Ross (1967) Intrinsic Religious Orientation Scale was found to correlate positively with the Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA), an instrument derived from the humanistically informed…
Psychology (112 works) · Social Psychology (104 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (92 works) · Philosophy (56 works) · Religious orientation (47 works) · Social Psychology (47 works) · Theology (43 works) · Sociology (42 works) · Epistemology (36 works) · Religion and Society Interactions (27 works)