Fruma Zachs
Biographic Data
| ID | 1402785 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Fruma Zachs |
| GIVEN NAMES | Fruma |
| FAMILY NAME | Zachs |
| SIGNATURE | ZACHS F |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Haifa |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 22 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 5 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
The Arab Nahda as Popular Entertainment: Mass Culture and Modernity in the Middle East: Mass Culture and Modernity in the Middle East, edited by Hala Auji, Raphael Cormack and Alaaeldin Mahmoud
Born And Bred in Seventeenth-Century Crimea: Child Slavery, Social Reality And Cultural Identity
This chapter examines the ways in which slavery affected children born into slavery in the seventeenth century of Crimean society. These children experienced their parents as human beings forced to obey the dictates of a master or mistress, and grew up knowing that a similar fate awaited them. I also trace the social status and emotions of slaves captured during raids at a young age. It is fortunate that there are accounts that reveal the longing…
Pastimes For The Child Breadwinners: The Sanitisation And Recreation Facilities Of The Hereke Factory Campus 1
This chapter elaborates the conditions children and workers were exposed to in their work in the Hereke Imperial Factory. The wage-earning workers at the factory, mostly children but also some single adults, dwelt in high-density multi-storied cellular dormitories. The chapter focuses on the excluded voices of the Orthodox Greek, Armenian and Muslim orphans and other children who were conscripted into service at the factory. It aims to shed light…
Children and Childhood in the Ottoman Empire: From the 15th to the 20th Century
Explores 5 centuries of changing attitudes toward children and childhood in the Ottoman Empire Includes data on Christian, Jewish and Muslim children that shed light on differences and commonalities in family structures and communities Covers a broad geographic area including Ottoman Romania, Bulgaria, Crimea, Greece, Bosnia, Syria, Palestine and Istanbul Paves the way for new directions in research on the history of children and childhood in the…
Children and Childhood in the Ottoman Empire: From the 15th to the 20th Century
This volume characterizes the changing attitudes in the Ottoman Empire (on the part of adults, religious institutions and the state) toward children from the 15th to the early 20 th centuries in a broad geographic area including Ottoman Romania, Bulgaria, Crimea, Greece, Bosnia, Syria, Palestine and Istanbul. It sheds light on Ottoman childhood in five main sections: concepts of childhood, family interrelationships, children living outside family…
Protestants, Gender, and the Arab Renaissance in Late Ottoman Syria , by Deanna Ferree Womack
Numerous studies have discussed the influence of American Protestant missionaries on Ottoman Syrian society during the second half of the nineteenth century known as the nahda period, that is, the Arab awakening. Some discuss the ways in which local intellectuals (nahdawi) made these missionaries’ views the lynchpin for constructing their own views and thoughts.American (but also British and German missionary) archives have only recently been ack…
The Muḥīṭ al-Muḥīṭ Dictionary
This article discusses the contribution of the Muḥīṭ al-Muḥīṭ dictionary written by Buṭrus al-Bustānī, one of the leading figures of the Nahḍa, to the development of modern Arabic lexicography. This lexical endeavor is examined not only as part of a proto-national project, but as a pivotal moment in the development of modern Arabic lexical thought and in particular in al-Bustānī’s vision. Muḥīṭ al-Muḥīṭ constituted an important pedagogical step i…
Arab Nation-building through Detective Stories in al-Ḍiyāʾ: The Cultural Translations of Nasīb al-Mashʿalānī
This article examines detective stories translated by Nasīb al-Mashʿalānī published in the periodical al-Ḍiyāʾ ("The Gleam") and their contribution to the process of Arab nation-building at the turn of the twentieth century. We show how al-Mashʿalānī's work consisted of a cultural process rather than a textual product or linguistic transfer. These translations introduced new social, political and epistemological concepts that were particularly im…
Butrus Abu-Manneh 1932–2018
in Haifa, Israel. His memorial service was held in John the Baptist Greek Orthodox Church, which he helped found in downtown Haifa. Abu-Manneh served as a bridge between different worlds. He was a true gentleman, a classic historian, and admired in many circles. For one hour, Arabs, Christians, and Jews were united in the same room to honor his memory
Al-Bustānī's Approach to the Arabic Language: From Theory to Practice
Buṭrus al-Bustānī (1819–1883) was one of the leading figures of the Nahḍa period. In most studies on the Nahḍa , his activities, work and projects are seen as having made an important contribution to the revival of the Arabic language by transforming it to meet the needs of modern times. Although his lexical contribution has been researched there is no comprehensive research on his grammatical contribution to the Arabic language. This article sho…
Children in war time: The first pupils of the Syrian (Schneller) orphanage in Jerusalem 1860–1863
Greater Syria experienced several civil wars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries affecting women and children, the most vulnerable segments of the population whose history is rarely told. This article deals with Syrian children orphaned as a result of the 1860 Civil War in Mount Lebanon and Damascus and from other parts of Ottoman Palestine who were brought to the Syrian orphanage in Jerusalem founded by the German Protestant missionary Joh…
Women's Visibility in Petitions From Greater Syria During the Late Ottoman Period
This article focuses on petitions by Ottoman women from Greater Syria during the late Ottoman era. After offering a general overview of women's petitions in the Ottoman Empire, it explores changes in women's petitions between 1865 and 1919 through several case studies. The article then discusses women's “double-voiced” petitions following the empire's defeat in World War I, particularly those submitted to the King-Crane Commission. The concept of…
Cross-Glocalization: Syrian Women Immigrants and the Founding of Women's Magazines in Egypt
Despite the presence of women's migration from Syria to Egypt, until recently the extent of their contribution and influence has received insufficient attention. This paper aims to feminize the narrative of migration from Syria to Egypt by positioning women more centrally in this narrative through their cultural activities, especially the establishment of women's magazines. The Syrian/Lebanese and Egyptian phases of these women's lives are treate…
From Şikayet to Political Discourse and ‘Public Opinion: Petitioning Practices to the King-Crane Commission
The King-Crane Commission, named after its two chairs, Henry Churchill King (1858-1934) and Charles R. Crane (1858-1939), was an American investigative commission set up to explore possible political arrangements for the former Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I and the collapse of the Empire. While most research has dealt with the issue of whether the petitions submitted to the King-Crane Commission were a genuine manifestation of ‘p…
Muḥammad Jamīl Bayhum and the Woman Question
This article sheds light on Muḥammad Jamīl Bayhum's (1887-1978) activities and vision, and his historiographical writings on women which have received little scholarly attention. In this respect it is not a comparative study of Bayhum's interpretations or the historical reality of women's lives but rather a re-assessment of Bayhum's historical oeuvres, and his synthesis of women's history. The article examines the ways in which Bayhum's historica…
Transformations of a Memory of Tyranny in Syria: From Jamal Pasha to ‘Id al-Shuhada’ , 1914–2000
Cultural and Conceptual Contributions of Beiruti Merchants to the Nahḍa
The contention of this article is that some cultural emphases shift in response to changing socio-economic realities, in order to serve specific socio-economic interests. This paper examines, through the prism of the cultural activities and ideologies of some Beiruti merchants, their contribution to the process of the Arabic nahḍa , enlarging on their conceptual endowment to the process of modernization. The paper sheds new light on several aspec…
Under Eastern Eyes”: East on West in the Arabic Press of the Nahḍa Period
How many branches of the tree of tamaddun/civilization do we see, that die when their trunk/source is unable to nourish them. There is no real future for Syria or for its civilization unless it is interwoven with the threads of tamaddun and can integrate aspects of European culture, sowing them in the ground, and watering them with the sweat of its toilers
Subversive Voices of Daughters of the Nahda: Alice al-Bustani and Riwayat Saʾiba (1891)
The novel, or more generally, narrative fiction—a new genre of Arabic literature—fuelled the imagination of middle-class youth during the nineteenth-century Arabic nahḍa (awakening), and was thus revolutionary by definition. These narratives were implicit critiques of middle-class society. Although research on earlier novels of the nahḍa authored by men has gradually increased over the last few decades, research on women writers and their novels …
From Difāʿ Al-Nisāʾ to Masʾalat Al-Nisāʾ in Greater Syria: Readers and Writers Debate Women and Their Rights, 1858–1900
In this article we present a threefold argument—chronological, geographical, and sociocultural—in order to demonstrate that interest in the woman question and the lively, and at times charged, debate that it stimulated began in Greater Syria in the early nahḍa (awakening) period and persisted throughout, drawing into its orbit leading intellectuals as well as members of the general public and permeating even peripheral areas of Greater Syria. The…
Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneh
The late Ottoman period was one of enormous change. This book focuses on the evolution of Ottoman reform as it was perceived, and negotiated, from the perspectives of the capital Istanbul and of the Arab provinces of Syria, including Palestine. It also examines the close interrelationship between the symbolic and actual measures introduced by the state, particularly since the Tanzimat era (1839-76), and the role of Islam as its foundational ethos…
The Making of a Syrian Identity: Intellectuals and Merchants in Nineteenth-Century Beirut
Exploring the origins and development of the Syrian identity, during the 18th and 19th centuries, through the role of Christian Arab intellectuals and merchants, Ottomans and American missionaries, this volume examines its background, stages of evolution, and components. It shows that the contribution of these Christian Arabs, despite their relatively small number, lies in the processes they set in motion, being the first to promote territorial c…
The making of a Syrian identity: Intellectuals and merchants in nineteenth century Beirut / by Fruma Zachs
"Exploring the origins and development of the Syrian identity, during the 18th and 19th centuries, through the role of Christian Arab intellectuals and merchants, Ottomans and American missionaries, this volume examines its background, stages of evolution, and components. It shows that the contribution of these Christian Arabs, despite their relatively small number, lies in the processes they set in motion, being the first to promote territorial …
From the Mission to the Missionary: The Bliss Family and the Syrian Protestant College (1866-1920)
Mi ̄kha ̄ 'i ̄l Misha ̄ qa - The First Historian of Modern Syria
This article enlarges on the life and ideas of Mi ̄kha ̄ 'i ̄l Misha ̄ qa, a nineteenth-century 'Syrian' Christian intellectual, author of the much-quoted book al-Jawa ̄ b 'ala ̄ Iqtira ̄ h al-Ahba ̄ b . It further interprets his book and discusses its importance to Syrian historiography, showing that Misha ̄ qa was perhaps one of the first historians to write the nineteenth-century history of Syria within which Mount Lebanon is seen as an integr…
Women's Visibility in Petitions From Greater Syria During the Late Ottoman Period
This article focuses on petitions by Ottoman women from Greater Syria during the late Ottoman era. After offering a general overview of women's petitions in the Ottoman Empire, it explores changes in women's petitions between 1865 and 1919 through several case studies. The article then discusses women's “double-voiced” petitions following the empire's defeat in World War I, particularly those submitted to the King-Crane Commission. The concept of…
Toward a Proto-Nationalist Concept of Syria? Revisiting the American Presbyterian Missionaries in the Nineteenth-Century Levant
An outstanding feature of the works of the many historians intrigued by the ways in which the Arab Middle East reacted to, or held out against, the impact of the West is their foremost concern with ideas and ideologies, or cultural and intellectual forces and developments, rather than with the linear assumptions of diplomatic history. As Hisham Sharabi wrote in his Arab Intellectuals and the West
Children in war time: The first pupils of the Syrian (Schneller) orphanage in Jerusalem 1860–1863
Greater Syria experienced several civil wars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries affecting women and children, the most vulnerable segments of the population whose history is rarely told. This article deals with Syrian children orphaned as a result of the 1860 Civil War in Mount Lebanon and Damascus and from other parts of Ottoman Palestine who were brought to the Syrian orphanage in Jerusalem founded by the German Protestant missionary Joh…
Cross-Glocalization: Syrian Women Immigrants and the Founding of Women's Magazines in Egypt
Despite the presence of women's migration from Syria to Egypt, until recently the extent of their contribution and influence has received insufficient attention. This paper aims to feminize the narrative of migration from Syria to Egypt by positioning women more centrally in this narrative through their cultural activities, especially the establishment of women's magazines. The Syrian/Lebanese and Egyptian phases of these women's lives are treate…
Cultural and Conceptual Contributions of Beiruti Merchants to the Nahḍa
The contention of this article is that some cultural emphases shift in response to changing socio-economic realities, in order to serve specific socio-economic interests. This paper examines, through the prism of the cultural activities and ideologies of some Beiruti merchants, their contribution to the process of the Arabic nahḍa , enlarging on their conceptual endowment to the process of modernization. The paper sheds new light on several aspec…
From Difāʿ Al-Nisāʾ to Masʾalat Al-Nisāʾ in Greater Syria: Readers and Writers Debate Women and Their Rights, 1858–1900
In this article we present a threefold argument—chronological, geographical, and sociocultural—in order to demonstrate that interest in the woman question and the lively, and at times charged, debate that it stimulated began in Greater Syria in the early nahḍa (awakening) period and persisted throughout, drawing into its orbit leading intellectuals as well as members of the general public and permeating even peripheral areas of Greater Syria. The…
Mi ̄kha ̄ 'i ̄l Misha ̄ qa - The First Historian of Modern Syria
This article enlarges on the life and ideas of Mi ̄kha ̄ 'i ̄l Misha ̄ qa, a nineteenth-century 'Syrian' Christian intellectual, author of the much-quoted book al-Jawa ̄ b 'ala ̄ Iqtira ̄ h al-Ahba ̄ b . It further interprets his book and discusses its importance to Syrian historiography, showing that Misha ̄ qa was perhaps one of the first historians to write the nineteenth-century history of Syria within which Mount Lebanon is seen as an integr…
Transformations of a Memory of Tyranny in Syria: From Jamal Pasha to ‘Id al-Shuhada’ , 1914–2000
From the Mission to the Missionary: The Bliss Family and the Syrian Protestant College (1866-1920)
Novice’ or ‘heaven‐born’ diplomat? Lord Dufferin's plan for a ‘province of Syria’: Beirut, 1860–61
We are now prepared to accede at once to the Sultan's application for immediate naval assistance, but at the same time are anxious to preserve his empire from dissolution or dismemberment, considering it to be an essential element in the balance of power ... we ought to tell the Pasha forthwith to retire to Egypt ... it is very doubtful whether it could be for the advantage of England that the Sultan should be so weakened and that a new state sho…
Mi ̄kha ̄ 'i ̄l Misha ̄ qa - The First Historian of Modern Syria
This article enlarges on the life and ideas of Mi ̄kha ̄ 'i ̄l Misha ̄ qa, a nineteenth-century 'Syrian' Christian intellectual, author of the much-quoted book al-Jawa ̄ b 'ala ̄ Iqtira ̄ h al-Ahba ̄ b . It further interprets his book and discusses its importance to Syrian historiography, showing that Misha ̄ qa was perhaps one of the first historians to write the nineteenth-century history of Syria within which Mount Lebanon is seen as an integr…
Toward a Proto-Nationalist Concept of Syria? Revisiting the American Presbyterian Missionaries in the Nineteenth-Century Levant
An outstanding feature of the works of the many historians intrigued by the ways in which the Arab Middle East reacted to, or held out against, the impact of the West is their foremost concern with ideas and ideologies, or cultural and intellectual forces and developments, rather than with the linear assumptions of diplomatic history. As Hisham Sharabi wrote in his Arab Intellectuals and the West
Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneh
The late Ottoman period was one of enormous change. This book focuses on the evolution of Ottoman reform as it was perceived, and negotiated, from the perspectives of the capital Istanbul and of the Arab provinces of Syria, including Palestine. It also examines the close interrelationship between the symbolic and actual measures introduced by the state, particularly since the Tanzimat era (1839-76), and the role of Islam as its foundational ethos…
The Making of a Syrian Identity: Intellectuals and Merchants in Nineteenth-Century Beirut
Exploring the origins and development of the Syrian identity, during the 18th and 19th centuries, through the role of Christian Arab intellectuals and merchants, Ottomans and American missionaries, this volume examines its background, stages of evolution, and components. It shows that the contribution of these Christian Arabs, despite their relatively small number, lies in the processes they set in motion, being the first to promote territorial c…
The making of a Syrian identity: Intellectuals and merchants in nineteenth century Beirut / by Fruma Zachs
"Exploring the origins and development of the Syrian identity, during the 18th and 19th centuries, through the role of Christian Arab intellectuals and merchants, Ottomans and American missionaries, this volume examines its background, stages of evolution, and components. It shows that the contribution of these Christian Arabs, despite their relatively small number, lies in the processes they set in motion, being the first to promote territorial …
From the Mission to the Missionary: The Bliss Family and the Syrian Protestant College (1866-1920)
From Difāʿ Al-Nisāʾ to Masʾalat Al-Nisāʾ in Greater Syria: Readers and Writers Debate Women and Their Rights, 1858–1900
In this article we present a threefold argument—chronological, geographical, and sociocultural—in order to demonstrate that interest in the woman question and the lively, and at times charged, debate that it stimulated began in Greater Syria in the early nahḍa (awakening) period and persisted throughout, drawing into its orbit leading intellectuals as well as members of the general public and permeating even peripheral areas of Greater Syria. The…
Under Eastern Eyes”: East on West in the Arabic Press of the Nahḍa Period
How many branches of the tree of tamaddun/civilization do we see, that die when their trunk/source is unable to nourish them. There is no real future for Syria or for its civilization unless it is interwoven with the threads of tamaddun and can integrate aspects of European culture, sowing them in the ground, and watering them with the sweat of its toilers
Subversive Voices of Daughters of the Nahda: Alice al-Bustani and Riwayat Saʾiba (1891)
The novel, or more generally, narrative fiction—a new genre of Arabic literature—fuelled the imagination of middle-class youth during the nineteenth-century Arabic nahḍa (awakening), and was thus revolutionary by definition. These narratives were implicit critiques of middle-class society. Although research on earlier novels of the nahḍa authored by men has gradually increased over the last few decades, research on women writers and their novels …
Transformations of a Memory of Tyranny in Syria: From Jamal Pasha to ‘Id al-Shuhada’ , 1914–2000
Cultural and Conceptual Contributions of Beiruti Merchants to the Nahḍa
The contention of this article is that some cultural emphases shift in response to changing socio-economic realities, in order to serve specific socio-economic interests. This paper examines, through the prism of the cultural activities and ideologies of some Beiruti merchants, their contribution to the process of the Arabic nahḍa , enlarging on their conceptual endowment to the process of modernization. The paper sheds new light on several aspec…
Muḥammad Jamīl Bayhum and the Woman Question
This article sheds light on Muḥammad Jamīl Bayhum's (1887-1978) activities and vision, and his historiographical writings on women which have received little scholarly attention. In this respect it is not a comparative study of Bayhum's interpretations or the historical reality of women's lives but rather a re-assessment of Bayhum's historical oeuvres, and his synthesis of women's history. The article examines the ways in which Bayhum's historica…
Cross-Glocalization: Syrian Women Immigrants and the Founding of Women's Magazines in Egypt
Despite the presence of women's migration from Syria to Egypt, until recently the extent of their contribution and influence has received insufficient attention. This paper aims to feminize the narrative of migration from Syria to Egypt by positioning women more centrally in this narrative through their cultural activities, especially the establishment of women's magazines. The Syrian/Lebanese and Egyptian phases of these women's lives are treate…
From Şikayet to Political Discourse and ‘Public Opinion: Petitioning Practices to the King-Crane Commission
The King-Crane Commission, named after its two chairs, Henry Churchill King (1858-1934) and Charles R. Crane (1858-1939), was an American investigative commission set up to explore possible political arrangements for the former Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I and the collapse of the Empire. While most research has dealt with the issue of whether the petitions submitted to the King-Crane Commission were a genuine manifestation of ‘p…
Women's Visibility in Petitions From Greater Syria During the Late Ottoman Period
This article focuses on petitions by Ottoman women from Greater Syria during the late Ottoman era. After offering a general overview of women's petitions in the Ottoman Empire, it explores changes in women's petitions between 1865 and 1919 through several case studies. The article then discusses women's “double-voiced” petitions following the empire's defeat in World War I, particularly those submitted to the King-Crane Commission. The concept of…
Butrus Abu-Manneh 1932–2018
in Haifa, Israel. His memorial service was held in John the Baptist Greek Orthodox Church, which he helped found in downtown Haifa. Abu-Manneh served as a bridge between different worlds. He was a true gentleman, a classic historian, and admired in many circles. For one hour, Arabs, Christians, and Jews were united in the same room to honor his memory
Al-Bustānī's Approach to the Arabic Language: From Theory to Practice
Buṭrus al-Bustānī (1819–1883) was one of the leading figures of the Nahḍa period. In most studies on the Nahḍa , his activities, work and projects are seen as having made an important contribution to the revival of the Arabic language by transforming it to meet the needs of modern times. Although his lexical contribution has been researched there is no comprehensive research on his grammatical contribution to the Arabic language. This article sho…
Children in war time: The first pupils of the Syrian (Schneller) orphanage in Jerusalem 1860–1863
Greater Syria experienced several civil wars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries affecting women and children, the most vulnerable segments of the population whose history is rarely told. This article deals with Syrian children orphaned as a result of the 1860 Civil War in Mount Lebanon and Damascus and from other parts of Ottoman Palestine who were brought to the Syrian orphanage in Jerusalem founded by the German Protestant missionary Joh…
Protestants, Gender, and the Arab Renaissance in Late Ottoman Syria , by Deanna Ferree Womack
Numerous studies have discussed the influence of American Protestant missionaries on Ottoman Syrian society during the second half of the nineteenth century known as the nahda period, that is, the Arab awakening. Some discuss the ways in which local intellectuals (nahdawi) made these missionaries’ views the lynchpin for constructing their own views and thoughts.American (but also British and German missionary) archives have only recently been ack…
The Muḥīṭ al-Muḥīṭ Dictionary
This article discusses the contribution of the Muḥīṭ al-Muḥīṭ dictionary written by Buṭrus al-Bustānī, one of the leading figures of the Nahḍa, to the development of modern Arabic lexicography. This lexical endeavor is examined not only as part of a proto-national project, but as a pivotal moment in the development of modern Arabic lexical thought and in particular in al-Bustānī’s vision. Muḥīṭ al-Muḥīṭ constituted an important pedagogical step i…
Arab Nation-building through Detective Stories in al-Ḍiyāʾ: The Cultural Translations of Nasīb al-Mashʿalānī
This article examines detective stories translated by Nasīb al-Mashʿalānī published in the periodical al-Ḍiyāʾ ("The Gleam") and their contribution to the process of Arab nation-building at the turn of the twentieth century. We show how al-Mashʿalānī's work consisted of a cultural process rather than a textual product or linguistic transfer. These translations introduced new social, political and epistemological concepts that were particularly im…
Born And Bred in Seventeenth-Century Crimea: Child Slavery, Social Reality And Cultural Identity
This chapter examines the ways in which slavery affected children born into slavery in the seventeenth century of Crimean society. These children experienced their parents as human beings forced to obey the dictates of a master or mistress, and grew up knowing that a similar fate awaited them. I also trace the social status and emotions of slaves captured during raids at a young age. It is fortunate that there are accounts that reveal the longing…
Pastimes For The Child Breadwinners: The Sanitisation And Recreation Facilities Of The Hereke Factory Campus 1
This chapter elaborates the conditions children and workers were exposed to in their work in the Hereke Imperial Factory. The wage-earning workers at the factory, mostly children but also some single adults, dwelt in high-density multi-storied cellular dormitories. The chapter focuses on the excluded voices of the Orthodox Greek, Armenian and Muslim orphans and other children who were conscripted into service at the factory. It aims to shed light…
Children and Childhood in the Ottoman Empire: From the 15th to the 20th Century
Explores 5 centuries of changing attitudes toward children and childhood in the Ottoman Empire Includes data on Christian, Jewish and Muslim children that shed light on differences and commonalities in family structures and communities Covers a broad geographic area including Ottoman Romania, Bulgaria, Crimea, Greece, Bosnia, Syria, Palestine and Istanbul Paves the way for new directions in research on the history of children and childhood in the…
History (21 works) · Islamic Studies and History (19 works) · Law (17 works) · Political science (17 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Art (12 works) · Philosophy (12 works) · Ancient history (11 works) · History (11 works) · Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies (10 works)