Christopher Stout
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 140287 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Christopher Stout |
| NOMBRES | Christopher |
| APELLIDO | Stout |
| FIRMA | STOUT C |
| AFILIACIONES | Oregon State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9993-3465 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 36 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 149 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2011 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Race, Age, and Support for the Congressional Black Caucus
In this study, we engage in a deep dive into Black Americans views of the Congressional Black Caucus. We argue that given the goals of the organization, Black people should be the CBC’s strongest supporters. We also anticipate that age will be a major cleavage in support for the CBC among Black people. We test our hypotheses using the 2020 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey (CMPS). We find that Black people, and older Black people in …
Does descriptive representation matter more now than in the past? A reexamination of Black faces in the mirror in a most-racial era
The Link Between Educational Socialization, Descriptive Representation, and Substantive Representation
This research note explores how educational socialization influences descriptive representatives' substantive representation. Specifically, we contend that Black legislators who attended HBCUs are more likely than their non‐HBCU Black colleagues to represent co‐racial political interests, perhaps because of the cultural and institutional environments unique to Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Using an original dataset of over…
Emotional representation
This study examines which elected officials are most likely to mirror their constituents' emotions in public outreach—a concept we term emotional representation. We also analyze the significance of emotional representation for the targeted group. To accomplish these goals, we examine the degree to which members of Congress mirrored Black people's documented increase in expressions of anger following the murder of George Floyd in the summer of 202…
How Crises Shape Interest in Elected Officials of Color
This study aims to understand public reactions to statements about racial discrimination made by elected officials of color on Twitter. We argue that statements about race made by elected officials of color will be overlooked in most political contexts. However, during events when race is made a salient issue, the public will look to elected officials of the afflicted group for guidance and, through this, the public will be more likely to interac…
What's representation got to do with it? Comparing public reactions to diversity among government employees and government contractors
The literature on representative bureaucracy is largely focused on government agencies and little attention has been paid to representation within private sector contractors providing services on behalf of government. A survey experiment, administered on a nationally representative panel collected by YouGov, is used to assess whether the public evaluates the distributive justice of government programs differently if the programs are implemented b…
Skin Tone and the Moderating Effect of Partisanship on Assessments of Elected Officials of Color
Linked Fate and Social Identity
The recent social and political inequalities women face in the United States have raised new questions about how distinct groups of women respond to a changing landscape. Here, we assess how racial and political differences shape women's social identity as women and its association with support for abortion and the MeToo movement. Using original survey data, we find that for both Black and white women, gender-linked fate-the belief that one's fat…
Understanding Public Preferences for Policing Homeless Individuals in the United States
The United States has a large and growing homeless population. In the name of public order, municipalities across the country have criminalized behaviors associated with homeless people in public spaces (e.g. panhandling) and tasked police with responding to violations. What should police do in these encounters? This study reports on a nationwide survey experiment that asked US residents whether police should arrest, help, or ignore a homeless in…
The Link Between Familial Care, the Covid Pandemic and Gender Linked Fate
In this research note, we assess whether White and Black women who left the labor force to take care of family during the COVID-19 pandemic display higher levels of gender linked fate. The COVID pandemic compounded existing inequality in domestic labor as many women were forced to leave the workforce when schools moved to remote learning and many daycares closed. The gendered impact of the pandemic may have disproportionately fostered a sense of …
The Empowering Effects of Racial Messaging
This paper assesses the influence of racial outreach on Black political participation in the context of United States electoral politics. We argue that racial appeals should inspire higher levels of Black voter enthusiasm because they, in part, improve perceptions of empathy from politicians. However, we expect that racial outreach will matter more when it comes from non-descriptive representatives because Black representatives are perceived as e…
The Super-Predator Effect
This article assesses whether messages that are framed to denigrate a politician or political entity in the eyes of a particular group – defined here as negative targeted messages – decreases Blacks' enthusiasm to vote. It also explores why such messages are effective at demobilizing Black voters. Using a survey experiment implemented on a nationally representative sample, the authors find that Blacks are less enthusiastic about voting when prese…
After the ballot box
Recent scholarship finds that the use of explicit racial appeals can be an effective mobilization strategy in some situations. Consequently, U.S. politics has witnessed the resurgence of such appeals. Yet, the effects of racial appeals are not ensconced in electoral contexts, but may have potential downstream effects on interest representation and the ability for politicians to build broader coalitions This study uses a survey experiment to test …
Response to Daniel Martinez HoSang and Joseph E. Lowndes’s Review of The Case for Identity Politics
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Racism, Latinos, and the Public Policy Process
How Social Desirability Response Bias May Lead to an Overestimation of Obama-Trump Voters
In this research note, we argue that a segment of Trump voters may be motivated to demonstrate that they are not racially insensitive by saying they voted for Obama in 2012. As a result, what may appear as a substantial group of swing voters may be—in part—partisan voters who want to avoid perceptions of racial bias. Using data from a survey of a nationally representative nonprobability sample from YouGov, polling data from the 2016 election, and…
The Politics of Protest
The Case for Identity Politics
Are You Threatening Me? Asian‐American Panethnicity in the Trump Era
OBJECTIVE: This study explores the effect of Donald Trump's candidacy, and first year in office, on Asian-American linked fate. We argue that the use of anti-Asian and anti-immigrant messaging during the 2016 election, and the enactment of discriminatory policies once elected, increased feelings of panethnic linked fate among Asian Americans. METHOD: To test our hypotheses, we assess Asian Americans' levels of linked fate before the 2016 election…
Responding to Racial Resentment
Despite the growing body of scholarship urging congressional scholars to consider the racialization of Congress, little attention has been given to understanding how racial resentment impacts legislative behavior. To fill this gap, we ask if and how racial resentment within a member’s home district influences the positions she takes on racially tinged issues in her press releases. Due to constituent influence, we expect legislators from districts…
Letters for Black Lives
Previous research demonstrates that individuals are more open to persuasion from people who share their race. However, it is not known whether this relationship holds for Asian Americans. We address this shortcoming by exploring how the race of an author influences support for, and perceptions of, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. Drawing from literature on opinion formation and social identity theory, we expect that whites will be most pers…
The Ben Carson Effect
Obamacares
While a number of studies demonstrate that black candidates have the ability to increase black political participation, a growing literature is investigating why descriptive representation matters. This paper contributes to this discussion by exploring whether perceptions of candidate traits play a mediating role between the presence of an African American candidate on the ballot and increases in black political activity. I test this trait hypoth…
How Increasing Party Diversity May Lead to Worsening Reported Racial Attitudes
Objective To explore whether increases in diversity give partisans immunity from claims of racial prejudice. To assess when individuals are more likely to report racially progressive attitudes when their party is accused of racism and racial representation in the party varies. Method We implement a survey experiment where individuals are told their party harbors either racial or religious prejudice and then are asked to vote on a party primary el…
Traiting Places
While there are a number of studies that explore perceptions of black politicians’ strengths and weaknesses relative to white politicians, most of these studies use hypothetical black candidates and focus on white respondents’ attitudes. We explore whether research on attitudes about black candidate attributes in controlled settings hold for real‐world presidential candidates. Moreover, we assess whether black and white respondents view co‐racial…
Gender Linked Fate, Race/Ethnicity, and the Marriage Gap in American Politics
In this study, we explore the predictors of gender linked fate with a focus on marital status for different racial/ethnic groups. We argue that marriage alters women’s perceptions of self-interest by institutionalizing their partnerships with men and consequently leading women to feel less connected to other women. We assess our hypothesis using the 2012 American National Election Study. While we find that married white women and Latinas have sig…
Are You Threatening Me? Asian‐American Panethnicity in the Trump Era
OBJECTIVE: This study explores the effect of Donald Trump's candidacy, and first year in office, on Asian-American linked fate. We argue that the use of anti-Asian and anti-immigrant messaging during the 2016 election, and the enactment of discriminatory policies once elected, increased feelings of panethnic linked fate among Asian Americans. METHOD: To test our hypotheses, we assess Asian Americans' levels of linked fate before the 2016 election…
Letters for Black Lives
Previous research demonstrates that individuals are more open to persuasion from people who share their race. However, it is not known whether this relationship holds for Asian Americans. We address this shortcoming by exploring how the race of an author influences support for, and perceptions of, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. Drawing from literature on opinion formation and social identity theory, we expect that whites will be most pers…
Responding to Racial Resentment
Despite the growing body of scholarship urging congressional scholars to consider the racialization of Congress, little attention has been given to understanding how racial resentment impacts legislative behavior. To fill this gap, we ask if and how racial resentment within a member’s home district influences the positions she takes on racially tinged issues in her press releases. Due to constituent influence, we expect legislators from districts…
The Ben Carson Effect
Can the American Dream Survive the New Multiethnic America? Evidence from Los Angeles 1
Drawing from a survey conducted in Los Angeles, we examine perceptions of achievement and optimism about reaching the American dream among racial, ethnic, and nativity groups. We find blacks and Asian Americans less likely than whites to believe they have reached the American dream. Latinos stand out for their upbeat assessments, with naturalized citizens possessing a stronger sense of achievement and noncitizens generally optimistic that they wi…
How Social Desirability Response Bias May Lead to an Overestimation of Obama-Trump Voters
In this research note, we argue that a segment of Trump voters may be motivated to demonstrate that they are not racially insensitive by saying they voted for Obama in 2012. As a result, what may appear as a substantial group of swing voters may be—in part—partisan voters who want to avoid perceptions of racial bias. Using data from a survey of a nationally representative nonprobability sample from YouGov, polling data from the 2016 election, and…
Traiting Places
While there are a number of studies that explore perceptions of black politicians’ strengths and weaknesses relative to white politicians, most of these studies use hypothetical black candidates and focus on white respondents’ attitudes. We explore whether research on attitudes about black candidate attributes in controlled settings hold for real‐world presidential candidates. Moreover, we assess whether black and white respondents view co‐racial…
Does descriptive representation lead to social desirability bias? Over-reporting of voting among blacks and Latinos in the United States
This study explores whether black and/or Latino respondents are more likely to over-report voting in districts with US House candidates of the same race/ethnicity and whether the overstating of political participation is contingent on shared partisanship between the candidate and the respondent. We test these relationships using vote-validated data from the 2006 and 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. We find that blacks and Latinos ar…
The 2008 presidential election, political efficacy, and group empowerment
Primarily due to lack of data, previous cross-sectional studies on descriptive representation have not been able to address the temporal criticisms about the effects of descriptive representation on Black and female political attitudes. We address this shortcoming in the literature using the growth curve models and the 2008–2009 American National Election Study Panel Survey to assess whether bids for the White House by Obama and Palin changed lev…
Living the Dream
Objective Our objective is to examine whether positive symbols of progress for the black community, such as Obama's election as president, increase black optimism in the American Dream. Method Logit regression and ordered logit regression with predicted probabilities and odds ratios. Results Using several surveys conducted between 1987 and 2010, we show that blacks are much more optimistic about the American Dream after Obama is elected to the Wh…
I’m Not Voting for Her
Although there is a large literature on the predictive accuracy of pre-election polls, there is virtually no systematic research examining the role that a candidate's gender plays in polling accuracy. This is a surprising omission given the precipitous growth of female candidates in recent years. Looking at Senate and Gubernatorial candidates from 1989 to 2008 (more than 200 elections in over 40 states), we analyze the accuracy of pre-election po…
Does descriptive representation matter more now than in the past? A reexamination of Black faces in the mirror in a most-racial era
The Empowering Effects of Racial Messaging
This paper assesses the influence of racial outreach on Black political participation in the context of United States electoral politics. We argue that racial appeals should inspire higher levels of Black voter enthusiasm because they, in part, improve perceptions of empathy from politicians. However, we expect that racial outreach will matter more when it comes from non-descriptive representatives because Black representatives are perceived as e…
The Big Tent Effect
In this study, we assess whether Blacks and/or Latinos are more likely to identify with political parties that nominate a U.S. House candidate who shares their race/ethnicity using the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES). Our results indicate that Blacks are more likely to identify with both the Democratic and Republican Party when they nominate successful Black candidates for the House of Representatives. To assess the temporal …
Linked Fate and Social Identity
The recent social and political inequalities women face in the United States have raised new questions about how distinct groups of women respond to a changing landscape. Here, we assess how racial and political differences shape women's social identity as women and its association with support for abortion and the MeToo movement. Using original survey data, we find that for both Black and white women, gender-linked fate-the belief that one's fat…
The Super-Predator Effect
This article assesses whether messages that are framed to denigrate a politician or political entity in the eyes of a particular group – defined here as negative targeted messages – decreases Blacks' enthusiasm to vote. It also explores why such messages are effective at demobilizing Black voters. Using a survey experiment implemented on a nationally representative sample, the authors find that Blacks are less enthusiastic about voting when prese…
Racial Salience, Viability, and the Wilder Effect
This study assesses whether polling discrepancies for black candidates can be explained by an interaction of racial salience in an election and the candidate's electoral strength. We hypothesize that voters will have few nonracial justifications for their lack of support for a black candidate when race is a salient issue and the candidate is electorally viable. As a result, polls will experience more problems with socially desirable response bias…
Rating Los Angeles' Top Cop
Many scholars have analyzed the approval for the police force but few have examined the factors that influence support for the police chief. This is a surprising omission, given the high visibility of most police chiefs places them squarely in the arena of local politics where support constitutes a key strategic asset. Examining two polls of Los Angeles residents conducted in 2002 and 2007 when a different chief of police was nearing the end of h…
How Crises Shape Interest in Elected Officials of Color
This study aims to understand public reactions to statements about racial discrimination made by elected officials of color on Twitter. We argue that statements about race made by elected officials of color will be overlooked in most political contexts. However, during events when race is made a salient issue, the public will look to elected officials of the afflicted group for guidance and, through this, the public will be more likely to interac…
The Link Between Familial Care, the Covid Pandemic and Gender Linked Fate
In this research note, we assess whether White and Black women who left the labor force to take care of family during the COVID-19 pandemic display higher levels of gender linked fate. The COVID pandemic compounded existing inequality in domestic labor as many women were forced to leave the workforce when schools moved to remote learning and many daycares closed. The gendered impact of the pandemic may have disproportionately fostered a sense of …
How Increasing Party Diversity May Lead to Worsening Reported Racial Attitudes
Objective To explore whether increases in diversity give partisans immunity from claims of racial prejudice. To assess when individuals are more likely to report racially progressive attitudes when their party is accused of racism and racial representation in the party varies. Method We implement a survey experiment where individuals are told their party harbors either racial or religious prejudice and then are asked to vote on a party primary el…
Can the American Dream Survive the New Multiethnic America? Evidence from Los Angeles 1
Drawing from a survey conducted in Los Angeles, we examine perceptions of achievement and optimism about reaching the American dream among racial, ethnic, and nativity groups. We find blacks and Asian Americans less likely than whites to believe they have reached the American dream. Latinos stand out for their upbeat assessments, with naturalized citizens possessing a stronger sense of achievement and noncitizens generally optimistic that they wi…
I’m Not Voting for Her
Although there is a large literature on the predictive accuracy of pre-election polls, there is virtually no systematic research examining the role that a candidate's gender plays in polling accuracy. This is a surprising omission given the precipitous growth of female candidates in recent years. Looking at Senate and Gubernatorial candidates from 1989 to 2008 (more than 200 elections in over 40 states), we analyze the accuracy of pre-election po…
Rating Los Angeles' Top Cop
Many scholars have analyzed the approval for the police force but few have examined the factors that influence support for the police chief. This is a surprising omission, given the high visibility of most police chiefs places them squarely in the arena of local politics where support constitutes a key strategic asset. Examining two polls of Los Angeles residents conducted in 2002 and 2007 when a different chief of police was nearing the end of h…
Living the Dream
Objective Our objective is to examine whether positive symbols of progress for the black community, such as Obama's election as president, increase black optimism in the American Dream. Method Logit regression and ordered logit regression with predicted probabilities and odds ratios. Results Using several surveys conducted between 1987 and 2010, we show that blacks are much more optimistic about the American Dream after Obama is elected to the Wh…
The 2008 presidential election, political efficacy, and group empowerment
Primarily due to lack of data, previous cross-sectional studies on descriptive representation have not been able to address the temporal criticisms about the effects of descriptive representation on Black and female political attitudes. We address this shortcoming in the literature using the growth curve models and the 2008–2009 American National Election Study Panel Survey to assess whether bids for the White House by Obama and Palin changed lev…
Who is Empowering Who
Previous studies of descriptive representation have not been able to overcome the classic endogeniety problem. For example, do Black elected officials cause Blacks to be more empowered? Or are Black politicians only elected in contexts where Blacks are already empowered? We address this shortcoming by utilizing genetic matching and the 1996 National Black Election Study. Genetic matching creates a pseudo-experimental environment where Blacks in d…
Racial Salience, Viability, and the Wilder Effect
This study assesses whether polling discrepancies for black candidates can be explained by an interaction of racial salience in an election and the candidate's electoral strength. We hypothesize that voters will have few nonracial justifications for their lack of support for a black candidate when race is a salient issue and the candidate is electorally viable. As a result, polls will experience more problems with socially desirable response bias…
The Big Tent Effect
In this study, we assess whether Blacks and/or Latinos are more likely to identify with political parties that nominate a U.S. House candidate who shares their race/ethnicity using the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES). Our results indicate that Blacks are more likely to identify with both the Democratic and Republican Party when they nominate successful Black candidates for the House of Representatives. To assess the temporal …
Does descriptive representation lead to social desirability bias? Over-reporting of voting among blacks and Latinos in the United States
This study explores whether black and/or Latino respondents are more likely to over-report voting in districts with US House candidates of the same race/ethnicity and whether the overstating of political participation is contingent on shared partisanship between the candidate and the respondent. We test these relationships using vote-validated data from the 2006 and 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. We find that blacks and Latinos ar…
Traiting Places
While there are a number of studies that explore perceptions of black politicians’ strengths and weaknesses relative to white politicians, most of these studies use hypothetical black candidates and focus on white respondents’ attitudes. We explore whether research on attitudes about black candidate attributes in controlled settings hold for real‐world presidential candidates. Moreover, we assess whether black and white respondents view co‐racial…
Black Silent Majority
The pernicious consequences of the war on drugs for minority communities have been well documented in several studies. Beyond this research, less has been done to investigate the origins of punitive drug policies, and even fewer studies have explored the role of minorities in shaping this legislation. Michael Javen Fortner fills this gap in the literature in Black Silent Majority: The Rockefeller Drug Laws and the Politics of Punishment. Using a …
Gender Linked Fate, Race/Ethnicity, and the Marriage Gap in American Politics
In this study, we explore the predictors of gender linked fate with a focus on marital status for different racial/ethnic groups. We argue that marriage alters women’s perceptions of self-interest by institutionalizing their partnerships with men and consequently leading women to feel less connected to other women. We assess our hypothesis using the 2012 American National Election Study. While we find that married white women and Latinas have sig…
Obamacares
While a number of studies demonstrate that black candidates have the ability to increase black political participation, a growing literature is investigating why descriptive representation matters. This paper contributes to this discussion by exploring whether perceptions of candidate traits play a mediating role between the presence of an African American candidate on the ballot and increases in black political activity. I test this trait hypoth…
How Increasing Party Diversity May Lead to Worsening Reported Racial Attitudes
Objective To explore whether increases in diversity give partisans immunity from claims of racial prejudice. To assess when individuals are more likely to report racially progressive attitudes when their party is accused of racism and racial representation in the party varies. Method We implement a survey experiment where individuals are told their party harbors either racial or religious prejudice and then are asked to vote on a party primary el…
Letters for Black Lives
Previous research demonstrates that individuals are more open to persuasion from people who share their race. However, it is not known whether this relationship holds for Asian Americans. We address this shortcoming by exploring how the race of an author influences support for, and perceptions of, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. Drawing from literature on opinion formation and social identity theory, we expect that whites will be most pers…
The Ben Carson Effect
The Politics of Protest
The Case for Identity Politics
Are You Threatening Me? Asian‐American Panethnicity in the Trump Era
OBJECTIVE: This study explores the effect of Donald Trump's candidacy, and first year in office, on Asian-American linked fate. We argue that the use of anti-Asian and anti-immigrant messaging during the 2016 election, and the enactment of discriminatory policies once elected, increased feelings of panethnic linked fate among Asian Americans. METHOD: To test our hypotheses, we assess Asian Americans' levels of linked fate before the 2016 election…
Responding to Racial Resentment
Despite the growing body of scholarship urging congressional scholars to consider the racialization of Congress, little attention has been given to understanding how racial resentment impacts legislative behavior. To fill this gap, we ask if and how racial resentment within a member’s home district influences the positions she takes on racially tinged issues in her press releases. Due to constituent influence, we expect legislators from districts…
After the ballot box
Recent scholarship finds that the use of explicit racial appeals can be an effective mobilization strategy in some situations. Consequently, U.S. politics has witnessed the resurgence of such appeals. Yet, the effects of racial appeals are not ensconced in electoral contexts, but may have potential downstream effects on interest representation and the ability for politicians to build broader coalitions This study uses a survey experiment to test …
Response to Daniel Martinez HoSang and Joseph E. Lowndes’s Review of The Case for Identity Politics
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Racism, Latinos, and the Public Policy Process
How Social Desirability Response Bias May Lead to an Overestimation of Obama-Trump Voters
In this research note, we argue that a segment of Trump voters may be motivated to demonstrate that they are not racially insensitive by saying they voted for Obama in 2012. As a result, what may appear as a substantial group of swing voters may be—in part—partisan voters who want to avoid perceptions of racial bias. Using data from a survey of a nationally representative nonprobability sample from YouGov, polling data from the 2016 election, and…
The Link Between Familial Care, the Covid Pandemic and Gender Linked Fate
In this research note, we assess whether White and Black women who left the labor force to take care of family during the COVID-19 pandemic display higher levels of gender linked fate. The COVID pandemic compounded existing inequality in domestic labor as many women were forced to leave the workforce when schools moved to remote learning and many daycares closed. The gendered impact of the pandemic may have disproportionately fostered a sense of …
Political science (33 obras) · Law (29 obras) · Sociology (26 obras) · Politics (25 obras) · Psychology (23 obras) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (22 obras) · Law (20 obras) · Social Psychology (20 obras) · Gender Politics and Representation (17 obras) · Social Psychology (16 obras)