Alexander C Tan
Biographic Data
| ID | 141776 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Alexander C Tan |
| GIVEN NAMES | Alexander C |
| FAMILY NAME | Tan |
| SIGNATURE | TAN A C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Canterbury |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7292-1114 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 277 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 42 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1995 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
The ‘Clash of Nationalisms’ in the Contentious USA–Taiwan–China Relations
Why is it that cross-strait tension has been at its highest since the missile crisis of 1996? Why is the USA–Taiwan–China relations so contentious since 2016? This article argues that one oft-neglected factor—nationalism and identity politics—needs to be considered as a contributing factor to the heightened tension in this triangular relationship. In all three states, audience costs have significantly increased as domestic leaders and elites appe…
The Philippines in 2023
In 2023, the Philippines, led by Marcos Jr., confronted a pivotal period marked by intricate diplomatic maneuvers, economic recalibrations, governance reforms, and persistent human rights concerns. The return of the Marcos political dynasty is a significant change in the political landscape, while economic challenges persist despite mixed reports on growth. With a commitment to an independent foreign policy, the Philippines faces a delicate balan…
India, Taiwan and the Indo-Pacific: Economic–Security Strategic Partnership and Expected Utility Theory
The China–India border dispute has witnessed escalations recently with China making fresh claims along the disputed border and deaths of Indian military personnel. This study examines the likelihood of a strategic partnership between India and Taiwan. We begin by assessing India’s ‘Act East Policy’ and Taiwan’s ‘New Southbound Policy’ for any points of congruence between these two policies. We then propose an expected utility model of India’s dec…
The Philippines’ Institutionalised Alliance with the US: Surviving Duterte’s China Appeasement Policy
This paper examines the security partnership of the United States-Philippines during the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte. Using the theoretical framework of alliance institutionalisation, we identified several factors that can determine the strength of alliances and security partnerships. Applying this framework, we suggest that because of deep alliance institutionalisation, the security partnership between the Philippines and the United States is …
Falling in and falling out: Indo-Pacific in the midst of US–China tensions in the post-Covid world: introduction to the special issue
This special issue explores great power rivalry in the Indo-Pacific by moving the analytical focus away from the great powers and onto those they seek to influence. It asks what strategies states and international organisations employ to maintain their economic and security interests, how they push back on competing great power demands and avoid stark choices or being dragged into US-China strategic competition. Articles in this special issue pre…
Balancing, bandwagoning or hedging: Taiwan’s strategic choices in the era of a rising China
Small states have three strategic options when they are confronted by a rising power: balancing, bandwagoning, and hedging. With an increasingly powerful and assertive China as its neighbour, Taiwan, as a small state, is in such a conundrum. Employing survey data collected during the past two decades, this study examines how Taipei’s cross-Strait policy has been closely associated with the public’s preferences. Because Taiwan citizens reject a un…
The political economy of Taiwan’s regional relations
In a world of globalized markets, sizeable core states gain greater benefits from economic integration. Small peripheral states generally increase in trade incomes yet at cost of sovereignty and agenda decisions. Recent studies in the field of political economy have demonstrated that concerted economic integration efforts actually lead to disproportional gains for bigger powers at the expense of smaller neighboring states. This differential in in…
Was 2016 a Realigning Election in Taiwan
The January 2016 presidential and legislative elections in Taiwan produced a dramatic and unprecedented victory for the Democratic Progressive Party over its long-time rival, the Kuomintang. The party had never had a parliamentary majority before 2016. The elections indicated the potential for fundamental change in Taiwan’s party system. This is what political scientists call a critical realigning election. The problem with identifying these elec…
Measuring Currency Power from 2005 to 2018: Greenback Still Unrivaled or Increasingly Constrained by Its Rivals?
The main research goal of this paper is to empirically assess the state of US currency power relative to its main rivals in the period between 2005 and 2018. The most novel aspect of our inquiry is the design of three new composite indices called: Monetary Capability Index (MCI), Quality of Governance Index (QGI) and Currency Internationalization Index (CII). We argue that those indices are indispensable in an attempt to empirically measure the c…
Members, Organization and Performance: An empirical analysis of the impact of party membership size
This title was first published in 2000. The author offers a contribution to the ongoing debate on the rise of the cartel party in democratic systems of government. His study examines the question of whether the decline in party size impacts democratic development and concludes by discussing implications for the future.
An analysis of the 2014 New Zealand general election: Do Internet use and online party mobilisation matter
Like many advanced industrial democracies, New Zealand has been experiencing relatively stagnant voter turnout levels. Much of the blame for low voter turnout has been directed towards voter apathy. The rapid development of Internet and communications technologies has made scholars consider the Internet as a possible remedy for the participation bias. In this research note, we extend the examination of Internet and vote mobilisation to the case o…
Manifestos and the “two faces” of parties: Addressing both members and voters with one document
It is commonplace to see references to parties’ manifestos as their written issue “profiles,” and changes in such documents as constituting changes in the parties’ “images” or “identities,” with the latter terms often used interchangeably to capture the role of platforms. This article argues, however, that projection of a party’s “image” and its “identity” are two different functions for a manifesto, not just one, and that it is important for the…
Confronting the Costs of its Past Success: Revisiting Taiwan's Post‐authoritarian Political and Economic Development
The evolution of Taiwan's political economy seems paradoxical. From the 1960s to 1980s, Taiwan went through economic transformations that have been called an “economic miracle.” This was followed by a successful democratic transition from the late 1980s to mid‐1990s that might be considered a “political miracle.” In the early 1990s, Taiwan could be regarded as a success story and a model for developing nations. Yet, Taiwan was soon to “enter trou…
Revival: Taiwan's National Security: Dilemmas and Opportunities (2001)
Taiwan - opportunities and challenges, Robert Scalapino successful democratization in the ROC - creating a security challenge, Cal Clark defending Taiwan's democracy, Chia-Lung LIn the republic of China on Taiwan's Pragmatic Dilomacy, Bruce Dickson Taiwan in Apec's trade structure - Deutsch and Hirshman revisited, Steve Chan risk diversification - ensuring Taiwan's security, Alexander C. Tan, Scott Walker, Tsung-Chi Yu.
The Spiral of Deinstitutionalization Untangled: An Observation about the Field Opinion within Kuomintang against Public Opinion during the 2016 Presidential Election Campaign
As political scientists start applying the complex-system approach to study party politics and as business scholars start to apply communication theories to study deinstitutionalization, we prospect a new possibility to study and explain politics within a political party. This study employs a systematically collected field observation data to evaluate Clemente and Roulet’s (2015) “the spiral of deinstitutionalization” framework. Based on analysis…
Crouching tiger, lurking dragon: Understanding Taiwan's sovereignty and trade linkages in the twenty-first century
This paper seeks to explore and explain the process through which Taiwan utilizes free trade – both at multilateral and bilateral levels – in enhancing its shrinking de facto sovereignty against the backdrop of ubiquitous ‘China factor’ in the twenty-first century. It argues that China's sinicization project creates a scenario wherein increasing cross-strait stability ironically leads to decreasing de facto sovereignty for Taiwan. Due to this exi…
A complete parties’ scholar: Kenneth Janda as teacher/researcher, conceptualizer and operationalizer, data-builder, and theorizer and tester
New Zealand parliamentary elections of 2011
C hina's Competing and C o‐opting Nationalisms: Implications to S ino– J apanese Relations
This paper contends that nationalism has always been a constant feature of C hinese politics. Indeed in order to understand the implications of C hina's nationalism vis‐à‐vis its emergence of C hina in global and regional politics, one has to examine the delicate equilibrium between state nationalism and ethnic nationalism. We put forward two hypotheses: first, if ethnic nationalism is more likely to be mobilized vis‐à‐vis state nationalism then …
Explaining Government Turnover inAsian Democracies
What explains the Japanese experience of one‐party‐dominated democracy over the past five decades? More generally, and looking acrossAsian democracies, what explains variations in the degree of political volatility? We propose a theory of government turnover rate that not only explains political rigidity inJapan and the experience of precarious democracy inThailand and thePhilippines, but also explains changes of government in otherAsian democrac…
Political Polarization in Taiwan: A Growing Challenge to Catch-all Parties
For the last decade, politics in Taiwan have become increasingly polarized over the national identity issue. Yet, the bitter division between the two major parties is not really reflected in the electorate. We seek to explain this paradox by examining the changing nature of political parties, in particular the growing role of ideological activists in campaigns, the rise of cultural and identity issues, the difficulty for new parties to emerge, th…
One-party rule or multiparty competition? Chinese attitudes to party system alternatives
This article tests multifactor explanations for variance among Chinese citizens' attitudes to two related but separable party system concepts: the appropriateness of the current one-party system for China today, and the more abstract notion that multiple parties lead to chaos. Using data from The China Survey, conducted with a nationwide sample in 2008, the authors find that feelings of satisfaction with life and with the government contribute mo…
Political Polarization and Gridlock as the Result of an Institutional Imbroglio in Taiwan
Institutionalist theory argues that fairly permanent economic structures and policy-making arrangements create “institutions” which shape future policy-making and economic performance to a considerable extent (March and Olsen 1989; North 1990; Riker 1982). This perspective suggests that it might be valuable to look for the political institutions that evolved during Taiwan’s development which could have inhibited the country’s adaptability after t…
Building party systems in developing democracies
The Politics of Financial Reform in Taiwan: Actors, Institutions, and the Changing State
The changes to the developmental state resulting from Taiwan's political liberalization and democratization have created a complex political-economic decision-making landscape that has affected the process of financial reforms. In this article, the author examines the impact that the changes in the nature of the Taiwanese state, institutions, and the increase in the number of important political actors have on financial liberalization and reforms…
Performance, leadership, factions and party change: An empirical analysis
This article reports the first empirical findings based on data from a major study of party change. Hypotheses are developed linking party change to both internal and external factors. The data provide support for the conclusion that electoral performance alone is not sufficient as an explanation for parties' decisions to change, and that new leaders and/or dominant factions may indeed make a difference. This leads the authors to suggest that 'th…
Party actors and party change: Does factional dominance matter
Other works have asked whether parties matter; this article asks whether parties’ dominant factions matter. Special focus is placed on whether change in dominant faction or coalition within the party tends to produce other significant party change, and under what circumstances. Three specific hypotheses are developed and tested, one involving motivation for change and the other two involving ‘resources’ which are necessary to make dramatic change…
Democracy and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis
Since Seymour Martin Lipset's seminal work on the socioeconomic prerequisites of democracy, a substantial number of social scientists has theorized and empirically tested theories about the relationship between democracy and economic development.1 Democratization's third wave has renewed interest in this relationship.2 This interest is evident in the increasing number of studies that explore the relationship of democracy to economic development.3…
Manufacturing Parties: Re-examining the Transient Nature of Philippine Political Parties
In this article we reassess the thesis of Lipset and Rokkan in a non-European context and thereby seek to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between social divisions and party creation. Political parties are usually generated by the politicization of social cleavages that exist within societies. The critical question is why certain divisions become politicized and others do not. Using the Philippines as a case study, we seek to e…
Manifestos and the “two faces” of parties: Addressing both members and voters with one document
It is commonplace to see references to parties’ manifestos as their written issue “profiles,” and changes in such documents as constituting changes in the parties’ “images” or “identities,” with the latter terms often used interchangeably to capture the role of platforms. This article argues, however, that projection of a party’s “image” and its “identity” are two different functions for a manifesto, not just one, and that it is important for the…
Left Turn in Europe? Reactions to Austerity and the EMU
Several important changes have occurred in the European Union (EU) over the course of the last decade. In particular, the Maastricht Treaty criteria for entry into the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) brought economic austerity across the member states, in spite of high levels of unemployment in the region. At the same time an electoral shift resulted in parties of the left holding government positions in 13 of 15 member states, a marked contras…
The Impacts of Party Membership Size: A Cross-National Analysis
Robert Michels' seminal work on the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) leads us to expect that the growth of party size and the development of complex structures have serious repercussions on the centralization of power and the level of intraparty participation Inferring from Michels' work, I derive several testable hypotheses and construct a path model of the effect of party size The general expectation is that party size has an inverse relati…
Party Change and Party Membership Decline: An Exploratory Analysis
What is the impact of declining party membership size on party organizations? Since existing theory is constructed with the expansion of party membership in mind, one might infer that the relationships observed during periods of growth can simply be reversed in periods of decline; i.e. declining party membership size will lead to declining complexity and decentralization of power. However, there is no a priori reason for us to expect this relatio…
Crouching tiger, lurking dragon: Understanding Taiwan's sovereignty and trade linkages in the twenty-first century
This paper seeks to explore and explain the process through which Taiwan utilizes free trade – both at multilateral and bilateral levels – in enhancing its shrinking de facto sovereignty against the backdrop of ubiquitous ‘China factor’ in the twenty-first century. It argues that China's sinicization project creates a scenario wherein increasing cross-strait stability ironically leads to decreasing de facto sovereignty for Taiwan. Due to this exi…
The Transformation of the Kuomintang Party in Taiwan
Scholars of party change have extensively examine the question 'why do parties change?' in the advanced industrial democracies. Despite the extensive theoretical and empirical contributions of the extant literature, no systematic study has been done on formerly dominant parties in new and emerging democracies. This study extends the theoretical framework first developed by Harmel and Janda to party change observed in a formerly dominant party in …
Political Choices and Economic Outcomes: A Perspective on the Differential Impact of the Financial Crisis on South Korea and Taiwan
South Korea and Taiwan have gone through similar experience of political and economic development in the past several decades. Both countries have achieved miraculous economic developments under the government-led development paradigm and have gone through democratization process in the 1990s. Despite the similarity in developing history, the 1997 financial crisis experiences are quite different between the two countries. South Korea was hit hard…
Emerging Party Systems: An Introduction
Balancing, bandwagoning or hedging: Taiwan’s strategic choices in the era of a rising China
Small states have three strategic options when they are confronted by a rising power: balancing, bandwagoning, and hedging. With an increasingly powerful and assertive China as its neighbour, Taiwan, as a small state, is in such a conundrum. Employing survey data collected during the past two decades, this study examines how Taipei’s cross-Strait policy has been closely associated with the public’s preferences. Because Taiwan citizens reject a un…
The Politics of Financial Reform in Taiwan: Actors, Institutions, and the Changing State
The changes to the developmental state resulting from Taiwan's political liberalization and democratization have created a complex political-economic decision-making landscape that has affected the process of financial reforms. In this article, the author examines the impact that the changes in the nature of the Taiwanese state, institutions, and the increase in the number of important political actors have on financial liberalization and reforms…
The December 1998 elections in Taiwan
New Zealand parliamentary elections of 2011
One-party rule or multiparty competition? Chinese attitudes to party system alternatives
This article tests multifactor explanations for variance among Chinese citizens' attitudes to two related but separable party system concepts: the appropriateness of the current one-party system for China today, and the more abstract notion that multiple parties lead to chaos. Using data from The China Survey, conducted with a nationwide sample in 2008, the authors find that feelings of satisfaction with life and with the government contribute mo…
The 2008 Taiwan elections: Forward to the past
The Philippines in 2023
In 2023, the Philippines, led by Marcos Jr., confronted a pivotal period marked by intricate diplomatic maneuvers, economic recalibrations, governance reforms, and persistent human rights concerns. The return of the Marcos political dynasty is a significant change in the political landscape, while economic challenges persist despite mixed reports on growth. With a commitment to an independent foreign policy, the Philippines faces a delicate balan…
An analysis of the 2014 New Zealand general election: Do Internet use and online party mobilisation matter
Like many advanced industrial democracies, New Zealand has been experiencing relatively stagnant voter turnout levels. Much of the blame for low voter turnout has been directed towards voter apathy. The rapid development of Internet and communications technologies has made scholars consider the Internet as a possible remedy for the participation bias. In this research note, we extend the examination of Internet and vote mobilisation to the case o…
C hina's Competing and C o‐opting Nationalisms: Implications to S ino– J apanese Relations
This paper contends that nationalism has always been a constant feature of C hinese politics. Indeed in order to understand the implications of C hina's nationalism vis‐à‐vis its emergence of C hina in global and regional politics, one has to examine the delicate equilibrium between state nationalism and ethnic nationalism. We put forward two hypotheses: first, if ethnic nationalism is more likely to be mobilized vis‐à‐vis state nationalism then …
Political Polarization in Taiwan: A Growing Challenge to Catch-all Parties
For the last decade, politics in Taiwan have become increasingly polarized over the national identity issue. Yet, the bitter division between the two major parties is not really reflected in the electorate. We seek to explain this paradox by examining the changing nature of political parties, in particular the growing role of ideological activists in campaigns, the rise of cultural and identity issues, the difficulty for new parties to emerge, th…
Political Polarization and Gridlock as the Result of an Institutional Imbroglio in Taiwan
Institutionalist theory argues that fairly permanent economic structures and policy-making arrangements create “institutions” which shape future policy-making and economic performance to a considerable extent (March and Olsen 1989; North 1990; Riker 1982). This perspective suggests that it might be valuable to look for the political institutions that evolved during Taiwan’s development which could have inhibited the country’s adaptability after t…
Portraits of New Zealand Political Science, 1980-2008: A Picture Is Worth Eighty Words
(2009). Portraits of New Zealand Political Science, 1980-2008: a Picture Is Worth Eighty Words. Political Science: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 81-83
The presidential election in Taiwan, March 2004
Performance, leadership, factions and party change: An empirical analysis
This article reports the first empirical findings based on data from a major study of party change. Hypotheses are developed linking party change to both internal and external factors. The data provide support for the conclusion that electoral performance alone is not sufficient as an explanation for parties' decisions to change, and that new leaders and/or dominant factions may indeed make a difference. This leads the authors to suggest that 'th…
Party Change and Party Membership Decline: An Exploratory Analysis
What is the impact of declining party membership size on party organizations? Since existing theory is constructed with the expansion of party membership in mind, one might infer that the relationships observed during periods of growth can simply be reversed in periods of decline; i.e. declining party membership size will lead to declining complexity and decentralization of power. However, there is no a priori reason for us to expect this relatio…
The Impacts of Party Membership Size: A Cross-National Analysis
Robert Michels' seminal work on the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) leads us to expect that the growth of party size and the development of complex structures have serious repercussions on the centralization of power and the level of intraparty participation Inferring from Michels' work, I derive several testable hypotheses and construct a path model of the effect of party size The general expectation is that party size has an inverse relati…
Left Turn in Europe? Reactions to Austerity and the EMU
Left Turn in Europe? Reactions to Austerity and the EMU
Several important changes have occurred in the European Union (EU) over the course of the last decade. In particular, the Maastricht Treaty criteria for entry into the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) brought economic austerity across the member states, in spite of high levels of unemployment in the region. At the same time an electoral shift resulted in parties of the left holding government positions in 13 of 15 member states, a marked contras…
The December 1998 elections in Taiwan
Taiwan's National Security: A Political Economy Perspective
Democracy and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis
Since Seymour Martin Lipset's seminal work on the socioeconomic prerequisites of democracy, a substantial number of social scientists has theorized and empirically tested theories about the relationship between democracy and economic development.1 Democratization's third wave has renewed interest in this relationship.2 This interest is evident in the increasing number of studies that explore the relationship of democracy to economic development.3…
The Transformation of the Kuomintang Party in Taiwan
Scholars of party change have extensively examine the question 'why do parties change?' in the advanced industrial democracies. Despite the extensive theoretical and empirical contributions of the extant literature, no systematic study has been done on formerly dominant parties in new and emerging democracies. This study extends the theoretical framework first developed by Harmel and Janda to party change observed in a formerly dominant party in …
Taiwan's Economy at T+1 and Counting: Challenges, dilemmas and opportunities
One year after the inauguration of President Chen Shui-bian as Taiwan's first non-KMT president, Taiwan's economy continues to experience problems. Though much of the economic problems cannot be blamed on the DPP Administration, it is saddled with finding a solution to this quagmire. This study examines some of the critical economic problems that the current administration faces and briefly assesses the prospects of the government's ability to un…
Party actors and party change: Does factional dominance matter
Other works have asked whether parties matter; this article asks whether parties’ dominant factions matter. Special focus is placed on whether change in dominant faction or coalition within the party tends to produce other significant party change, and under what circumstances. Three specific hypotheses are developed and tested, one involving motivation for change and the other two involving ‘resources’ which are necessary to make dramatic change…
Political Choices and Economic Outcomes: A Perspective on the Differential Impact of the Financial Crisis on South Korea and Taiwan
South Korea and Taiwan have gone through similar experience of political and economic development in the past several decades. Both countries have achieved miraculous economic developments under the government-led development paradigm and have gone through democratization process in the 1990s. Despite the similarity in developing history, the 1997 financial crisis experiences are quite different between the two countries. South Korea was hit hard…
Manufacturing Parties: Re-examining the Transient Nature of Philippine Political Parties
In this article we reassess the thesis of Lipset and Rokkan in a non-European context and thereby seek to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between social divisions and party creation. Political parties are usually generated by the politicization of social cleavages that exist within societies. The critical question is why certain divisions become politicized and others do not. Using the Philippines as a case study, we seek to e…
Emerging Party Systems: An Introduction
The presidential election in Taiwan, March 2004
Identity and Change in East Asian Conflicts: The Cases of China, Taiwan, and the Koreas
This book examines the changing national identities that are transforming East Asia - pushing China and Taiwan apart and toward a showdown, while propping up a weakened North Korea. Accomplished contr
The Politics of Financial Reform in Taiwan: Actors, Institutions, and the Changing State
The changes to the developmental state resulting from Taiwan's political liberalization and democratization have created a complex political-economic decision-making landscape that has affected the process of financial reforms. In this article, the author examines the impact that the changes in the nature of the Taiwanese state, institutions, and the increase in the number of important political actors have on financial liberalization and reforms…
Portraits of New Zealand Political Science, 1980-2008: A Picture Is Worth Eighty Words
(2009). Portraits of New Zealand Political Science, 1980-2008: a Picture Is Worth Eighty Words. Political Science: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 81-83
The 2008 Taiwan elections: Forward to the past
Political Polarization and Gridlock as the Result of an Institutional Imbroglio in Taiwan
Institutionalist theory argues that fairly permanent economic structures and policy-making arrangements create “institutions” which shape future policy-making and economic performance to a considerable extent (March and Olsen 1989; North 1990; Riker 1982). This perspective suggests that it might be valuable to look for the political institutions that evolved during Taiwan’s development which could have inhibited the country’s adaptability after t…
Building party systems in developing democracies
Political Polarization in Taiwan: A Growing Challenge to Catch-all Parties
For the last decade, politics in Taiwan have become increasingly polarized over the national identity issue. Yet, the bitter division between the two major parties is not really reflected in the electorate. We seek to explain this paradox by examining the changing nature of political parties, in particular the growing role of ideological activists in campaigns, the rise of cultural and identity issues, the difficulty for new parties to emerge, th…
One-party rule or multiparty competition? Chinese attitudes to party system alternatives
This article tests multifactor explanations for variance among Chinese citizens' attitudes to two related but separable party system concepts: the appropriateness of the current one-party system for China today, and the more abstract notion that multiple parties lead to chaos. Using data from The China Survey, conducted with a nationwide sample in 2008, the authors find that feelings of satisfaction with life and with the government contribute mo…
C hina's Competing and C o‐opting Nationalisms: Implications to S ino– J apanese Relations
This paper contends that nationalism has always been a constant feature of C hinese politics. Indeed in order to understand the implications of C hina's nationalism vis‐à‐vis its emergence of C hina in global and regional politics, one has to examine the delicate equilibrium between state nationalism and ethnic nationalism. We put forward two hypotheses: first, if ethnic nationalism is more likely to be mobilized vis‐à‐vis state nationalism then …
Explaining Government Turnover inAsian Democracies
What explains the Japanese experience of one‐party‐dominated democracy over the past five decades? More generally, and looking acrossAsian democracies, what explains variations in the degree of political volatility? We propose a theory of government turnover rate that not only explains political rigidity inJapan and the experience of precarious democracy inThailand and thePhilippines, but also explains changes of government in otherAsian democrac…
Political science (41 works) · Law (31 works) · Politics (28 works) · Law (27 works) · Political economy (26 works) · Economics (25 works) · Sociology (21 works) · Hong Kong and Taiwan Politics (16 works) · China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance (12 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (12 works)