G L Cawkwell
Biographic Data
| ID | 1429072 |
|---|---|
| NAME | G L Cawkwell |
| GIVEN NAMES | G L |
| FAMILY NAME | Cawkwell |
| SIGNATURE | CAWKWELL G L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College, Oxford |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 406 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 27 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1961 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
The Decline of Sparta
The Peace between Athens and Persia
AFTER THE DEATH OF CIMON in Cyprus circa 449 B.c. (Thuc. 1.112.4) there were no hostilities between Athenian forces and Persian until 412 when the satraps of the Aegean seaboard are found supporting Sparta, and if Diodorus (12.4) is be trusted, this cessation of hostilities was due the making of a peace in 449 between Athens and Persia. In recent times, however, it has been claimed that much other evidence is be understood as proving that peace, …
Early Greek tyranny and the people
Over sixty years ago, it was written of early Greek tyranny that it ‘had arisen only in towns where an industrial and commercial regime tended to prevail over rural economy, but where an iron hand was needed to mobilize the masses and to launch them in assault on the privileged classes... But tyranny nowhere endured. After it had performed the services which the popular classes expected of it, after it had powerfully contributed to material prosp…
Sparta and Her Allies in the Sixth Century
In the first book of his History Thucydides shows ‘the Spartans and the Allies’, to give the Peloponnesian League its formal title, making the decision that Athens had broken the Thirty Years Peace. After receiving the complaints of various allies, the Spartans discussed in the assembly the conduct of Athens and what should be done about it (ch. 67ff.) and ended by voting that the treaty had been broken and that the Athenians were in the wrong (c…
Early Colonisation
It is commonly supposed that in the eighth century B.c . there was a ‘population explosion’ in Greece which moved the Greeks to send out colonies. A. J. Graham in the Cambridge Ancient History iii, 3 (1982) is typical: ‘The basic active cause of the colonizing movement was overpopulation’; ‘at the very time when the Archaic colonising movement began, in the second half of the eighth century, there was a marked increase in population in Greece’ (p…
Short Notices
Journal Article Short Notices Get access G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume C, Issue CCCXCVII, October 1985, Pages 859-a–859, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/C.CCCXCVII.859-a Published: 01 October 1985
Short Notices
Short Notices Get access G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XCIX, Issue CCCXC, January 1984, Pages 144-a–144, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXC.144-a Published: 01 January 1984
Short Notices
Athenian Naval Power in The Fourth Century
The reader of Demosthenes can hardly avoid the impression that there was something sadly awry with the Athenian naval system in the two decades prior to Chaeronea. The war in the north Aegean was essentially a naval war, and Demosthenes frequently enough blamedAthen's failure on her lack of preparation. ‘Why do you think, Athenians,... that all our expeditionary forces are too late for the critical moments?...In the business of the war and the pr…
Short Notices
Journal Article Short Notices Get access G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XCVIII, Issue CCCLXXXIX, October 1983, Pages 839-b–839, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XCVIII.CCCLXXXIX.839-b Published: 01 October 1983
The Decline of Sparta
In CQ n.s. 26 (1976). 62–84 I argued that the defeat of Sparta in 371 B.C. was not due to the pursuit of unwise policies towards the other Greek states. Unwise policies there had been. Sparta being by no means superior to Athens in the formulation of foreign policy, but these did not affect the position on the eve of Leuctra when, with Thebes politically isolated, and with some of the Boeotians disaffected, Cieombrotus at the head of a numericall…
Short Notices
Short Notices G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XCVII, Issue CCCLXXXII, January 1982, Pages 164–165, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XCVII.CCCLXXXII.164 Published: 01 January 1982
Short Notices
Journal Article Short Notices Get access G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XCVII, Issue CCCLXXXV, October 1982, Pages 873-b–874, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XCVII.CCCLXXXV.873-b Published: 01 October 1982
The King's Peace
Nothing about Xenophon's Hellenica is more outrageous than his treatment of the relations of Persia and the Greeks. It was orthodoxy in the circle of Agesilaus that Theban medizing, barbarismos , had sabotaged the plans for a glorious anabasis (IV. ii. 3, V. ii. 35, III. v. 1 f.) and recalled him to the defence of his city (by the very route, ironically, taken by King Xerxes in 480 — IV. ii. 8 — the would-be avenger in the footsteps of the would-…
The Peace of Philocrates again
In REG 73 (1960) and 75 (1962) I discussed various points connected with the Peace of Philocrates, a number of which have been assailed by M. M. Markle in CQ N.S. 24 (1974) in an article entitled ‘The Strategy of Philip in 346 B.C.’. Time passes, and, although de Ste. Croix in his Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972), p.105, felt able to declare that ‘a book shortly to be published by M. M. Markle makes a valuable and original contribution to …
Euboea in the Late 340's
IN Classical Quarterly 13 (1963) 210 ff. I DISCUSSED EUBOEAN AFFAIRS in late 340's, and in course of a wider treatment of subject in Classical Quarterly 19 (1969) 245 ff., Euboea in time of Philip II, Professor Brunt attacked my chronology and concluded that it was demonstrably false (259). This has compelled reconsideration of whole subject and forced me to reconsider and present my own view in a wider context. Modern historians have been notabl…
Agesilaus and Sparta
In 404 Sparta stood supreme, militarily and politically master of Greece, in concord with Persia. By 362, the year at which Xenophon terminated his history on the sad note of ‘even greater confusion and uncertainty’, she was eclipsed militarily, never to win a great battle again; and so far from being master even of the Peloponnese that she would spend the rest of time struggling to recover her own ancestral domain of Messenia, no longer a world …
The Imperialism of Thrasybulus
The achievement of Thrasybulus on his last voyage has been variously estimated. Busolt saw no more than a series of strong-arm acts that added up to very little. Beloch spoke of the Second Athenian Empire. For others there were mere renewals of friendship. This note has as its starting-point that Thrasybulus sought to restore the fifth-century empire. If one looks merely at the list of places explicitly mentioned, the sum is not large. Thasos and…
The Foundation of the Second Athenian Confederacy
It is notorious that Xenophon omitted all notice of the foundation of the Second Athenian Confederacy, and alluded to Athens' alliances in the 370s so sparingly that if the Hellenica was the only evidence for the period it would hardly be possible to infer the existence of the Confederacy. All that could be said would be that the raid of Sphodrias so embittered the Athenians (5. 4. 63) that they joined with the Thebans in resisting Sparta (5. 4. …
Epaminondas and Thebes
Epaminondas the soldier has been much admired. His two great battles rank as masterpieces of the military art. Epaminondas himself perhaps regarded them as his greatest achievements, to judge by his last words as reported by Diodorus (15. 87). He had been carried from the battlefield of Mantinea with a spear stuck in his chest. The doctors declared that when the spear was removed he would die. After hearing that his own shield was safe and that t…
The Crowning of Demosthenes
In the course of Demosthenes' lifetime, indeed within a mere decade, the whole balance of power in the Greek world was destroyed. By 338 the city states were completely overshadowed by the national state of Macedon, and it is the concern of all students of Demosthenes to analyse this dramatic change. The task is not easy. The evidence is most unsatisfactory. None of the great historians of the age has survived in other than a few precious fragmen…
Demosthenes' Policy After The Peace Of Philocrates. I
In 346 the Athenians were sadly deceived by Philip. The long war for Amphipolis had taken its toll and the people wanted relief, but the real motive of those who wanted peace in 346, both Philocrates with his principal abettor Demosthenes, and Eubulus and Aeschines, was to try to keep Philip out of Greece itself.2 In Elaphebolion the only debate was about means, whether, as Aeschines wanted, to try to get Phocis included in a Common Peace, or, as…
Demosthenes' Policy After the Peace of Philocrates. II
It is perhaps worth briefly discussing a subject on which Demosthenes has so much to say and on which there is so little satisfactory evidence. In every speech which he delivered after 346 he referred, in greater or less detail, to breaches of the Peace of Philocrates, and this insistence on Philip's may mislead us. The case of Cardia is suggestive. In 341, in the speech On the Chersonese , he sought to create the impression that Philip was actin…
Demosthenes and the Stratiotic Fund
The Defence of Olynthus
Demosthenes prophesied1 that, unless Athens stopped Philip in the north, she would have to deal with him in Greece itself, and the events of 346 proved him right. Right in this much, he has been presumed right in general, and the policies of those he opposed have received only scant consideration before being dismissed as the selfish pursuit of peace by the rich, who were so blinded by their material interests that they could not see the real iss…
The Decline of Sparta
In CQ n.s. 26 (1976). 62–84 I argued that the defeat of Sparta in 371 B.C. was not due to the pursuit of unwise policies towards the other Greek states. Unwise policies there had been. Sparta being by no means superior to Athens in the formulation of foreign policy, but these did not affect the position on the eve of Leuctra when, with Thebes politically isolated, and with some of the Boeotians disaffected, Cieombrotus at the head of a numericall…
Athenian Naval Power in The Fourth Century
The reader of Demosthenes can hardly avoid the impression that there was something sadly awry with the Athenian naval system in the two decades prior to Chaeronea. The war in the north Aegean was essentially a naval war, and Demosthenes frequently enough blamedAthen's failure on her lack of preparation. ‘Why do you think, Athenians,... that all our expeditionary forces are too late for the critical moments?...In the business of the war and the pr…
The Foundation of the Second Athenian Confederacy
It is notorious that Xenophon omitted all notice of the foundation of the Second Athenian Confederacy, and alluded to Athens' alliances in the 370s so sparingly that if the Hellenica was the only evidence for the period it would hardly be possible to infer the existence of the Confederacy. All that could be said would be that the raid of Sphodrias so embittered the Athenians (5. 4. 63) that they joined with the Thebans in resisting Sparta (5. 4. …
The Imperialism of Thrasybulus
The achievement of Thrasybulus on his last voyage has been variously estimated. Busolt saw no more than a series of strong-arm acts that added up to very little. Beloch spoke of the Second Athenian Empire. For others there were mere renewals of friendship. This note has as its starting-point that Thrasybulus sought to restore the fifth-century empire. If one looks merely at the list of places explicitly mentioned, the sum is not large. Thasos and…
The Crowning of Demosthenes
In the course of Demosthenes' lifetime, indeed within a mere decade, the whole balance of power in the Greek world was destroyed. By 338 the city states were completely overshadowed by the national state of Macedon, and it is the concern of all students of Demosthenes to analyse this dramatic change. The task is not easy. The evidence is most unsatisfactory. None of the great historians of the age has survived in other than a few precious fragmen…
Epaminondas and Thebes
Epaminondas the soldier has been much admired. His two great battles rank as masterpieces of the military art. Epaminondas himself perhaps regarded them as his greatest achievements, to judge by his last words as reported by Diodorus (15. 87). He had been carried from the battlefield of Mantinea with a spear stuck in his chest. The doctors declared that when the spear was removed he would die. After hearing that his own shield was safe and that t…
Agesilaus and Sparta
In 404 Sparta stood supreme, militarily and politically master of Greece, in concord with Persia. By 362, the year at which Xenophon terminated his history on the sad note of ‘even greater confusion and uncertainty’, she was eclipsed militarily, never to win a great battle again; and so far from being master even of the Peloponnese that she would spend the rest of time struggling to recover her own ancestral domain of Messenia, no longer a world …
The Defence of Olynthus
Demosthenes prophesied1 that, unless Athens stopped Philip in the north, she would have to deal with him in Greece itself, and the events of 346 proved him right. Right in this much, he has been presumed right in general, and the policies of those he opposed have received only scant consideration before being dismissed as the selfish pursuit of peace by the rich, who were so blinded by their material interests that they could not see the real iss…
Early Colonisation
It is commonly supposed that in the eighth century B.c . there was a ‘population explosion’ in Greece which moved the Greeks to send out colonies. A. J. Graham in the Cambridge Ancient History iii, 3 (1982) is typical: ‘The basic active cause of the colonizing movement was overpopulation’; ‘at the very time when the Archaic colonising movement began, in the second half of the eighth century, there was a marked increase in population in Greece’ (p…
The Peace between Athens and Persia
AFTER THE DEATH OF CIMON in Cyprus circa 449 B.c. (Thuc. 1.112.4) there were no hostilities between Athenian forces and Persian until 412 when the satraps of the Aegean seaboard are found supporting Sparta, and if Diodorus (12.4) is be trusted, this cessation of hostilities was due the making of a peace in 449 between Athens and Persia. In recent times, however, it has been claimed that much other evidence is be understood as proving that peace, …
Euboea in the Late 340's
IN Classical Quarterly 13 (1963) 210 ff. I DISCUSSED EUBOEAN AFFAIRS in late 340's, and in course of a wider treatment of subject in Classical Quarterly 19 (1969) 245 ff., Euboea in time of Philip II, Professor Brunt attacked my chronology and concluded that it was demonstrably false (259). This has compelled reconsideration of whole subject and forced me to reconsider and present my own view in a wider context. Modern historians have been notabl…
The King's Peace
Nothing about Xenophon's Hellenica is more outrageous than his treatment of the relations of Persia and the Greeks. It was orthodoxy in the circle of Agesilaus that Theban medizing, barbarismos , had sabotaged the plans for a glorious anabasis (IV. ii. 3, V. ii. 35, III. v. 1 f.) and recalled him to the defence of his city (by the very route, ironically, taken by King Xerxes in 480 — IV. ii. 8 — the would-be avenger in the footsteps of the would-…
The Common Peace of 366/5 B.C
Under 336/5 Diodorus records: Of such a Common Peace prompted by Persia Xenophon gives no hint. After recording the failure of the Theban attempt to summon a Congress at Thebes to swear a peace on the basis of the terms negotiated by Pelopidas at Susa, he goes on to record negotiations where by certain allies of Sparta made peace with Thebes, but his account contains no mention of either Persia or Athens. To his narrative the Archidamus of Isocra…
Early Greek tyranny and the people
Over sixty years ago, it was written of early Greek tyranny that it ‘had arisen only in towns where an industrial and commercial regime tended to prevail over rural economy, but where an iron hand was needed to mobilize the masses and to launch them in assault on the privileged classes... But tyranny nowhere endured. After it had performed the services which the popular classes expected of it, after it had powerfully contributed to material prosp…
The Peace of Philocrates again
In REG 73 (1960) and 75 (1962) I discussed various points connected with the Peace of Philocrates, a number of which have been assailed by M. M. Markle in CQ N.S. 24 (1974) in an article entitled ‘The Strategy of Philip in 346 B.C.’. Time passes, and, although de Ste. Croix in his Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972), p.105, felt able to declare that ‘a book shortly to be published by M. M. Markle makes a valuable and original contribution to …
Demosthenes' Policy After The Peace Of Philocrates. I
In 346 the Athenians were sadly deceived by Philip. The long war for Amphipolis had taken its toll and the people wanted relief, but the real motive of those who wanted peace in 346, both Philocrates with his principal abettor Demosthenes, and Eubulus and Aeschines, was to try to keep Philip out of Greece itself.2 In Elaphebolion the only debate was about means, whether, as Aeschines wanted, to try to get Phocis included in a Common Peace, or, as…
Demosthenes and the Stratiotic Fund
Sparta and Her Allies in the Sixth Century
In the first book of his History Thucydides shows ‘the Spartans and the Allies’, to give the Peloponnesian League its formal title, making the decision that Athens had broken the Thirty Years Peace. After receiving the complaints of various allies, the Spartans discussed in the assembly the conduct of Athens and what should be done about it (ch. 67ff.) and ended by voting that the treaty had been broken and that the Athenians were in the wrong (c…
Demosthenes' Policy After the Peace of Philocrates. II
It is perhaps worth briefly discussing a subject on which Demosthenes has so much to say and on which there is so little satisfactory evidence. In every speech which he delivered after 346 he referred, in greater or less detail, to breaches of the Peace of Philocrates, and this insistence on Philip's may mislead us. The case of Cardia is suggestive. In 341, in the speech On the Chersonese , he sought to create the impression that Philip was actin…
A Note on Ps. Demosthenes 17.20
The Common Peace of 366/5 B.C
Under 336/5 Diodorus records: Of such a Common Peace prompted by Persia Xenophon gives no hint. After recording the failure of the Theban attempt to summon a Congress at Thebes to swear a peace on the basis of the terms negotiated by Pelopidas at Susa, he goes on to record negotiations where by certain allies of Sparta made peace with Thebes, but his account contains no mention of either Persia or Athens. To his narrative the Archidamus of Isocra…
A Note on Ps. Demosthenes 17.20
Demosthenes and the Stratiotic Fund
The Defence of Olynthus
Demosthenes prophesied1 that, unless Athens stopped Philip in the north, she would have to deal with him in Greece itself, and the events of 346 proved him right. Right in this much, he has been presumed right in general, and the policies of those he opposed have received only scant consideration before being dismissed as the selfish pursuit of peace by the rich, who were so blinded by their material interests that they could not see the real iss…
Demosthenes' Policy After The Peace Of Philocrates. I
In 346 the Athenians were sadly deceived by Philip. The long war for Amphipolis had taken its toll and the people wanted relief, but the real motive of those who wanted peace in 346, both Philocrates with his principal abettor Demosthenes, and Eubulus and Aeschines, was to try to keep Philip out of Greece itself.2 In Elaphebolion the only debate was about means, whether, as Aeschines wanted, to try to get Phocis included in a Common Peace, or, as…
Demosthenes' Policy After the Peace of Philocrates. II
It is perhaps worth briefly discussing a subject on which Demosthenes has so much to say and on which there is so little satisfactory evidence. In every speech which he delivered after 346 he referred, in greater or less detail, to breaches of the Peace of Philocrates, and this insistence on Philip's may mislead us. The case of Cardia is suggestive. In 341, in the speech On the Chersonese , he sought to create the impression that Philip was actin…
The Crowning of Demosthenes
In the course of Demosthenes' lifetime, indeed within a mere decade, the whole balance of power in the Greek world was destroyed. By 338 the city states were completely overshadowed by the national state of Macedon, and it is the concern of all students of Demosthenes to analyse this dramatic change. The task is not easy. The evidence is most unsatisfactory. None of the great historians of the age has survived in other than a few precious fragmen…
Epaminondas and Thebes
Epaminondas the soldier has been much admired. His two great battles rank as masterpieces of the military art. Epaminondas himself perhaps regarded them as his greatest achievements, to judge by his last words as reported by Diodorus (15. 87). He had been carried from the battlefield of Mantinea with a spear stuck in his chest. The doctors declared that when the spear was removed he would die. After hearing that his own shield was safe and that t…
The Foundation of the Second Athenian Confederacy
It is notorious that Xenophon omitted all notice of the foundation of the Second Athenian Confederacy, and alluded to Athens' alliances in the 370s so sparingly that if the Hellenica was the only evidence for the period it would hardly be possible to infer the existence of the Confederacy. All that could be said would be that the raid of Sphodrias so embittered the Athenians (5. 4. 63) that they joined with the Thebans in resisting Sparta (5. 4. …
Agesilaus and Sparta
In 404 Sparta stood supreme, militarily and politically master of Greece, in concord with Persia. By 362, the year at which Xenophon terminated his history on the sad note of ‘even greater confusion and uncertainty’, she was eclipsed militarily, never to win a great battle again; and so far from being master even of the Peloponnese that she would spend the rest of time struggling to recover her own ancestral domain of Messenia, no longer a world …
The Imperialism of Thrasybulus
The achievement of Thrasybulus on his last voyage has been variously estimated. Busolt saw no more than a series of strong-arm acts that added up to very little. Beloch spoke of the Second Athenian Empire. For others there were mere renewals of friendship. This note has as its starting-point that Thrasybulus sought to restore the fifth-century empire. If one looks merely at the list of places explicitly mentioned, the sum is not large. Thasos and…
The Peace of Philocrates again
In REG 73 (1960) and 75 (1962) I discussed various points connected with the Peace of Philocrates, a number of which have been assailed by M. M. Markle in CQ N.S. 24 (1974) in an article entitled ‘The Strategy of Philip in 346 B.C.’. Time passes, and, although de Ste. Croix in his Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972), p.105, felt able to declare that ‘a book shortly to be published by M. M. Markle makes a valuable and original contribution to …
Euboea in the Late 340's
IN Classical Quarterly 13 (1963) 210 ff. I DISCUSSED EUBOEAN AFFAIRS in late 340's, and in course of a wider treatment of subject in Classical Quarterly 19 (1969) 245 ff., Euboea in time of Philip II, Professor Brunt attacked my chronology and concluded that it was demonstrably false (259). This has compelled reconsideration of whole subject and forced me to reconsider and present my own view in a wider context. Modern historians have been notabl…
The King's Peace
Nothing about Xenophon's Hellenica is more outrageous than his treatment of the relations of Persia and the Greeks. It was orthodoxy in the circle of Agesilaus that Theban medizing, barbarismos , had sabotaged the plans for a glorious anabasis (IV. ii. 3, V. ii. 35, III. v. 1 f.) and recalled him to the defence of his city (by the very route, ironically, taken by King Xerxes in 480 — IV. ii. 8 — the would-be avenger in the footsteps of the would-…
Short Notices
Short Notices G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XCVII, Issue CCCLXXXII, January 1982, Pages 164–165, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XCVII.CCCLXXXII.164 Published: 01 January 1982
Short Notices
Journal Article Short Notices Get access G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XCVII, Issue CCCLXXXV, October 1982, Pages 873-b–874, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XCVII.CCCLXXXV.873-b Published: 01 October 1982
Short Notices
Journal Article Short Notices Get access G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XCVIII, Issue CCCLXXXIX, October 1983, Pages 839-b–839, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XCVIII.CCCLXXXIX.839-b Published: 01 October 1983
The Decline of Sparta
In CQ n.s. 26 (1976). 62–84 I argued that the defeat of Sparta in 371 B.C. was not due to the pursuit of unwise policies towards the other Greek states. Unwise policies there had been. Sparta being by no means superior to Athens in the formulation of foreign policy, but these did not affect the position on the eve of Leuctra when, with Thebes politically isolated, and with some of the Boeotians disaffected, Cieombrotus at the head of a numericall…
Short Notices
Short Notices Get access G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XCIX, Issue CCCXC, January 1984, Pages 144-a–144, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXC.144-a Published: 01 January 1984
Short Notices
Athenian Naval Power in The Fourth Century
The reader of Demosthenes can hardly avoid the impression that there was something sadly awry with the Athenian naval system in the two decades prior to Chaeronea. The war in the north Aegean was essentially a naval war, and Demosthenes frequently enough blamedAthen's failure on her lack of preparation. ‘Why do you think, Athenians,... that all our expeditionary forces are too late for the critical moments?...In the business of the war and the pr…
Short Notices
Journal Article Short Notices Get access G. L. CAWKWELL G. L. CAWKWELL University CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume C, Issue CCCXCVII, October 1985, Pages 859-a–859, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/C.CCCXCVII.859-a Published: 01 October 1985
Early Colonisation
It is commonly supposed that in the eighth century B.c . there was a ‘population explosion’ in Greece which moved the Greeks to send out colonies. A. J. Graham in the Cambridge Ancient History iii, 3 (1982) is typical: ‘The basic active cause of the colonizing movement was overpopulation’; ‘at the very time when the Archaic colonising movement began, in the second half of the eighth century, there was a marked increase in population in Greece’ (p…
Sparta and Her Allies in the Sixth Century
In the first book of his History Thucydides shows ‘the Spartans and the Allies’, to give the Peloponnesian League its formal title, making the decision that Athens had broken the Thirty Years Peace. After receiving the complaints of various allies, the Spartans discussed in the assembly the conduct of Athens and what should be done about it (ch. 67ff.) and ended by voting that the treaty had been broken and that the Athenians were in the wrong (c…
Early Greek tyranny and the people
Over sixty years ago, it was written of early Greek tyranny that it ‘had arisen only in towns where an industrial and commercial regime tended to prevail over rural economy, but where an iron hand was needed to mobilize the masses and to launch them in assault on the privileged classes... But tyranny nowhere endured. After it had performed the services which the popular classes expected of it, after it had powerfully contributed to material prosp…
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