Andrew R Millard
Biographic Data
| ID | 143062 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Andrew R Millard |
| GIVEN NAMES | Andrew R |
| FAMILY NAME | Millard |
| SIGNATURE | MILLARD A R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Durham University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8290-7428 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 58 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 738 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 58 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1995 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 14 |
Comparing childhood and adulthood diets in a Viking Age population from the Lejasbitēni cemetery, Latvia: A pilot study
This study examines childhood and adulthood diets in selected individuals from the Iron Age LejasbitÄ ni cemetery population in Latvia (7thâ 10th centuries CE). Bone samples for isotope analysis were collected from 12 adult individuals; six had previously available isotope data from M1 root dentine. Bone samples from two non-adult individuals of the chronologically later Liv culture were included for preliminary comparison. Results showed that th…
Evidence for punishment and execution on the foreshore: A unique early medieval burial (680-810 AD) from London
Place and Time at Trypillia Mega-Sites: Towards a New Synthesis of Analyses and Social Theory
The Trypillia mega-sites (‘TMS’) form an exceptional aspect of the broader Cucuteni–Trypillia group in the Balkan and East European Neolithic and Chalcolithic. The TMS are currently the largest sites and the earliest urban complexes in Eurasia in the fourth millennium cal. bc. In this article, we chart the trajectories of theoretical and methodological development of TMS research. We build on the social implications of the Visibility Graph Analys…
Multifactorial approach to describe early diagenesis of bones: The case study of the Merovingian cemetery of Saint-Linaire (France)
The excavation of the Merovingian cemetery of Saint-Linaire (France) was an opportunity to describe the completeness of the tombs preserved from soil erosion. An anthropobiological study was carried out on the osteological material and the different categories of graves. On the basis of a complete archaeo-anthropological corpus we have undertaken an analysis of the differential preservation of the bones according to the different archaeobiologica…
Seeking their fortunes on the Otago goldfields, New Zealand – Constructing isotopic biographies of colonial goldminers
The nineteenth century New Zealand goldfields were a place where people from across the world came together in search of their fortunes. Written accounts of life on the diggings do exist but are of varying veracity and we therefore have little knowledge of the life experiences of those who came seeking gold. Recent excavations in cemeteries associated with the Otago goldrushes, however, are allowing direct reconstruction of lives using biological…
The first dietary stable isotope data from the Čunkāni-Dreņģeri Iron Age population (seventh-eleventh centuries CE) from Latvia
The main aim of this research was to study diet and possible social stratification in the Iron Age population of Čunkāni-Dreņģeri from Latvia through burial practice and dietary isotope analysis. This research also used previously published comparative dietary isotope data from archaeological populations in Latvia of various periods of time, not only Iron Age, to see if and how Iron Age populations were different. Carbon and nitrogen dietary isot…
Diet and social status in the Lejasbitēni Iron Age population from Latvia
Strontium isotope identification of possible rural immigrants in 17th century mass graves at St. Gertrude Church cemetery in Riga, Latvia
The aims of this study were to explore the origins of 19 children buried in two mass graves and the general cemetery at the post‐medieval St Gertrude Church cemetery in Riga, Latvia, using strontium isotope analysis ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr), and to establish local soil Sr biosphere ranges from faunal samples from two areas of Latvia. The results confirmed the presence of one clear outlier in the population and one child who may have had originated from th…
A Land of Plenty? Colonial Diet in Rural New Zealand
The “weanling's dilemma” revisited: Evolving bodies of evidence and the problem of infant paleodietary interpretation
Breastfeeding is known to be a powerful mediator of maternal and childhood health, with impacts throughout the life course. Paleodietary studies of the past 30 years have accordingly taken an enduring interest in the health and diet of young children as a potential indicator of population fertility, subsistence, and mortality patterns. While progress has been made in recent decades toward acknowledging the agency of children, many paleodietary re…
Childhood in Colonial Otago, New Zealand: Integrating Isotopic and Dental Evidence for Growth Disturbance and Oral Health
Experiences of childhood in colonial New Zealand are difficult to reconstruct from the historical record alone. Many of those who came to the colony were illiterate, and the Victorian tendency to avoid discussion of pregnancy and breastfeeding practices restricts our understanding of this important period. Bioarchaeological investigation, however, has the potential to illuminate the life stories of these first-generation Pākehā (European) settler…
Investigating the dietary life histories and mobility of children buried in St Gertrude Church cemetery, Riga, Latvia, 15th–17th centuries ad
Carbon and nitrogen isotope profiles were obtained from incremental dentine analysis of 19 non‐adults from a cemetery in Riga, Latvia. The research compared the life histories and diet between people buried in two mass graves and the general cemetery. The δ 13 C profiles of several children from the mass graves were similar but did not resemble the patterns seen in children from the general cemetery, suggesting that they probably represented a di…
Isotopic evidence for anthropogenic lead exposure on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation
OBJECTIVES: To identify and characterize anthropogenic lead sources on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation and to test if lead isotope analyses can be used to identify the geographic origins of first-generation African captives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out lead (Pb) isotope analyses on dental enamel samples from 24 individuals from the Newton Plantation Cemetery in Barbados, which had previously been analyzed for strontium (Sr) and…
A multi‐isotope, multi‐tissue study of colonial origins and diet in New Zealand
Objectives Colonial period New Zealand was lauded as a land of plenty, where colonists could improve their station in life and secure a future for their families. Our understanding of colonial experience, however, is often shaped by historical records which communicate a state‐sponsored version of history. This study aims to reconstruct the lives of settlers using isotopic evidence from the colonial skeletons themselves. Materials and methods We …
Theatres of Closure: Process and Performance in Inhumation Burial Rites in Early Medieval Britain
Inhumation burials are recorded in Britain and Europe during excavations in a standardized way, especially graves of early medieval date. Just a limited number of attributes are usually foregrounded and these mainly concern skeletal identification, the grave plan and, when a burial is furnished, a list of objects, particularly metalwork, as well as occasional reference to burial structures, if present. In this paper, we argue that concealed withi…
A new method for investigating the relationship between diet and mortality: Hazard analysis using dietary isotopes
Background: The population of Roman Britain are renowned for having elevated nitrogen (δ 15 ) stable isotope values, which have been interpreted as evidence for the increased consumption of marine products. However, such results are now understood to also reflect episodes of stress and disease, suggesting that new interpretations are warranted. Aim: To test a novel approach which combines hazard mortality analysis and stable isotope data to deter…
The evolution of diet during the 5th to 2nd millennium BCE for the population buried at Tepe Hissar, north-eastern Central Iranian Plateau: The stable isotope evidence
Investigation of a historical crime scene” - A comprehensive study of an unusual burial in the Calvinist Church of Sóly, Hungary
What was the ecological impact of a Trypillia megasite occupation? Multi-proxy palaeo-environmental investigations at Nebelivka, Ukraine
Fine-resolution sampling of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs and microcharcoal as well as sedimentological data in a 6-m sediment core were used to reconstruct both natural conditions and human impacts in the late fifth and early fourth millennia cal bc in the environs of the Nebelivka megasite in Kirovograd Oblast, Central Ukraine. This 238-ha site, dating to the Middle (or BII) Phase of the Trypillia culture, represents one of the first low-dens…
Economic and socio-cultural consequences of changing political rule on human and faunal diets in medieval Valencia (c. fifth-fifteenth century AD) as evidenced by stable isotopes
This paper explores the impact of changing religious political rule on subsistence within a single city through time using stable isotope analysis of human and animal bone collagen. The diet and economy of the medieval city of Valencia (Spain) are examined over a 1000-year period during successive periods of Visigothic, Muslim and Christian rule. Bulk stable isotope analysis of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) was carried out on 67 humans and 47…
Investigating dietary patterns and organisational structure by using stable isotope analysis: A pilot study of the Danish medieval leprosy hospital at Næstved
During the 12th and 13th centuries, numerous leprosy hospitals were founded in Europe. Given that leprosy was not considered infectious, this may reflect social dimensions of the disease. Aiming at exploring the impact of leprosy on medieval people and the organisation of the Danish leprosarium at Næstved, we reconstructed the diet of twenty patients using stable isotopes, and compared our results with relevant historical data. The isotope result…
Mobile elites at Frattesina: Flows of people in a Late Bronze Age 'port of trade' in northern Italy
Let's talk about stress, baby! Infant‐feeding practices and stress in the ancient Atacama desert, Northern Chile
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The transition to an agricultural economy is often presumed to involve an increase in female fertility related to changes in weaning practice. In particular, the availability of staple crops as complementary foods is hypothesized to allow earlier weaning in agricultural populations. In this study, our primary aim is to explore whether this model fits the agricultural transition in the Atacama Desert using incremental isotopic…
Isotopic analysis of burials from the early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Eastbourne, Sussex, U.K
A multifaceted approach towards interpreting early life experience and infant feeding practices in the ancient Atacama Desert, Northern Chile
Interpreting early life experience in the past is of considerable interest to archaeologists, yet remains fraught with difficulty. Children are sensitive barometers of population health in general. In addition, infant feeding practices, and stresses experienced during infancy and childhood, have important effects on adult health and demographic changes. Understanding how diet and physiological stress interact is therefore of significance, but mos…
Measurements and Relationships of Diagenetic Alteration of Bone from Three Archaeological Sites
Bones and Groundwater: Towards the Modelling of Diagenetic Processes
The taphonomy of cooked bone: Characterizing boiling and its physico–chemical effects
Cooking is perhaps the most common pre–burial taphonomic transformation that occurs to bone, yet it is still one of the least understood. Little progress has been made in determining a method of identifying cooked bone in the archaeological record, despite its import for various branches of archaeology. This paper attempts to describe boiling in terms of its physico–chemical effects on bone, and uses a suite of diagenetic indicators to do this. I…
A critique of the chronometric evidence for hominid fossils: I. Africa and the Near East 500-50ka
Investigating population movement by stable isotope analysis: A report from Britain
Stable isotopes present in local ground water get into people's teeth before they are 12 years old, and act as a signature to the area where they grew up (and drank the water). In a review of recent work in Britain the authors show the huge potential of this method for detecting population movement - and thus ultimately for investigating questions of migration, exogamy and slavery
Conventions for Reporting Radiocarbon Determinations
Current conventions for reporting radiocarbon determinations do not cover the reporting of calibrated dates. This article proposes revised conventions that have been endorsed by many 14 C scientists. For every determination included in a scientific paper, the following should apply: (1) the laboratory measurement should be reported as a conventional radiocarbon age in 14 C yr BP or a fractionation-corrected fraction modern (F 14 C) value; (2) the…
Diet, society, and economy in late medieval S pain: Stable isotope evidence from Muslims and Christians from G andía, V alencia
This article investigates the diets of neighboring Christians and Muslims in late medieval Spain (here 13th–16th centuries) through the analysis of the stable isotopes of carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) in adult human and animal bone collagen. Twenty‐four Christians and 20 Muslims are sampled from two adjacent and contemporaneous settlements in the township of Gandía on the Mediterranean coast, together with the remains of 24 animals. Stati…
Isotopic Investigation of Diet and Residential Mobility in the Neolithic of the Lower Rhine Basin
Multiple isotopic systems (C, N, O, S, Sr, Pb) are applied to investigate diet and mobility amongst the Middle Neolithic populations at Schipluiden and Swifterbant (Netherlands). A review of carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of European Mesolithic and Neolithic populations shows a shift in diet from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic, but also great variety in Neolithic diets, several of which incorporate fish. At Swifterbant ( c. 4300–4000 BC) t…
Economic and socio-cultural consequences of changing political rule on human and faunal diets in medieval Valencia (c. fifth-fifteenth century AD) as evidenced by stable isotopes
This paper explores the impact of changing religious political rule on subsistence within a single city through time using stable isotope analysis of human and animal bone collagen. The diet and economy of the medieval city of Valencia (Spain) are examined over a 1000-year period during successive periods of Visigothic, Muslim and Christian rule. Bulk stable isotope analysis of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) was carried out on 67 humans and 47…
Uranium-series dating of the Tabun Neanderthal: A Cautionary Note
A regional investigation of subadult dietary patterns and health in late Iron Age and Roman Dorset, England
Anglo-Saxon origins investigated by isotopic analysis of burials from Berinsfield, Oxfordshire, UK
Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes
Identified skeletal collections have been widely used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). These studies have all used the occupation provided with the death certificate or equivalent as the occupation during life. However, the variety of tasks undertaken within occupations, the range of occupational tasks and how these changed over the life course is rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of using hist…
The Role of the Environment in Uranium Uptake by Buried Bone
The making of chalcolithic assembly places: Trypillia megasites as materialized consensus among equal strangers
In the last decade, we have witnessed a second methodological revolution in research into the Trypillia megasites of Ukraine – the largest sites in fourth-millennium BC Europe and possibly the world. However, these methodological advances have not been accompanied by parallel advances in the understanding of the nature and development of the megasites. New data have led to a ‘tipping point’ which leads us to reject the traditional interpretation …
Going south of the river: A multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London
Migration to the Medieval Middle East with the Crusades
During the 12th and 13th centuries thousands of people moved from Europe to the Middle East to fight, undertake pilgrimage, or settle and make a new life. The aim of this research is to investigate two populations from the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, by determining who was born in Europe and who came from the Middle East. Oxygen and strontium stable isotope analyses were conducted on the enamel of teeth from skeletal remains excavated from Cru…
Bayesian Analysis of Pleistocene Chronometric Methods
Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates on Holocene archaeological sites has become well established. Application to Pleistocene sites dated by multiple techniques would be advantageous. This paper develops the necessary mathematical apparatus in the form of likelihoods for luminescence dating, and uranium‐series dating, and considers the possibility for amino‐acid racemization dating. Application of the new methods is illustrated using the strati…
The “weanling's dilemma” revisited: Evolving bodies of evidence and the problem of infant paleodietary interpretation
Breastfeeding is known to be a powerful mediator of maternal and childhood health, with impacts throughout the life course. Paleodietary studies of the past 30 years have accordingly taken an enduring interest in the health and diet of young children as a potential indicator of population fertility, subsistence, and mortality patterns. While progress has been made in recent decades toward acknowledging the agency of children, many paleodietary re…
True British sailors’: A comment on the origin of the men of the Mary Rose
A Land of Plenty? Colonial Diet in Rural New Zealand
From the mouths of babes’: A subadult dietary stable isotope perspective on Roman London (Londinium)
Isotopic tracing of the impact of mobility on infectious disease: The origin of people with treponematosis buried in hull, England, in the late medieval period
Treponematosis has been one of the most studied and debated infectious diseases in paleopathology, particularly from the standpoint of its origin, evolution, and transmission. This study links evidence for treponematosis in skeletons from the 14th–16th century AD cemetery of the Augustinian friary of Hull Magistrates Court, England, with data from stable isotope analysis to test the hypothesis that the people with treponemal disease buried at thi…
Childhood in Colonial Otago, New Zealand: Integrating Isotopic and Dental Evidence for Growth Disturbance and Oral Health
Experiences of childhood in colonial New Zealand are difficult to reconstruct from the historical record alone. Many of those who came to the colony were illiterate, and the Victorian tendency to avoid discussion of pregnancy and breastfeeding practices restricts our understanding of this important period. Bioarchaeological investigation, however, has the potential to illuminate the life stories of these first-generation Pākehā (European) settler…
A multifaceted approach towards interpreting early life experience and infant feeding practices in the ancient Atacama Desert, Northern Chile
Interpreting early life experience in the past is of considerable interest to archaeologists, yet remains fraught with difficulty. Children are sensitive barometers of population health in general. In addition, infant feeding practices, and stresses experienced during infancy and childhood, have important effects on adult health and demographic changes. Understanding how diet and physiological stress interact is therefore of significance, but mos…
The Role of the Environment in Uranium Uptake by Buried Bone
Bones and Groundwater: Towards the Modelling of Diagenetic Processes
Measurements and Relationships of Diagenetic Alteration of Bone from Three Archaeological Sites
Comment on “AMS radiocarbon dates from the Predynastic Egyptian Cemetery, N7000, at Naga-ed-Dêr” by S.H. Savage
Uranium-series dating of the Tabun Neanderthal: A Cautionary Note
Settlement and Landscape Development in the Homs Region, Syria: Research Questions, Preliminary Results 1999–2000 and Future Potential
This report describes the results of the first and second seasons of field work by an interdisciplinary research team studying the landscape history of the upper Orontes Valley near Homs in western Syria. Initial discussions address the value of survey data to Syrian archaeology, the research aims of the project and describe the survey area. The project methodology, which includes a combination of both extensive and intensive survey methods, is o…
The survival of organic matter in bone: A review
If bone is considered as a composite of collagen (protein) and bioapatite (mineral), then three pathways of diagenesis are identified: (1) chemical deterioration of the organic phase; (2) chemical deterioration of the mineral phase; and (3) (micro) biological attack of the composite. The first of these three pathways is relatively unusual and will only occur in environments that are geochemically stable for bone mineral. However, because rates of…
Bayesian Approach to Sapwood Estimates and Felling Dates in Dendrochronology
An improved method of generating sapwood estimates for oak is developed. This suggests a revision of the 95% confidence range from 10–40 to 9–36 rings for trees from southern England. Current methods for estimating felling dates on timbers with incomplete sapwood do not generate true 95% confidence limits, and a Bayesian method for deriving such limits is presented. For timbers with no sapwood, the addition of 12 years to the date of the final ri…
The taphonomy of cooked bone: Characterizing boiling and its physico–chemical effects
Cooking is perhaps the most common pre–burial taphonomic transformation that occurs to bone, yet it is still one of the least understood. Little progress has been made in determining a method of identifying cooked bone in the archaeological record, despite its import for various branches of archaeology. This paper attempts to describe boiling in terms of its physico–chemical effects on bone, and uses a suite of diagenetic indicators to do this. I…
Investigating population movement by stable isotope analysis: A report from Britain
Stable isotopes present in local ground water get into people's teeth before they are 12 years old, and act as a signature to the area where they grew up (and drank the water). In a review of recent work in Britain the authors show the huge potential of this method for detecting population movement - and thus ultimately for investigating questions of migration, exogamy and slavery
Bayesian Analysis of Pleistocene Chronometric Methods
Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates on Holocene archaeological sites has become well established. Application to Pleistocene sites dated by multiple techniques would be advantageous. This paper develops the necessary mathematical apparatus in the form of likelihoods for luminescence dating, and uranium‐series dating, and considers the possibility for amino‐acid racemization dating. Application of the new methods is illustrated using the strati…
Organizing Committees
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A critique of the chronometric evidence for hominid fossils: I. Africa and the Near East 500-50ka
True British sailors’: A comment on the origin of the men of the Mary Rose [Journal of Archaeological Science Vol. 36, Issue 11]
True British sailors’: A comment on the origin of the men of the Mary Rose
A Late Neolithic Palisaded Enclosure at Marne Barracks, Catterick, North Yorkshire
An open-area excavation conducted in advance of development at Marne Barracks, Catterick, in 2004 identified a relatively rare Late Neolithic ‘palisaded’ enclosure and other features. Approximately 55% of the enclosure was exposed. It consisted of two concentric sub-circular palisades with diameters up to 175 m and 200 m respectively. Each palisade consisted of a double circuit of posts, with the posts being c. 1 m apart from centre to centre. Ma…
Migration to the Medieval Middle East with the Crusades
During the 12th and 13th centuries thousands of people moved from Europe to the Middle East to fight, undertake pilgrimage, or settle and make a new life. The aim of this research is to investigate two populations from the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, by determining who was born in Europe and who came from the Middle East. Oxygen and strontium stable isotope analyses were conducted on the enamel of teeth from skeletal remains excavated from Cru…
Isotopic Investigation of Diet and Residential Mobility in the Neolithic of the Lower Rhine Basin
Multiple isotopic systems (C, N, O, S, Sr, Pb) are applied to investigate diet and mobility amongst the Middle Neolithic populations at Schipluiden and Swifterbant (Netherlands). A review of carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of European Mesolithic and Neolithic populations shows a shift in diet from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic, but also great variety in Neolithic diets, several of which incorporate fish. At Swifterbant ( c. 4300–4000 BC) t…
A regional investigation of subadult dietary patterns and health in late Iron Age and Roman Dorset, England
Anglo-Saxon origins investigated by isotopic analysis of burials from Berinsfield, Oxfordshire, UK
Isotopic tracing of the impact of mobility on infectious disease: The origin of people with treponematosis buried in hull, England, in the late medieval period
Treponematosis has been one of the most studied and debated infectious diseases in paleopathology, particularly from the standpoint of its origin, evolution, and transmission. This study links evidence for treponematosis in skeletons from the 14th–16th century AD cemetery of the Augustinian friary of Hull Magistrates Court, England, with data from stable isotope analysis to test the hypothesis that the people with treponemal disease buried at thi…
Isotopic Investigation of Animal Husbandry in the Welsh and English Periods at Dryslwyn Castle, Carmarthenshire, Wales
Dryslwyn Castle in southwest Wales was founded by a Welsh lord in the AD 1220s, captured by the English in 1287, and declined from c.1407 until it was abandoned c.1450. In contrast to historical evidence for changes in procurement of meat, previous zooarchaeological work has suggested that throughout these three periods, there was no change in the supply of animals. We have analysed the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of 20 cattle and 2…
Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes
Identified skeletal collections have been widely used to test methods for recording entheseal changes (EC). These studies have all used the occupation provided with the death certificate or equivalent as the occupation during life. However, the variety of tasks undertaken within occupations, the range of occupational tasks and how these changed over the life course is rarely discussed. The aim of this paper is to highlight the value of using hist…
Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals (FRUITS): A Bayesian Model for Diet Reconstruction
Human and animal diet reconstruction studies that rely on tissue chemical signatures aim at providing estimates on the relative intake of potential food groups. However, several sources of uncertainty need to be considered when handling data. Bayesian mixing models provide a natural platform to handle diverse sources of uncertainty while allowing the user to contribute with prior expert information. The Bayesian mixing model FRUITS (Food Reconstr…
Conventions for Reporting Radiocarbon Determinations
Current conventions for reporting radiocarbon determinations do not cover the reporting of calibrated dates. This article proposes revised conventions that have been endorsed by many 14 C scientists. For every determination included in a scientific paper, the following should apply: (1) the laboratory measurement should be reported as a conventional radiocarbon age in 14 C yr BP or a fractionation-corrected fraction modern (F 14 C) value; (2) the…
Archaeology (42 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (42 works) · Geography (41 works) · Demography (27 works) · Population (26 works) · History (25 works) · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (22 works) · Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies (22 works) · Biology (20 works) · Sociology (19 works)