Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Philip Brenner

Biographic Data

ID143390
NAMEPhilip Brenner
GIVEN NAMESPhilip
FAMILY NAMEBrenner
SIGNATUREBRENNER P
AFFILIATIONSAmerican University
ORCID0000-0001-5266-6144
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS33
TOTAL CITATIONS24
AUTHOR COUNT33
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1974
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2025
H-INDEX3
  • Only a Few Blocks to Cuba: Cold War Refugee Policy, the Cuban Diaspora, and the Transformations of Miami

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2025

  • Ada Ferrer. Cuba: An American History

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•The American Historical Review•2022

    Cuban history has been a notoriously difficult subject for contemporary scholars to write about dispassionately, especially for those from Cuba and the United States. Ada Ferrer sought to overcome this hurdle by writing what could be called a human history. Inspired by scholars such as Howard Zinn and Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Cuba: An American History deftly traverses five hundred years of the country’s history with a granularity that highlights both…

  • From Confrontation to Negotiation: U.S. Relations with Cuba

    Philip Brenner•BOOK•From Confrontation to Negotiation•2019

    Nearly thirty years have passed since the United States first attempted to overthrow the fledgling Castro government. Despite enormous changes in the hemisphere, significant developments in the nature of Cuba's international relations, and an end to the cold war consensus in the United States that quietly sanctioned interference in and obstruction of Third World politics, U.S. policy toward Cuba has changed very little: It still embodies the fail…

  • Diplomacy Meets Migration: US Relations with Cuba during the Cold War, by Hideaki Kami

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe…•2019

  • Cuba 2017: The End of an Era

    Open Access•Teresa García Castro, Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Revista de ciencia política•2018

    In 2017, Cuba prepared itself for a momentous change that was coming in 2018: the first time in 59 years that a Castro would not be leading the government. No one expects Miguel Díaz-Canel BermÃodez, whom the National Assembly elected as Cuba's president in April 2018, to chart a course dramatically different from the one President RaÃol Castro had established. However, given the economic, demographic, and international political challenges Cuba …

  • Cuba's Revolutionary World

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•The Journal of Interdisciplinary…•2018•References: 1

    During two meetings with President John F. Kennedy in 1961, Argentine President Arturo Frondizi beseeched the U.S. leader to cease his campaign to remove Cuba from the Organization of American States (oas). Though Frondizi was viewed as the young American president’s best friend among Latin American leaders, Kennedy pursued his obsession by pressuring a two-thirds majority to suspend Cuba’s oas membership in January 1962. Shortly afterward, Argen…

  • A Long Legacy of Distrust and the Future of Cuban-US Relations

    Philip Brenner, Teresa García Castro•ARTICLE•Social research•2017

    A Long Legacy of Distrust and the Future of Cuban-US Relations Philip Brenner (bio) and Teresa García Castro (bio) in 1975, the us house of representatives' committee on foreign Affairs changed its name to the Committee on International Relations. Its members reasoned that "relations" are more serious than "affairs." Indeed, the term "affairs" suggests a superficial interaction with one or two dimensions. "Relations" suggests that the parties int…

  • Rivalry and Alliance Politics in Cold War Latin America - by Darnton, Christopher

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Bulletin of Latin American Research•2017

  • Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations between Washington and Havana

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Political Science Quarterly•2016

    With impeccable timing, the University of North Carolina Press published William M. LeoGrande and Peter Kornbluh’s masterful account of U.S.–Cuban relations on the eve of the December 2014 announcement that the two countries would be resuming diplomatic relations. (An updated paperback edition published in November 2015 includes an epilogue about the negotiations that led up to the announcement.) The authors use the myriad negotiations in which t…

  • Leonard Ray Teel. Reporting the Cuban Revolution: How Castro Manipulated American Journalists

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•The American Historical Review•2016

    Reporting the Cuban Revolution: How Castro Manipulated American Journalists is a lively account of the struggle in 1957 and 1958 to overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. It focuses on thirteen foreign correspondents to whom Cuba awarded gold medals in April 1959 for their support of the revolution. Leonard Ray Teel argues that their reporting on Fidel Castro and his 26th of July Movement “misinformed the public and misled Congress and …

  • Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959-1971

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2014•Cited by: 2

    Journal Article Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971 Get access Lillian Guerra. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. xviii, 467 pp. $55.00.) Journal of American History, Volume 100, Issue 4, March 2014, Pages 1291–1292, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jau143 Published: 01 March 2014

  • Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976-1991

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Hispanic American Historical Review•2014

    Eagerly awaited by scholars of Cuban foreign policy, African politics, and US-Cuban relations, the second volume of Piero Gleijeses's study of Cuba's engagement in Africa during the Cold War does not disappoint. While not quite a tour de force, Visions of Freedom provides the most thoroughly researched and detailed account of the conflicts in southern Africa during a critical 15-year period that led to relatively stable postcolonial regimes and a…

  • Washington e a ordem hemisférica: Explicações Para a Continuidade Em Meio À Mudança

    Open Access•Philip Brenner, Eric Hershberg•ARTICLE•Lua Nova Revista de Cultura e…•2013•Cited by: 3•References: 3

    O artigo analisa os principais fatores que moldam as políticas dos Estados Unidos para assuntos hemisféricos no século XXI, situando-os historicamente no contexto das relações entre esse país e a América Latina. Enfatiza-se o papel dos Estados Unidos na liderança regional, nos laços com determinados países e sub-regiões, e aborda-se a resposta de Washington à proliferação de instituições regionais e a concorrência que podem fazer à Organização do…

  • The Power of Metaphor: Explaining U.S. Policy toward Cuba

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Diplomatic History•2010

    Louis Pérez has given us an indispensable study of U.S. policy towards Cuba. Cuba in the American Imagination is a necessary preface for all other analyses of the subject. It does not replace the wealth of studies that have illuminated a variety of explanations for U.S. policy or U.S.-Cuban relations. But his latest book does provide the context for these other analyses, by exposing the core assumptions on which U.S. policies towards Cuba have re…

  • David and Gulliver: Fifty Years of Competing Metaphors in the Cuban–United States Relationship

    Philip Brenner, Soraya Castro•ARTICLE•Diplomacy and Statecraft•2009•Cited by: 1

    The national narratives Cuba and the United States have constructed about their relationship since 1959 reflect the enormous differences in size, power, and wealth of the two countries. Cuban leaders often characterize the relationship with the metaphor of David and Goliath, which conveys the image of a small, valiant defender facing an enormous aggressor. American leaders invoke images of Gulliver and the Lilliputians, in which the giant is beni…

  • U.S. Relations with Latin America during the Clinton Years: Opportunities Lost or Opportunities Squandered

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Hispanic American Historical Review•2008

    President Bill Clinton made his first official visit to Latin America in December 2004, when he attended the Summit of the Americas. Notably, the meeting was held in Miami, Florida, which the president seemed to believe was the capital of Latin America. As David Scott Palmer recounts in this balanced, useful, and readable review of the Clinton administration’s policy toward Latin America, Clinton did not actually set foot in a Latin American coun…

  • U.S. Policy on Cuba Beyond the Last Gasp

    Philip Brenner, Marguerite Jimenez•ARTICLE•NACLA Report on the Americas•2006

  • The Real Fidel Castro

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Hispanic American Historical Review•2005

    We learn very little that is new from this biography of Cuba’s aging leader, written by Britain’s ambassador to the island in the early 1990s. At best, one might be able to speculate on the kind of distortions Leycester Coltman reported to the Foreign Office about Cuba as it endured tumultuous and extraordinary changes during his tenure as London’s man in Havana. The revolutionary regime had to restructure fundamentally its economy and global mar…

  • The Confluence of Domestic and International Interests: U.S. Policy Toward Cuba, 1998-2001

    Philip Brenner, Patrick J Haney et al.•ARTICLE•International Studies Perspectives•2002•Cited by: 6•References: 5

    This article examines the confluence of forces at work to shape U.S. policy toward Cuba since the late 1990s. Our approach examines four key factors involved in policymaking toward Cuba in this period: (1) the entry of new interest groups into the Cuba policy process and an “entrepreneurial” Congress; (2) the executive’s constitutionally based interests; (3) bureaucratic interests; and (4) pressure from outside the United States. We examine U.S.–…

  • Washington Loosens the Knot (Just a Little)

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•NACLA Report on the Americas•1999

    Additional informationNotes on contributorsPhilip BrennerPhilip Brenner is professor of international relations at American University, Washington, D.C. He was assisted in the research for this article by Amy Luinstra

  • In Brief

    Patricia Verdugo, Carmelo Ruiz et al.•ARTICLE•NACLA Report on the Americas•1999

  • More than just a came

    Open Access•Paula Pettavino, Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Peace Review•1999

    As negotiations over the March 1999 exhibition game in Havana neared their end, the New York Times speculated that the Baltimore Orioles might not send its best players to compete against the Cuban national baseball team. But an observer close to the team bluntly nipped this notion in the bud: "They aren't interested in losing." The high quality of Cuba's baseball team was hardly news. Even non‐sports enthusiasts know that U.S. professional teams…

  • The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House during the Cuban Missile Crisis

    Philip Brenner, Ernest R May et al.•ARTICLE•The New England Quarterly•1998

  • Clinton’s Cuba Calculus

    Philip Brenner, Peter Kornbluh•ARTICLE•NACLA Report on the Americas•1995

    For most of Clinton’s tenure, a sensible Cuba policy -one that simply reflects legitimate U.S. foreign-policy goalshas been held hostage to two domestic political concerns: money and votes

  • The House Divided: "Ideological Polarization over Aid to the Nicaraguan "Contras

    Open Access•William M Leogrande, Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Legislative Studies Quarterly•1993•Cited by: 10•References: 29

    This study analyzes voting patterns in the House of Representatives on aid to the Nicaraguan contras during the 98th, 99th, and 100th Congresses, in order to examine three theoretical issues: the importance of ideology as a determinant of congressional voting behavior, the relative importance of conversion and member replacement in explaining congressional policy shifts, and the impact of changes in contextual factors on members' voting decisions…

Next
  • The House Divided: "Ideological Polarization over Aid to the Nicaraguan "Contras

    Open Access•William M Leogrande, Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Legislative Studies Quarterly•1993•Cited by: 10•References: 29

    This study analyzes voting patterns in the House of Representatives on aid to the Nicaraguan contras during the 98th, 99th, and 100th Congresses, in order to examine three theoretical issues: the importance of ideology as a determinant of congressional voting behavior, the relative importance of conversion and member replacement in explaining congressional policy shifts, and the impact of changes in contextual factors on members' voting decisions…

  • The Confluence of Domestic and International Interests: U.S. Policy Toward Cuba, 1998-2001

    Philip Brenner, Patrick J Haney et al.•ARTICLE•International Studies Perspectives•2002•Cited by: 6•References: 5

    This article examines the confluence of forces at work to shape U.S. policy toward Cuba since the late 1990s. Our approach examines four key factors involved in policymaking toward Cuba in this period: (1) the entry of new interest groups into the Cuba policy process and an “entrepreneurial” Congress; (2) the executive’s constitutionally based interests; (3) bureaucratic interests; and (4) pressure from outside the United States. We examine U.S.–…

  • Washington e a ordem hemisférica: Explicações Para a Continuidade Em Meio À Mudança

    Open Access•Philip Brenner, Eric Hershberg•ARTICLE•Lua Nova Revista de Cultura e…•2013•Cited by: 3•References: 3

    O artigo analisa os principais fatores que moldam as políticas dos Estados Unidos para assuntos hemisféricos no século XXI, situando-os historicamente no contexto das relações entre esse país e a América Latina. Enfatiza-se o papel dos Estados Unidos na liderança regional, nos laços com determinados países e sub-regiões, e aborda-se a resposta de Washington à proliferação de instituições regionais e a concorrência que podem fazer à Organização do…

  • Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959-1971

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2014•Cited by: 2

    Journal Article Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971 Get access Lillian Guerra. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. xviii, 467 pp. $55.00.) Journal of American History, Volume 100, Issue 4, March 2014, Pages 1291–1292, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jau143 Published: 01 March 2014

  • Cuba and the Missile Crisis

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Journal of Latin American Studies•1990•Cited by: 2•References: 10

    On 16 October 1962, President John F. Kennedy learned that the Soviet Union was building bases in Cuba for ballistic missiles that could destroy major US cities. In the days that followed, US officials focused nearly all their attention on strategies for removing the Soviet missiles, on Soviet motives, and on the Soviet Union's reaction to the naval quarantine. Cuba was the locus of this most dramatic superpower confrontation, but Cuban perceptio…

  • David and Gulliver: Fifty Years of Competing Metaphors in the Cuban–United States Relationship

    Philip Brenner, Soraya Castro•ARTICLE•Diplomacy and Statecraft•2009•Cited by: 1

    The national narratives Cuba and the United States have constructed about their relationship since 1959 reflect the enormous differences in size, power, and wealth of the two countries. Cuban leaders often characterize the relationship with the metaphor of David and Goliath, which conveys the image of a small, valiant defender facing an enormous aggressor. American leaders invoke images of Gulliver and the Lilliputians, in which the giant is beni…

  • Committee Conflict in the Congressional Arena

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•The Annals of the American…•1974

    When congressmen engage in conflict can their behavior be explained by their objective interests as elite decision makers in our society? Congressional conflict can have the consequence of encouraging participation by outsiders, because conflict is contagious. As decision makers, congressmen eschew uncontrollable interference with their deliberations. Conflict can also arouse an interest which is antagonistic to the hierarchic structure of Americ…

  • The Limits and Possibilities of Congress

    Gaddis Smith, Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Foreign Affairs•1983

  • From Confrontation to Negotiation: U.S. Relations with Cuba

    Abraham F Lowenthal, Philip Brenner et al.•ARTICLE•Foreign Affairs•1988

  • From confrontation to negotiation: U.S. relations with Cuba

    Philip Brenner•BOOK•From confrontation to negotiation•1988

  • Africa, Asia, and Latin America

    Open Access•Susan Elizabeth Ramírez, Philip Brenner et al.•ARTICLE•The Annals of the American…•1989

  • From Confrontation to Negotiation: US Relations with Cuba

    Tony Kapcia, Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Bulletin of Latin American Research•1990

  • Cuba and the Missile Crisis

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Journal of Latin American Studies•1990•Cited by: 2•References: 10

    On 16 October 1962, President John F. Kennedy learned that the Soviet Union was building bases in Cuba for ballistic missiles that could destroy major US cities. In the days that followed, US officials focused nearly all their attention on strategies for removing the Soviet missiles, on Soviet motives, and on the Soviet Union's reaction to the naval quarantine. Cuba was the locus of this most dramatic superpower confrontation, but Cuban perceptio…

  • Activities and Appointments

    Open Access•Elias Bravo, Uday Desai et al.•ARTICLE•PS Political Science & Politics•1991

    An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button

  • The House Divided: "Ideological Polarization over Aid to the Nicaraguan "Contras

    Open Access•William M Leogrande, Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Legislative Studies Quarterly•1993•Cited by: 10•References: 29

    This study analyzes voting patterns in the House of Representatives on aid to the Nicaraguan contras during the 98th, 99th, and 100th Congresses, in order to examine three theoretical issues: the importance of ideology as a determinant of congressional voting behavior, the relative importance of conversion and member replacement in explaining congressional policy shifts, and the impact of changes in contextual factors on members' voting decisions…

  • Clinton’s Cuba Calculus

    Philip Brenner, Peter Kornbluh•ARTICLE•NACLA Report on the Americas•1995

    For most of Clinton’s tenure, a sensible Cuba policy -one that simply reflects legitimate U.S. foreign-policy goalshas been held hostage to two domestic political concerns: money and votes

  • The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House during the Cuban Missile Crisis

    Philip Brenner, Ernest R May et al.•ARTICLE•The New England Quarterly•1998

  • Washington Loosens the Knot (Just a Little)

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•NACLA Report on the Americas•1999

    Additional informationNotes on contributorsPhilip BrennerPhilip Brenner is professor of international relations at American University, Washington, D.C. He was assisted in the research for this article by Amy Luinstra

  • In Brief

    Patricia Verdugo, Carmelo Ruiz et al.•ARTICLE•NACLA Report on the Americas•1999

  • More than just a came

    Open Access•Paula Pettavino, Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Peace Review•1999

    As negotiations over the March 1999 exhibition game in Havana neared their end, the New York Times speculated that the Baltimore Orioles might not send its best players to compete against the Cuban national baseball team. But an observer close to the team bluntly nipped this notion in the bud: "They aren't interested in losing." The high quality of Cuba's baseball team was hardly news. Even non‐sports enthusiasts know that U.S. professional teams…

  • The Confluence of Domestic and International Interests: U.S. Policy Toward Cuba, 1998-2001

    Philip Brenner, Patrick J Haney et al.•ARTICLE•International Studies Perspectives•2002•Cited by: 6•References: 5

    This article examines the confluence of forces at work to shape U.S. policy toward Cuba since the late 1990s. Our approach examines four key factors involved in policymaking toward Cuba in this period: (1) the entry of new interest groups into the Cuba policy process and an “entrepreneurial” Congress; (2) the executive’s constitutionally based interests; (3) bureaucratic interests; and (4) pressure from outside the United States. We examine U.S.–…

  • The Real Fidel Castro

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Hispanic American Historical Review•2005

    We learn very little that is new from this biography of Cuba’s aging leader, written by Britain’s ambassador to the island in the early 1990s. At best, one might be able to speculate on the kind of distortions Leycester Coltman reported to the Foreign Office about Cuba as it endured tumultuous and extraordinary changes during his tenure as London’s man in Havana. The revolutionary regime had to restructure fundamentally its economy and global mar…

  • U.S. Policy on Cuba Beyond the Last Gasp

    Philip Brenner, Marguerite Jimenez•ARTICLE•NACLA Report on the Americas•2006

  • U.S. Relations with Latin America during the Clinton Years: Opportunities Lost or Opportunities Squandered

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Hispanic American Historical Review•2008

    President Bill Clinton made his first official visit to Latin America in December 2004, when he attended the Summit of the Americas. Notably, the meeting was held in Miami, Florida, which the president seemed to believe was the capital of Latin America. As David Scott Palmer recounts in this balanced, useful, and readable review of the Clinton administration’s policy toward Latin America, Clinton did not actually set foot in a Latin American coun…

  • David and Gulliver: Fifty Years of Competing Metaphors in the Cuban–United States Relationship

    Philip Brenner, Soraya Castro•ARTICLE•Diplomacy and Statecraft•2009•Cited by: 1

    The national narratives Cuba and the United States have constructed about their relationship since 1959 reflect the enormous differences in size, power, and wealth of the two countries. Cuban leaders often characterize the relationship with the metaphor of David and Goliath, which conveys the image of a small, valiant defender facing an enormous aggressor. American leaders invoke images of Gulliver and the Lilliputians, in which the giant is beni…

  • The Power of Metaphor: Explaining U.S. Policy toward Cuba

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Diplomatic History•2010

    Louis Pérez has given us an indispensable study of U.S. policy towards Cuba. Cuba in the American Imagination is a necessary preface for all other analyses of the subject. It does not replace the wealth of studies that have illuminated a variety of explanations for U.S. policy or U.S.-Cuban relations. But his latest book does provide the context for these other analyses, by exposing the core assumptions on which U.S. policies towards Cuba have re…

  • Washington e a ordem hemisférica: Explicações Para a Continuidade Em Meio À Mudança

    Open Access•Philip Brenner, Eric Hershberg•ARTICLE•Lua Nova Revista de Cultura e…•2013•Cited by: 3•References: 3

    O artigo analisa os principais fatores que moldam as políticas dos Estados Unidos para assuntos hemisféricos no século XXI, situando-os historicamente no contexto das relações entre esse país e a América Latina. Enfatiza-se o papel dos Estados Unidos na liderança regional, nos laços com determinados países e sub-regiões, e aborda-se a resposta de Washington à proliferação de instituições regionais e a concorrência que podem fazer à Organização do…

  • Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959-1971

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2014•Cited by: 2

    Journal Article Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971 Get access Lillian Guerra. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. xviii, 467 pp. $55.00.) Journal of American History, Volume 100, Issue 4, March 2014, Pages 1291–1292, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jau143 Published: 01 March 2014

  • Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976-1991

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Hispanic American Historical Review•2014

    Eagerly awaited by scholars of Cuban foreign policy, African politics, and US-Cuban relations, the second volume of Piero Gleijeses's study of Cuba's engagement in Africa during the Cold War does not disappoint. While not quite a tour de force, Visions of Freedom provides the most thoroughly researched and detailed account of the conflicts in southern Africa during a critical 15-year period that led to relatively stable postcolonial regimes and a…

  • Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations between Washington and Havana

    Open Access•Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•Political Science Quarterly•2016

    With impeccable timing, the University of North Carolina Press published William M. LeoGrande and Peter Kornbluh’s masterful account of U.S.–Cuban relations on the eve of the December 2014 announcement that the two countries would be resuming diplomatic relations. (An updated paperback edition published in November 2015 includes an epilogue about the negotiations that led up to the announcement.) The authors use the myriad negotiations in which t…

  • Leonard Ray Teel. Reporting the Cuban Revolution: How Castro Manipulated American Journalists

    Philip Brenner•ARTICLE•The American Historical Review•2016

    Reporting the Cuban Revolution: How Castro Manipulated American Journalists is a lively account of the struggle in 1957 and 1958 to overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. It focuses on thirteen foreign correspondents to whom Cuba awarded gold medals in April 1959 for their support of the revolution. Leonard Ray Teel argues that their reporting on Fidel Castro and his 26th of July Movement “misinformed the public and misled Congress and …

Political science (29 works) · Cuban History and Society (18 works) · Law (18 works) · History (16 works) · Politics (13 works) · Sociology (12 works) · Economic history (11 works) · Law (10 works) · History (9 works) · Economics (4 works)

Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae