Andrea Carnaghi
Biographic Data
| ID | 143973 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Andrea Carnaghi |
| GIVEN NAMES | Andrea |
| FAMILY NAME | Carnaghi |
| SIGNATURE | CARNAGHI A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Trieste |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5852-5534 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 205 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 39 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Sexual Orientation Stereotyping of Race Categories Referring to Men, and Vice Versa: An Intersectional Analysis in the Italian Context
We employed a multi-method approach to assess both stereotypes related to male race and male sexual orientation, and then analyzed how race stereotypes applied to sexual orientation categories and vice versa. Results from Study 1−3 a-b ( N = 552), along with internal meta-analyses, showed that White, Black, and Asian men were more strongly stereotyped as heterosexual than gay. This pattern was equally strong for White and Black men but weaker for…
Marginalizing Black Gay Men in Anti-Racism and Anti-Homophobia Leadership
Bridging the Model of Intersectional Invisibility and the Role Congruity Theory, we hypothesized that Black gay men were overlooked as leaders in both anti-racism advocacy groups, where Black heterosexual men were preferred, and in anti-homophobia groups, where White gay men were favored. In three studies ( N = 512), White heterosexual participants allocated two funds, one addressing racism and one addressing homophobia, to one of four advocacy g…
Expectations of middle school children's academic performance in STEM and the Humanities: The effects of genetic and environmental frameworks
This research investigated how genetic versus environmental explanatory frameworks influence expectations about children's development of skills in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and Humanities domains when both frameworks are cognitively available. Across four studies (N = 1835), we employed a novel paradigm using gestational surrogacy scenarios to manipulate the salience of genetic (donors’ educational background) and …
Does Touch Bring Us Closer? Exploring the Role of Physical Contact in Intergroup Contexts
The role of physical contact (PC) (e.g., touch) in interpersonal relationships is well documented, yet its effects in intergroup contexts remain underinvestigated. We examine whether positive intergroup physical contact (IPC) enhances perceived closeness with out‐group members, measured as inclusion of the out‐group in the self (IOS), and test its mediating role in improving intergroup attitudes. In Study 1 (longitudinal; N = 550), PC with foreig…
Exploring Peer Influence on Adolescents' Exposure to and Engagement With Online Hate Speech: The Mediational Role of Perceived Peers' Social Norms
In a sample of 438 adolescents, we found that greater exposure to online hate speech was associated with higher levels of both support for and engagement in such behaviour. This relationship was mediated by perceived injunctive and descriptive norms. The mediating effect of perceived descriptive norms was amplified when participants appraised online hate speech as low in offensiveness. Findings provide insights for prevention programs
Folk devils? Perceived lack of traditional values explains youth-related stereotypes of sexual minorities and Black men
An Intersectional Perspective on Age Stereotypes: Bisexual and Gay Men are Stereotyped as Younger than Heterosexual Men Even When Aging
We analyzed the age stereotypes of heterosexual, gay, and bisexual men and the implications of such stereotypes for the conceptualization of older gay and bisexual men, specifically. In Study 1a (N = 158) and 1b (N = 155), we found that compared to heterosexual men, participants stereotyped gay men more on young- than elderly-stereotypical traits. Participants represented bisexual men not as "somewhere in between" the stereotypes about heterosexu…
A Cognitive Look at the “Invisibility” of Older Gay Men Within the Categories ‘Gay Man’ and ‘Elderly Man’
Two studies analyzed whether, at the cognitive level, ‘Elderly gay man’ is “invisible” both when processing the labels ‘Gay man’ and ‘Elderly man’. We suggest that ‘Gay man’ is conflated with ‘Young man’, and that ‘Elderly man’ is conflated with ‘Heterosexual man’. Contact with elderly gay men did not alter the perception of ‘Gay man’ as prevalently young but weakened the perception of ‘Elderly man’ as heterosexual by default
Migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees: Different labels for immigrants influence attitudes through perceived benefits in nine countries
The world is witnessing the highest level of displacement of people on record. Public discourse often uses labels to describe people on the move such as ‘migrants’, ‘asylum seekers’, or ‘refugees’ interchangeably. A preregistered study in nine countries (Australia, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom; N = 2844) tested experimentally the effect of these three labels on attitudes towards…
From self to ingroup reclaiming of homophobic epithets: A replication and extension of Galinsky et al.'s (2013) model of reappropriation
Reappropration of derogatory group labels by minority members is a coping strategy against stigmatisation. The aim of this research is twofold. First, we intend to replicate Galinsky et al.'s findings (2013), suggesting that self-labelling (i.e., the self-referential use of a derogatory group label), compared to outgroup-labelling (i.e., the use of a derogatory group label by an outgroup member), enhances self-power and positively reframes the la…
Age stereotyping of gay and heterosexual men: Why does a minority sexual orientation blur the age of old men, in particular
This research examined age stereotyping of male individuals displaying intersectional memberships stemming from the combination of age (Young vs. Elderly) and sexual orientation categories (Gay vs. Heterosexual). We found that the age stereotypes of ‘Elderly gay men’ were blurred: ‘Elderly gay men’ were stereotyped less on elderly‐ and more on young‐stereotypical traits than both ‘Elderly heterosexual men’ (Study 1) and ‘Elderly men’ (Studies 2–4…
The “gay agenda: ” How the myth of gay affluence impedes the progress toward equality
Despite the fact that gay men and lesbian women face significant economic disparities compared to their heterosexual counterparts, people appear to believe that the opposite is true, a phenomenon which has been dubbed the “myth of gay affluence.” In the current research ( N tot = 2,162), we address the consequences of this belief. Specifically, we hypothesize and find that believing that gay men and lesbian women are financially well off—either c…
Reduced shared emotional representations toward women revealing more skin
Extensive experimental research has been conducted to investigate how individuals empathise with others depending on contextual and motivational factors. However, the effect of sexual objectification (i.e. focus on the individual's physical appearance over his/her mental state) on empathy is scarce at best thus far. The aim of this work is to shed light on whether objectification modulates empathic responses toward humans and human-like objects. …
No country for old gay men: Age and sexuality category intersection renders older gay men invisible
Four studies analyzed how sexual orientation (heterosexual vs. gay) and age categories (young vs. elderly) referring to men are cognitively combined. In Study 1, young gay men were judged as more prototypical of gay men than adult or elderly gay men, while young, adult, and elderly heterosexual men were perceived as equally prototypical of heterosexual men. In Study 2, gay men were stereotyped more by young rather than elderly stereotypical trait…
The relationship between Instagram activity and female body concerns: The serial mediating role of appearance‐related comparisons and internalization of beauty norms
Recent research showed that body image concerns (i.e., drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction) may be associated with exposure to images on social networking sites. We analysed this relationship by taking into account the possible mediating role of both the appearance‐related comparisons (i.e., the comparison with others on a specific dimension) and the internalization of beauty standards (i.e., the acceptance of the predominant physical‐att…
Cyberbullying through the lens of social influence: Predicting cyberbullying perpetration from perceived peer-norm, cyberspace regulations and ingroup processes
Does Sex Really Sell? Paradoxical Effects of Sexualization in Advertising on Product Attractiveness and Purchase Intentions
To test the “sex sells” assumption, we examined how Italian men and women react to sexualized advertising. Women showed lower product attractiveness and purchase intentions toward products presented with sexualized female models than with neutral ads, whereas men were unaffected by ads’ sexualization (Study 1, n = 251). Study 2 ( n = 197) replicated the overall results. Study 3 ( n = 198) tested hostile sexism as a moderator as well as negative e…
On the Origin of Beliefs about the Sexual Orientation and Gender-role Development of Children Raised by Gay-male and Heterosexual Parents: An Italian Study
In three studies, heterosexual participants were presented with descriptions of heterosexual and gay-male parents. Importantly, the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male parents was experimentally manipulated, resulting in their level of gender-role conformity ranging from high to low. Compared to the son of a heterosexual couple, the son of all gay-male couples had a lower expected likelihood of developing as heterosexual. This result …
Extrapolating stereotypical information on sexual orientation from race categories: The case of Black and Asian men
The current research analyzed whether race categories concerning Black and Asian men could lead to extrapolative inferences concerning the sexual orientation of these category members (i.e., ESOS, extrapolative sexual orientation stereotyping). Study 1 assessed perceived cultural-based ESOS and showed that Black men, compared to Asian men, were thought to be more heterosexual than gay men. Study 2 assessed participants’ own ESOS and showed that B…
On the Descriptive and Expressive Function of Derogatory Group Labels: An Experimental Test
By using a pseudoword paradigm, we tested whether derogatory labels (e.g., pejorative labels addressing group members) differed from category labels and general slur in their descriptive (i.e., pointing to group membership) and expressive functions (i.e., perceived offensiveness and social acceptability). Results indicated that derogatory labels were similar to category labels in their descriptive function, and had higher expressive function than…
"Sounding Gay, Speaking as a "Fag: Auditory Gaydar and the Perception of Reclaimed Homophobic Language
Reclaiming implies that homophobic labels used by gay individuals are perceived as less offensive and their use as empowering speakers. We examined whether listeners in Italy and Britain perceived homophobic labels as "reclaimed" when men's voices implied their homosexuality. Gay and straight male speakers used neutral or homophobic labels referring to themselves or another. Homophobic labels were offensive when used by straight speakers and when…
Individual and Contextual Factors Associated with School Staff Responses to Homophobic Bullying
Within-person and between-people variability in personality dynamics: Knowledge structures, self-efficacy, pleasure appraisals, and the Big Five
The Impact of Homophobic Labels on the Internalized Homophobia and Body Image of Gay Men: The Moderation Role of Coming-Out
This study investigates whether homophobic labels and category-neutral terms are differently appraised as a function of levels of coming-out. After reporting their coming-out status, participants were exposed to either homophobic or category labels and reported their semantic associations, level of internalized homophobia, and body perceptions. Results show that labels were more positively evaluated as participants' coming-out increased. High-com…
Not “just words”: Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men
We examined whether homophobic epithets (e.g., faggot ) function as labels of deviance for homosexuals that contribute to their dehumanization and physical distance. Across two studies, participants were supraliminally (Study 1) and subliminally (Study 2) exposed to a homophobic epithet, a category label, or a generic insult. Participants were then asked to associate human‐related and animal‐related words to homosexuals and heterosexuals. Results…
Masculine self-presentation and distancing from femininity in gay men: An experimental examination of the role of masculinity threat
There is evidence that discrimination directed toward gay men from some heterosexual men is partially driven by heterosexual men attempting to distance themselves from gay men’s perceived femininity. There is also evidence that many gay men wish they were more masculine than they currently are and will distance themselves from other gay men perceived as being feminine. This persisting stereotype that gay men are insufficiently masculine was theor…
Nomina sunt omina: On the inductive potential of nouns and adjectives in person perception
Six studies (N = 491) investigated the inductive potential of nouns versus adjectives in person perception. In the first 5 studies, targets were either described by an adjective (e.g., Mark is homosexual) or by the corresponding noun (e.g., Mark is a homosexual) or by both (Study 3). The authors predicted and found that nouns, more so than adjectives, (a) facilitate descriptor-congruent inferences but inhibit incongruent inferences (Studies 1-3),…
In-Group and Out-Group Perspectives in the Use of Derogatory Group Labels: Gay Versus Fag
This research investigates whether derogatory group labels ( fag, fairy) elicit different automatic reactions than do category labels ( gay, homosexual). In a study ( N = 55), involving both heterosexual and homosexual participants, the authors investigated the effects of subliminally represented derogatory versus category labels on the recognition of positive and negative traits that were stereotypical, counterstereotypical, or irrelevant to the…
Not “just words”: Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men
We examined whether homophobic epithets (e.g., faggot ) function as labels of deviance for homosexuals that contribute to their dehumanization and physical distance. Across two studies, participants were supraliminally (Study 1) and subliminally (Study 2) exposed to a homophobic epithet, a category label, or a generic insult. Participants were then asked to associate human‐related and animal‐related words to homosexuals and heterosexuals. Results…
No country for old gay men: Age and sexuality category intersection renders older gay men invisible
Four studies analyzed how sexual orientation (heterosexual vs. gay) and age categories (young vs. elderly) referring to men are cognitively combined. In Study 1, young gay men were judged as more prototypical of gay men than adult or elderly gay men, while young, adult, and elderly heterosexual men were perceived as equally prototypical of heterosexual men. In Study 2, gay men were stereotyped more by young rather than elderly stereotypical trait…
The Impact of Homophobic Labels on the Internalized Homophobia and Body Image of Gay Men: The Moderation Role of Coming-Out
This study investigates whether homophobic labels and category-neutral terms are differently appraised as a function of levels of coming-out. After reporting their coming-out status, participants were exposed to either homophobic or category labels and reported their semantic associations, level of internalized homophobia, and body perceptions. Results show that labels were more positively evaluated as participants' coming-out increased. High-com…
Migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees: Different labels for immigrants influence attitudes through perceived benefits in nine countries
The world is witnessing the highest level of displacement of people on record. Public discourse often uses labels to describe people on the move such as ‘migrants’, ‘asylum seekers’, or ‘refugees’ interchangeably. A preregistered study in nine countries (Australia, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom; N = 2844) tested experimentally the effect of these three labels on attitudes towards…
The “gay agenda: ” How the myth of gay affluence impedes the progress toward equality
Despite the fact that gay men and lesbian women face significant economic disparities compared to their heterosexual counterparts, people appear to believe that the opposite is true, a phenomenon which has been dubbed the “myth of gay affluence.” In the current research ( N tot = 2,162), we address the consequences of this belief. Specifically, we hypothesize and find that believing that gay men and lesbian women are financially well off—either c…
"Sounding Gay, Speaking as a "Fag: Auditory Gaydar and the Perception of Reclaimed Homophobic Language
Reclaiming implies that homophobic labels used by gay individuals are perceived as less offensive and their use as empowering speakers. We examined whether listeners in Italy and Britain perceived homophobic labels as "reclaimed" when men's voices implied their homosexuality. Gay and straight male speakers used neutral or homophobic labels referring to themselves or another. Homophobic labels were offensive when used by straight speakers and when…
Status and Cooperation Shape Lesbian Stereotypes: Testing Predictions from the Stereotype Content Model
Research on perceptions of homosexuals implicitly assumes that individuals think about lesbians as an undifferentiated group. By contrast, this paper investigated the stereotypes of the overall category as well as of different subgroups of lesbians within the frame of the stereotype content model (SCM). Participants (N = 70) rated the overall category and four subgroups on perceived warmth, competence, status, and interdependence (cooperative vs.…
On the Descriptive and Expressive Function of Derogatory Group Labels: An Experimental Test
By using a pseudoword paradigm, we tested whether derogatory labels (e.g., pejorative labels addressing group members) differed from category labels and general slur in their descriptive (i.e., pointing to group membership) and expressive functions (i.e., perceived offensiveness and social acceptability). Results indicated that derogatory labels were similar to category labels in their descriptive function, and had higher expressive function than…
Individual and Contextual Factors Associated with School Staff Responses to Homophobic Bullying
Adolescents' Appraisal of Homophobic Epithets: The Role of Individual and Situational Factors
Homophobic epithets have become commonly used insults among adolescents. However, evidence suggests that there are differences in how these homophobic epithets are evaluated based on beliefs held by the observer and the context in which they are used. To examine this, Italian high school students were asked to rate the offensiveness of homophobic epithets, as well as to consider how they or others would react to homophobic epithets across various…
Subtyping and social consensus: The role of the audience in the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs
Two studies investigated the effect of stereotypes held by a prospective audience on participants' reactions to a stereotype‐disconfirming member. In Study 1, participants formed an impression of a positive disconfirming gay in order to communicate it to an audience known to hold a negative versus positive stereotype about gays. As predicted, participants subtyped the deviant more in the former than in the latter case. Moreover, participants' ste…
From self to ingroup reclaiming of homophobic epithets: A replication and extension of Galinsky et al.'s (2013) model of reappropriation
Reappropration of derogatory group labels by minority members is a coping strategy against stigmatisation. The aim of this research is twofold. First, we intend to replicate Galinsky et al.'s findings (2013), suggesting that self-labelling (i.e., the self-referential use of a derogatory group label), compared to outgroup-labelling (i.e., the use of a derogatory group label by an outgroup member), enhances self-power and positively reframes the la…
Extrapolating stereotypical information on sexual orientation from race categories: The case of Black and Asian men
The current research analyzed whether race categories concerning Black and Asian men could lead to extrapolative inferences concerning the sexual orientation of these category members (i.e., ESOS, extrapolative sexual orientation stereotyping). Study 1 assessed perceived cultural-based ESOS and showed that Black men, compared to Asian men, were thought to be more heterosexual than gay men. Study 2 assessed participants’ own ESOS and showed that B…
Social acceptability of sexist derogatory and sexist objectifying slurs across contexts
Does Sex Really Sell? Paradoxical Effects of Sexualization in Advertising on Product Attractiveness and Purchase Intentions
To test the “sex sells” assumption, we examined how Italian men and women react to sexualized advertising. Women showed lower product attractiveness and purchase intentions toward products presented with sexualized female models than with neutral ads, whereas men were unaffected by ads’ sexualization (Study 1, n = 251). Study 2 ( n = 197) replicated the overall results. Study 3 ( n = 198) tested hostile sexism as a moderator as well as negative e…
Feminine Role Norms Among Australian and Italian Women: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Group Merger Between Political Parties: The Role of the Ingroup Projection Process
In 2007, the two most important Italian left‐wing parties merged into a single political entity. This study intends to analyze the merging process. Specifically, and in line with the ingroup projection hypothesis of Mummendey & Wenzel, we have explored whether the identification and the favoritism toward the upcoming common group was affected by the perceivers' projection of specific and common stereotypical traits from the subordinate groups to …
Age stereotyping of gay and heterosexual men: Why does a minority sexual orientation blur the age of old men, in particular
This research examined age stereotyping of male individuals displaying intersectional memberships stemming from the combination of age (Young vs. Elderly) and sexual orientation categories (Gay vs. Heterosexual). We found that the age stereotypes of ‘Elderly gay men’ were blurred: ‘Elderly gay men’ were stereotyped less on elderly‐ and more on young‐stereotypical traits than both ‘Elderly heterosexual men’ (Study 1) and ‘Elderly men’ (Studies 2–4…
The relationship between Instagram activity and female body concerns: The serial mediating role of appearance‐related comparisons and internalization of beauty norms
Recent research showed that body image concerns (i.e., drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction) may be associated with exposure to images on social networking sites. We analysed this relationship by taking into account the possible mediating role of both the appearance‐related comparisons (i.e., the comparison with others on a specific dimension) and the internalization of beauty standards (i.e., the acceptance of the predominant physical‐att…
Within-person and between-people variability in personality dynamics: Knowledge structures, self-efficacy, pleasure appraisals, and the Big Five
Social consensus and the encoding of consistent and inconsistent information: When one's future audience orients information processing
The present study investigated whether and how social consensus affects the way perceivers encode information concerning a deviant member of a stereotyped group. Participants formed an impression of a gay person described by means of both positive and negative behaviours. Participants also learned that they had to communicate their impression to an unidentified audience whose stereotype about gays was unknown or to an ingroup audience which was p…
On the Origin of Beliefs about the Sexual Orientation and Gender-role Development of Children Raised by Gay-male and Heterosexual Parents: An Italian Study
In three studies, heterosexual participants were presented with descriptions of heterosexual and gay-male parents. Importantly, the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male parents was experimentally manipulated, resulting in their level of gender-role conformity ranging from high to low. Compared to the son of a heterosexual couple, the son of all gay-male couples had a lower expected likelihood of developing as heterosexual. This result …
Social consensus and the encoding of consistent and inconsistent information: When one's future audience orients information processing
The present study investigated whether and how social consensus affects the way perceivers encode information concerning a deviant member of a stereotyped group. Participants formed an impression of a gay person described by means of both positive and negative behaviours. Participants also learned that they had to communicate their impression to an unidentified audience whose stereotype about gays was unknown or to an ingroup audience which was p…
The best way to tell you to use a condom: The interplay between message format and individuals’ level of need for cognition
The present study addressed how individuals in high versus low need for cognition react to a persuasive message (concerning safer sexual conduct) presented either in a written format or in a comic-strip format. A control group that did not receive any persuasive message was also included. With reference to the Theory of Reasoned Action, we analyzed participants' instrumental attitude and instrumental norm toward the use of condoms. Results indica…
Subtyping and social consensus: The role of the audience in the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs
Two studies investigated the effect of stereotypes held by a prospective audience on participants' reactions to a stereotype‐disconfirming member. In Study 1, participants formed an impression of a positive disconfirming gay in order to communicate it to an audience known to hold a negative versus positive stereotype about gays. As predicted, participants subtyped the deviant more in the former than in the latter case. Moreover, participants' ste…
In-Group and Out-Group Perspectives in the Use of Derogatory Group Labels: Gay Versus Fag
This research investigates whether derogatory group labels ( fag, fairy) elicit different automatic reactions than do category labels ( gay, homosexual). In a study ( N = 55), involving both heterosexual and homosexual participants, the authors investigated the effects of subliminally represented derogatory versus category labels on the recognition of positive and negative traits that were stereotypical, counterstereotypical, or irrelevant to the…
Nomina sunt omina: On the inductive potential of nouns and adjectives in person perception
Six studies (N = 491) investigated the inductive potential of nouns versus adjectives in person perception. In the first 5 studies, targets were either described by an adjective (e.g., Mark is homosexual) or by the corresponding noun (e.g., Mark is a homosexual) or by both (Study 3). The authors predicted and found that nouns, more so than adjectives, (a) facilitate descriptor-congruent inferences but inhibit incongruent inferences (Studies 1-3),…
What Did You Just Call Me? European and American Ratings of the Valence of Ethnophaulisms
Previous work has examined the relative valence (positivity or negativity) of ethnophaulisms (ethnic slurs) targeting European immigrants to the United States. However, this relied on contemporary judgments made by American researchers. The present study examined valence judgments made by citizens from the countries examined in previous work. Citizens of 17 European nations who were fluent in English rated ethnophaulisms targeting their own group…
Status and Cooperation Shape Lesbian Stereotypes: Testing Predictions from the Stereotype Content Model
Research on perceptions of homosexuals implicitly assumes that individuals think about lesbians as an undifferentiated group. By contrast, this paper investigated the stereotypes of the overall category as well as of different subgroups of lesbians within the frame of the stereotype content model (SCM). Participants (N = 70) rated the overall category and four subgroups on perceived warmth, competence, status, and interdependence (cooperative vs.…
Comparing Self-stereotyping with In-group-stereotyping and Out-group-stereotyping in Unequal-status Groups: The Case of Gender
We compared self-stereotyping, in-group-stereotyping, and out-group-stereotyping, among members of high- and low-status groups. Because gender inequality is still present in society, we operationalized status in terms of gender. We considered the male (female) gender category to possess relatively high (low) status. As predicted on the basis of an extension of Mullen’s model (1991), Italian men showed significant levels of out-group-stereotyping,…
You Are the One I Want to Communicate With: Relational Motives Driving Audience-Tuning Effects on Memory
This article investigates the role of relational motives in the saying-is-believing effect ( Higgins & Rholes, 1978 ). Building on shared reality theory, we expected this effect to be most likely when communicators were motivated to “get along” with the audience. In the current study, participants were asked to describe an ambiguous target to an audience who either liked or disliked the target. The audience had been previously evaluated as a desi…
Group Merger Between Political Parties: The Role of the Ingroup Projection Process
In 2007, the two most important Italian left‐wing parties merged into a single political entity. This study intends to analyze the merging process. Specifically, and in line with the ingroup projection hypothesis of Mummendey & Wenzel, we have explored whether the identification and the favoritism toward the upcoming common group was affected by the perceivers' projection of specific and common stereotypical traits from the subordinate groups to …
Masculine self-presentation and distancing from femininity in gay men: An experimental examination of the role of masculinity threat
There is evidence that discrimination directed toward gay men from some heterosexual men is partially driven by heterosexual men attempting to distance themselves from gay men’s perceived femininity. There is also evidence that many gay men wish they were more masculine than they currently are and will distance themselves from other gay men perceived as being feminine. This persisting stereotype that gay men are insufficiently masculine was theor…
Feminine Role Norms Among Australian and Italian Women: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Social acceptability of sexist derogatory and sexist objectifying slurs across contexts
Not “just words”: Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men
We examined whether homophobic epithets (e.g., faggot ) function as labels of deviance for homosexuals that contribute to their dehumanization and physical distance. Across two studies, participants were supraliminally (Study 1) and subliminally (Study 2) exposed to a homophobic epithet, a category label, or a generic insult. Participants were then asked to associate human‐related and animal‐related words to homosexuals and heterosexuals. Results…
Adolescents' Appraisal of Homophobic Epithets: The Role of Individual and Situational Factors
Homophobic epithets have become commonly used insults among adolescents. However, evidence suggests that there are differences in how these homophobic epithets are evaluated based on beliefs held by the observer and the context in which they are used. To examine this, Italian high school students were asked to rate the offensiveness of homophobic epithets, as well as to consider how they or others would react to homophobic epithets across various…
Within-person and between-people variability in personality dynamics: Knowledge structures, self-efficacy, pleasure appraisals, and the Big Five
The Impact of Homophobic Labels on the Internalized Homophobia and Body Image of Gay Men: The Moderation Role of Coming-Out
This study investigates whether homophobic labels and category-neutral terms are differently appraised as a function of levels of coming-out. After reporting their coming-out status, participants were exposed to either homophobic or category labels and reported their semantic associations, level of internalized homophobia, and body perceptions. Results show that labels were more positively evaluated as participants' coming-out increased. High-com…
Individual and Contextual Factors Associated with School Staff Responses to Homophobic Bullying
Extrapolating stereotypical information on sexual orientation from race categories: The case of Black and Asian men
The current research analyzed whether race categories concerning Black and Asian men could lead to extrapolative inferences concerning the sexual orientation of these category members (i.e., ESOS, extrapolative sexual orientation stereotyping). Study 1 assessed perceived cultural-based ESOS and showed that Black men, compared to Asian men, were thought to be more heterosexual than gay men. Study 2 assessed participants’ own ESOS and showed that B…
On the Descriptive and Expressive Function of Derogatory Group Labels: An Experimental Test
By using a pseudoword paradigm, we tested whether derogatory labels (e.g., pejorative labels addressing group members) differed from category labels and general slur in their descriptive (i.e., pointing to group membership) and expressive functions (i.e., perceived offensiveness and social acceptability). Results indicated that derogatory labels were similar to category labels in their descriptive function, and had higher expressive function than…
"Sounding Gay, Speaking as a "Fag: Auditory Gaydar and the Perception of Reclaimed Homophobic Language
Reclaiming implies that homophobic labels used by gay individuals are perceived as less offensive and their use as empowering speakers. We examined whether listeners in Italy and Britain perceived homophobic labels as "reclaimed" when men's voices implied their homosexuality. Gay and straight male speakers used neutral or homophobic labels referring to themselves or another. Homophobic labels were offensive when used by straight speakers and when…
Cyberbullying through the lens of social influence: Predicting cyberbullying perpetration from perceived peer-norm, cyberspace regulations and ingroup processes
Does Sex Really Sell? Paradoxical Effects of Sexualization in Advertising on Product Attractiveness and Purchase Intentions
To test the “sex sells” assumption, we examined how Italian men and women react to sexualized advertising. Women showed lower product attractiveness and purchase intentions toward products presented with sexualized female models than with neutral ads, whereas men were unaffected by ads’ sexualization (Study 1, n = 251). Study 2 ( n = 197) replicated the overall results. Study 3 ( n = 198) tested hostile sexism as a moderator as well as negative e…
On the Origin of Beliefs about the Sexual Orientation and Gender-role Development of Children Raised by Gay-male and Heterosexual Parents: An Italian Study
In three studies, heterosexual participants were presented with descriptions of heterosexual and gay-male parents. Importantly, the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male parents was experimentally manipulated, resulting in their level of gender-role conformity ranging from high to low. Compared to the son of a heterosexual couple, the son of all gay-male couples had a lower expected likelihood of developing as heterosexual. This result …
Reduced shared emotional representations toward women revealing more skin
Extensive experimental research has been conducted to investigate how individuals empathise with others depending on contextual and motivational factors. However, the effect of sexual objectification (i.e. focus on the individual's physical appearance over his/her mental state) on empathy is scarce at best thus far. The aim of this work is to shed light on whether objectification modulates empathic responses toward humans and human-like objects. …
Psychology (33 works) · Social Psychology (32 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (25 works) · LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy (13 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Developmental psychology (11 works) · Gender Studies (10 works) · Homosexuality (10 works) · Sociology (9 works) · Perception (8 works)