Thomas R Shultz
Biographic Data
| ID | 1463398 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Thomas R Shultz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Thomas R |
| FAMILY NAME | Shultz |
| SIGNATURE | SHULTZ T R |
| AFFILIATIONS | McGill University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2413-8840 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 17 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 55 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 17 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1967 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Connectionist Models of Development
Constraint-Satisfaction Models
The Evolutionary Dominance of Ethnocentric Cooperation
Recent agent-based computer simulations suggest that ethnocentrism, often thought to rely on complex social cognition and learning, may have arisen through biological evolution. From a random start, ethnocentric strategies dominate other possible strategies (selfish, traitorous, and humanitarian) based on cooperation or non-cooperation with in-group and out-group agents. Here we show that ethnocentrism eventually overcomes its closest competitor,…
Birth cohort differences in cardiovascular risk factors in a Brazilian population of older elderly
The aim of this study was to investigate whether cohort differences exist in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among older elderly from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging. Participants were those aged 71-81 years at two points in time a decade apart: 457 in 1997 (earlier cohort) and 553 in 2008 (recent cohort). The prevalence of hypertension (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.19-1.36) and of diabetes mellitus (PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.06-1.83) was higher …
Acquisition of Relevance implicatures
Modeling Age Differences in Infant Category Learning
We used an encoder version of cascade correlation to simulate Younger and Cohen's (1983, 1986) finding that 10‐month‐olds recover attention on the basis of correlations among stimulus features, but 4‐ and 7‐month‐olds recover attention on the basis of stimulus features. We captured these effects by varying the score threshold parameter in cascade correlation, which controls how deeply training patterns are learned. When networks learned deeply, t…
Neural Network Simulation of Infant Familiarization to Artificial Sentences
A fundamental issue in cognitive science is whether human cognitive processing is better explained by symbolic rules or by subsymbolic neural networks. A recent study of infant familiarization to sentences in an artificial language seems to have produced data that can only be explained by symbolic rule learning and not by unstructured neural networks (Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao, & Vishton, 1999). Here we present successful unstructured neural net…
The learning of first and second person pronouns in English
Although most English-speaking children master the correct use of first and second person pronouns by three years, some children show persistent reversal errors in which they refer to themselves as you and to others as me . Recently, such differences have been attributed to the relative availability of overheard speech during the learning process. The present study tested this proposal with feed-forward neural networks learning these pronouns. Ne…
Psychology of Computer Use
A natural experiment was used to determine whether learning the computer language Logo improves children's problem-solving strategies outside of the Logo context. 8-yr.-olds who learned Logo in school were found to use both debugging techniques and procedurality in their computer programming. They and a group of control children of the same age were pre- and posttested on a game requiring debugging skills (Mastermind) and another game requiring p…
Assigning vicarious responsibility
An experiment tested three hypotheses about the conditions under which someone can be held vicariously responsible for the actions of another. Two of the hypotheses received empirical support: that the vicariously responsible person is in a superior relationship to the person who caused the damage and is able to control that person's causing of the damage. A third hypotheis, that a person is held vicariously responsible because of a relatively gr…
Judging the intentionality of action-outcomes
Young children's use of transitive inference in causal chains
Mediate causal transmissions are those in which the transmission between an initial cause and an eventual effect is mediated by a third event. The concept of causal mediation is seen as analogous to that involving use of a middle term in non-causal transitive inference problems. Contrary to some previous research, both three- and five-year-olds understood mediate causal transmission as portrayed in simple, three-term causal chains. Children of bo…
Development of recursive awareness of intention
Development of schemes for the attribution of multiple psychological causes
Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes
Effects of age, social class, and suggestion to cluster on free recall
Performance under social reinforcement as a function of masculinity-femininity of experimenter and subject
Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes
Development of schemes for the attribution of multiple psychological causes
Judging the intentionality of action-outcomes
Acquisition of Relevance implicatures
Development of recursive awareness of intention
Birth cohort differences in cardiovascular risk factors in a Brazilian population of older elderly
The aim of this study was to investigate whether cohort differences exist in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among older elderly from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging. Participants were those aged 71-81 years at two points in time a decade apart: 457 in 1997 (earlier cohort) and 553 in 2008 (recent cohort). The prevalence of hypertension (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.19-1.36) and of diabetes mellitus (PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.06-1.83) was higher …
Assigning vicarious responsibility
An experiment tested three hypotheses about the conditions under which someone can be held vicariously responsible for the actions of another. Two of the hypotheses received empirical support: that the vicariously responsible person is in a superior relationship to the person who caused the damage and is able to control that person's causing of the damage. A third hypotheis, that a person is held vicariously responsible because of a relatively gr…
Young children's use of transitive inference in causal chains
Mediate causal transmissions are those in which the transmission between an initial cause and an eventual effect is mediated by a third event. The concept of causal mediation is seen as analogous to that involving use of a middle term in non-causal transitive inference problems. Contrary to some previous research, both three- and five-year-olds understood mediate causal transmission as portrayed in simple, three-term causal chains. Children of bo…
Effects of age, social class, and suggestion to cluster on free recall
Performance under social reinforcement as a function of masculinity-femininity of experimenter and subject
Effects of age, social class, and suggestion to cluster on free recall
Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes
Development of schemes for the attribution of multiple psychological causes
Development of recursive awareness of intention
Young children's use of transitive inference in causal chains
Mediate causal transmissions are those in which the transmission between an initial cause and an eventual effect is mediated by a third event. The concept of causal mediation is seen as analogous to that involving use of a middle term in non-causal transitive inference problems. Contrary to some previous research, both three- and five-year-olds understood mediate causal transmission as portrayed in simple, three-term causal chains. Children of bo…
Judging the intentionality of action-outcomes
Assigning vicarious responsibility
An experiment tested three hypotheses about the conditions under which someone can be held vicariously responsible for the actions of another. Two of the hypotheses received empirical support: that the vicariously responsible person is in a superior relationship to the person who caused the damage and is able to control that person's causing of the damage. A third hypotheis, that a person is held vicariously responsible because of a relatively gr…
Psychology of Computer Use
A natural experiment was used to determine whether learning the computer language Logo improves children's problem-solving strategies outside of the Logo context. 8-yr.-olds who learned Logo in school were found to use both debugging techniques and procedurality in their computer programming. They and a group of control children of the same age were pre- and posttested on a game requiring debugging skills (Mastermind) and another game requiring p…
The learning of first and second person pronouns in English
Although most English-speaking children master the correct use of first and second person pronouns by three years, some children show persistent reversal errors in which they refer to themselves as you and to others as me . Recently, such differences have been attributed to the relative availability of overheard speech during the learning process. The present study tested this proposal with feed-forward neural networks learning these pronouns. Ne…
Neural Network Simulation of Infant Familiarization to Artificial Sentences
A fundamental issue in cognitive science is whether human cognitive processing is better explained by symbolic rules or by subsymbolic neural networks. A recent study of infant familiarization to sentences in an artificial language seems to have produced data that can only be explained by symbolic rule learning and not by unstructured neural networks (Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao, & Vishton, 1999). Here we present successful unstructured neural net…
Modeling Age Differences in Infant Category Learning
We used an encoder version of cascade correlation to simulate Younger and Cohen's (1983, 1986) finding that 10‐month‐olds recover attention on the basis of correlations among stimulus features, but 4‐ and 7‐month‐olds recover attention on the basis of stimulus features. We captured these effects by varying the score threshold parameter in cascade correlation, which controls how deeply training patterns are learned. When networks learned deeply, t…
Acquisition of Relevance implicatures
Birth cohort differences in cardiovascular risk factors in a Brazilian population of older elderly
The aim of this study was to investigate whether cohort differences exist in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among older elderly from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging. Participants were those aged 71-81 years at two points in time a decade apart: 457 in 1997 (earlier cohort) and 553 in 2008 (recent cohort). The prevalence of hypertension (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.19-1.36) and of diabetes mellitus (PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.06-1.83) was higher …
The Evolutionary Dominance of Ethnocentric Cooperation
Recent agent-based computer simulations suggest that ethnocentrism, often thought to rely on complex social cognition and learning, may have arisen through biological evolution. From a random start, ethnocentric strategies dominate other possible strategies (selfish, traitorous, and humanitarian) based on cooperation or non-cooperation with in-group and out-group agents. Here we show that ethnocentrism eventually overcomes its closest competitor,…
Connectionist Models of Development
Constraint-Satisfaction Models
Psychology (16 works) · Cognitive psychology (9 works) · Computer Science (8 works) · Developmental psychology (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Child and Animal Learning Development (7 works) · Social Psychology (6 works) · Artificial Intelligence (5 works) · Artificial Intelligence (5 works) · Cognitive science (4 works)