J Steven Reznick
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 1463409 |
|---|---|
| NOME | J Steven Reznick |
| PRENOMES | J Steven |
| SOBRENOME | Reznick |
| ASSINATURA | REZNICK J S |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Yale University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2076-2531 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 37 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 138 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 37 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1976 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Women's work
Historically, the physician professional identity and the organizational structure of Western medicine have been defined by masculine norms such as authority and assertiveness. The past five decades have seen a rapid shift in the demographics of attendees as medical schools, with equal numbers of women and men matriculants for nearly twenty years. Gender as a social, cultural, and structural variable continues to influence the physician workforce…
Toward a Civil Society
Bernarr Cooper (1912–1999) led the Bureau of Mass Communications of the New York State Education Department from 1962 to 1982. During its heyday—roughly between 1970 and 1980—the Bureau produced or coproduced more than 1,500 educational programs, distributed widely to public schools and libraries across the state of New York. This article draws the story of Cooper and the Bureau out of the annals of New York State history, making it meaningful to…
A Noble Experiment in Human Values”
This article explores the creation, production, and reception of the unique, popular, and publicly-funded mid-1970s children's television series Vegetable Soup, arguing that it constitutes a specific and intriguing chapter in the history of efforts in the United States to change "the environment for racism
O liver W ilkinson . British Prisoners of War in First World War Germany
culture" debate can help us think more critically about the conceptual "inventions" by which we understand our media ecology and the fugitive voices it stifles
MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Second Edition
War, Politics, and Philanthropy
The subjects of war and medicine—even while explored through the lens of politics—continue to be studied far too often without serious consideration of their interplay in terms of philanthropy. Richard Verville recognizes this oversight, and with this book he offers a corrective that will be of interest to a wide audience even while some will judge his history as an opportunity missed to identify and explore key primary sources related to the sto…
Walt Whitman
WALT WHITMAN (1819–1892), the great American poet, was also a public health activist. We have presented excerpts from several of his notable early articles on water. Whitman began his career as a journalist, writing frequently on public health issues ranging from cholera to bathing to clean air.1 From 1846 to early 1848, he served as editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and used his columns in that paper and others to argue for public health reform…
European American and African American Mothers' Beliefs About Parenting and Disciplining Infants
SYNOPSIS Objective. Parenting is a response to and supported by parents' cultural and personal beliefs about what they should do to promote their children's development. Our goal was to explore the belief systems that appear to motivate some mothers to be more negative or use physical discipline in infancy and to determine whether those beliefs are related to observed parenting styles. Design. Using a mixed-methods approach, we first examined thi…
The effects of socioeconomic status, race, and parenting on language development in early childhood
The authors examined the associations between socioeconomic status (SES), race, maternal sensitivity, and maternal negative-intrusive behaviors and language development in a sample selected to reduce the typical confound between race and SES (n = 146). Mother-child interactions were observed at 12 and 24 months (coded by randomly assigned African American and European American coders); language abilities were assessed at 18, 24, 30, and 36 months…
Disability and History (review)
A Strange and Formidable Weapon
Journal Article A Strange and Formidable Weapon: British Responses to World War I Poison Gas Get access Marion Girard. A Strange and Formidable Weapon: British Responses to World War I Poison Gas. Lincoln, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press, 2008. x, 279 pp., illus. $45.00. Jeffrey S. Reznick, Ph.D. Jeffrey S. Reznick, Ph.D. University of Birmingham, Centre for First World War Studies, Departments of Medieval and Modern History, Arts Building…
Shell Shock
Reviewed by: Shell Shock: Traumatic Neurosis and the British Soldiers of the First World War Jeffrey S. Reznick Peter Leese . Shell Shock: Traumatic Neurosis and the British Soldiers of the First World War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. xi + 229 pp. $49.95 (0-333-96926-X). Many histories of shell shock have appeared in recent years, and one might wonder, upon learning of this volume, whether the subject deserves another extended study. Draw…
The Onset of Working Memory in Infants
We used an optimized configuration of the delayed‐response task to explore the ability of young infants to remember which of 2 locations was correct across 12 trials after a 1‐ to 2‐sec delay. Performance improved with age, particularly after 5.5 months. These findings suggest an onset of appreciable working memory for many infants in the middle of their 6th month
Justice to the Maimed Soldier
Reviewed by: Justice to the Maimed Soldier: Nursing, Medical Care and Welfare for Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Their Families during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum, 1642-1660 Jeffrey S. Reznick Eric Gruber von Arni . Justice to the Maimed Soldier: Nursing, Medical Care and Welfare for Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Their Families during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum, 1642-1660. The History of Medicine in Context. Aldershot, U.K.:…
Development of Visuospatial Short-Term Memory in the Second Half of the 1st Year
Eighty 5.5- to 12.5-month-old infants participated in 4 delayed-response procedures challenging shortterm visuospatial memory (STVM), 2 that varied the time between presentation and search and 2 that varied the number of locations. Within each type of challenge, 1 task required a gaze response and 1 required a reach response. There was little improvement in STVM performance from 5.5 to 8 months and linear improvement in the percentage correct fro…
Artificial Parts, Practical Lives
The history of prosthetics has received substantial attention during the past decade, but no work until now has taken up the challenges of offering a cross-disciplinary review of the subject, rooting it in terms of material culture, and charting a course for future research. Artificial Parts, Practical Lives is a path-breaking volume that achieves these goals admirably and in doing so takes a welcome aim at psychoanalytic theory and contemporary …
Short-form versions of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories
The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) are a pair of widely used parent-report instruments for assessing communicative skills in infants and toddlers. This report describes short-form versions of the CDIs and their development, summarizes newly available normative data and psychometric properties of the instruments, and discusses research and clinical applications. The infant short form (Level I, for 8- to 18-month-olds) conta…
Representational flexibility and response control in a multistep multilocation search task
Three experiments were conducted to explore the determinants of 2-year-olds' perseverative errors in a search task. In Experiment 1, children either retrieved an object during a preswitch phase or merely observed a hiding event. Active search produced perseveration on postswitch trials, but mere observation did not. In Experiment 2, similar results were found, even when active search occurred in the absence of observation. Finally, in Experiment …
Early Development of Executive Function
Executive function (EF) accounts have now been offered for several disorders with childhood onset (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, early-treated phenylketonuria), and EF has been linked to the development of numerous abilities (e.g., attention, rule use, theory of mind). However, efforts to explain behavior in terms of EF have been hampered by an inadequate characterization of EF itself. What is the function that is accomp…
Measuring the vocabulary spurt
We reply to Mervis & Bertrand's report of three children (aged 1; 6–1; 8 at the start of the study) who evidenced a ‘late’ vocabulary spurt. Differences in assessing productive vocabulary, and the questionable inference that size of the lexicon is a reliable indicator of the vocabulary spurt, make it inappropriate to compare these children to previous studies that directly measure change in rate of word learning. Further work using continuous rec…
Response control and the execution of verbal rules
Two-year-olds' difficulty with rule execution is robust and pervasive. In Experiment 1, 120 32-month-olds received 1 of 6 tasks: a task assessing knowledge about a series of items; a deductive card sort requiring children to use their knowledge to sort the items by rules; and 4 modifications of the card sor that provided various types of task support. Children performed better on the knowledge task than the other tasks, which did not differ. Erro…
Variability in Early Communicative Development
Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of early vocabulary
Results are reported for stylistic and developmental aspects of vocabulary composition for 1, 803 children and families who participated in the tri-city norming of a new parental report instrument, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories . We replicate previous studies with small samples showing extensive variation in use of common nouns between age o;8 and 1;4 (i.e. ‘referential style’), and in the proportion of vocabulary made up of…
Diary vs. representative checklist assessment of productive vocabulary
Twenty-four infants were followed longitudinally from 1;2 to 1;10. Parents maintained diaries of the child's spoken words and at two-month intervals completed a representative checklist of words produced. There was good agreement across the two instruments and robust month-to-month correlations for both. However, the overall pattern of results suggests that the diary method is more effective during the early emergence of language and the represen…
Rapid change in lexical development in comprehension and production
Twenty-four infants were given word comprehension tests at 2-month intervals from 14 to 22 months. For each word, the child observed 2 slides and was prompted to look at 1 named by the experimenter. Visual fixation following the prompt was compared with fixation during a preprompt baseline to calculate a word comprehension score reflecting increase of attention to the referent independent of initial salience. The month-to-month change in comprehe…
The effects of socioeconomic status, race, and parenting on language development in early childhood
The authors examined the associations between socioeconomic status (SES), race, maternal sensitivity, and maternal negative-intrusive behaviors and language development in a sample selected to reduce the typical confound between race and SES (n = 146). Mother-child interactions were observed at 12 and 24 months (coded by randomly assigned African American and European American coders); language abilities were assessed at 18, 24, 30, and 36 months…
Synchrony, pseudosynchrony, and dissynchrony
The heritability of inhibited and uninhibited behavior
Young children who respond to the unfamiliar with wariness and avoidance belong to a temperamental category called behaviorally inhibited; sociable children who approach the unfamiliar are called uninhibited. This study assessed the heritable nature of these 2 categories. The longitudinal sample consisted of 178 same-sex twin pairs seen at 14 months and 162 pairs seen at 20 and 24 months. An aggregate inhibition index was constructed at each of t…
European American and African American Mothers' Beliefs About Parenting and Disciplining Infants
SYNOPSIS Objective. Parenting is a response to and supported by parents' cultural and personal beliefs about what they should do to promote their children's development. Our goal was to explore the belief systems that appear to motivate some mothers to be more negative or use physical discipline in infancy and to determine whether those beliefs are related to observed parenting styles. Design. Using a mixed-methods approach, we first examined thi…
The undermining and enhancing of intrinsic motivation in preschool children
Response control and the execution of verbal rules
Two-year-olds' difficulty with rule execution is robust and pervasive. In Experiment 1, 120 32-month-olds received 1 of 6 tasks: a task assessing knowledge about a series of items; a deductive card sort requiring children to use their knowledge to sort the items by rules; and 4 modifications of the card sor that provided various types of task support. Children performed better on the knowledge task than the other tasks, which did not differ. Erro…
Rapid change in lexical development in comprehension and production
Twenty-four infants were given word comprehension tests at 2-month intervals from 14 to 22 months. For each word, the child observed 2 slides and was prompted to look at 1 named by the experimenter. Visual fixation following the prompt was compared with fixation during a preprompt baseline to calculate a word comprehension score reflecting increase of attention to the referent independent of initial salience. The month-to-month change in comprehe…
Effect of auditory numerical information on infants' looking behavior
Seven-month-old infants aw pairs of slides of two and three objects while listening to either two or three drum beats. Subjects looked longer at the noncorresponding display, particularly during the second block of 16 trials. These results are not in accord with those of Starkey, Spelke, and Gelman (1983). Although 7-month-old infants ' attentiveness to a visually presented numerical event might be influenced by auditory information, the data cal…
Development of Visuospatial Short-Term Memory in the Second Half of the 1st Year
Eighty 5.5- to 12.5-month-old infants participated in 4 delayed-response procedures challenging shortterm visuospatial memory (STVM), 2 that varied the time between presentation and search and 2 that varied the number of locations. Within each type of challenge, 1 task required a gaze response and 1 required a reach response. There was little improvement in STVM performance from 5.5 to 8 months and linear improvement in the percentage correct fro…
Women's work
Historically, the physician professional identity and the organizational structure of Western medicine have been defined by masculine norms such as authority and assertiveness. The past five decades have seen a rapid shift in the demographics of attendees as medical schools, with equal numbers of women and men matriculants for nearly twenty years. Gender as a social, cultural, and structural variable continues to influence the physician workforce…
Representational flexibility and response control in a multistep multilocation search task
Three experiments were conducted to explore the determinants of 2-year-olds' perseverative errors in a search task. In Experiment 1, children either retrieved an object during a preswitch phase or merely observed a hiding event. Active search produced perseveration on postswitch trials, but mere observation did not. In Experiment 2, similar results were found, even when active search occurred in the absence of observation. Finally, in Experiment …
A Noble Experiment in Human Values”
This article explores the creation, production, and reception of the unique, popular, and publicly-funded mid-1970s children's television series Vegetable Soup, arguing that it constitutes a specific and intriguing chapter in the history of efforts in the United States to change "the environment for racism
Salience of visual patterns in the human infant
The undermining and enhancing of intrinsic motivation in preschool children
Salience of visual patterns in the human infant
Behavioral Inhibition to the Unfamiliar
KAGAN, JEROME; REZNICK, J. STEVEN; CLARKE, CHARLOTTE; SNIDMAN, NANCY; and GARCIA-COLL, CYNTHIA. Behavioral Inhibition to the Unfamiliar. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1984, 55, 2212--2225. A group of 43 children classified as either behaviorally inhibited or uninhibited at 21 months were observed at 4 years of age in situations designed to evaluate behavior with an unfamiliar peer, heart rate and heart rate variability to cognitively challenging tasks, relu…
The Physiology and Psychology of Behavioral Inhibition in Children
Longitudinal study of 2 cohorts of children selected in the second or third year of life to be extremely cautious and shy (inhibited) or fearless and outgoing (uninhibited) to unfamiliar events revealed preservation of these 2 behavioral qualities through the sixth year of life. Additionally, more of the inhibited children showed signs of activation in 1 or more of the physiological circuits that usually respond to novelty and challenge, namely, …
Effect of auditory numerical information on infants' looking behavior
Seven-month-old infants aw pairs of slides of two and three objects while listening to either two or three drum beats. Subjects looked longer at the noncorresponding display, particularly during the second block of 16 trials. These results are not in accord with those of Starkey, Spelke, and Gelman (1983). Although 7-month-old infants ' attentiveness to a visually presented numerical event might be influenced by auditory information, the data cal…
Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness
The initial behavioral reaction to unfamiliar events is a distinctive source of intraspecific variation in humans and other animals. Two longitudinal studies of 2-year-old children who were extreme in the display of either behavioral restraint or spontaneity in unfamiliar contexts revealed that by 7 years of age a majority of the restrained group were quiet and socially avoidant with unfamiliar children and adults whereas a majority of the more s…
Synchrony, pseudosynchrony, and dissynchrony
Synchrony, pseudosynchrony, and dissynchrony
The validity of a parent report instrument of child language at twenty months
When carefully assessed and analysed, parent report can provide a valuable overall evaluation of children's language at 20 months. Norming information and validity coefficients are presented here for a vocabulary checklist assessment included in the Early Language Inventory. Normative data are provided for fullterm, preterm, and precocious samples, including selected vocabulatory subsets that are indicative of early language learning style. The v…
A multiple form word production checklist for assessing early language
We describe the development of a set of five equivalent checklists to assess word production of children in their second year. The words on each list do not overlap, but represent comparable levels of difficulty. Thus, individual lists may be used to estimate the child's production vocabulary, and the set of lists may be used serially in a longitudinal design. A validation study on 25 infants suggests that the five lists produce comparable mean p…
Early lexical acquisition
The transition from slow to rapid word-learning was examined in a longitudinal study of 18 children. Beginning at age 1;2, mothers kept a diary of children's words. Diary entries were discussed during phone calls to the home every 21⁄2 weeks. A chronological record of nouns and other word classes was coded from the diary records. Thirteen children evidenced a prolonged period of up to three months during which rate of acquisition markedly increas…
Rapid change in lexical development in comprehension and production
Twenty-four infants were given word comprehension tests at 2-month intervals from 14 to 22 months. For each word, the child observed 2 slides and was prompted to look at 1 named by the experimenter. Visual fixation following the prompt was compared with fixation during a preprompt baseline to calculate a word comprehension score reflecting increase of attention to the referent independent of initial salience. The month-to-month change in comprehe…
The heritability of inhibited and uninhibited behavior
Young children who respond to the unfamiliar with wariness and avoidance belong to a temperamental category called behaviorally inhibited; sociable children who approach the unfamiliar are called uninhibited. This study assessed the heritable nature of these 2 categories. The longitudinal sample consisted of 178 same-sex twin pairs seen at 14 months and 162 pairs seen at 20 and 24 months. An aggregate inhibition index was constructed at each of t…
Variability in Early Communicative Development
Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of early vocabulary
Results are reported for stylistic and developmental aspects of vocabulary composition for 1, 803 children and families who participated in the tri-city norming of a new parental report instrument, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories . We replicate previous studies with small samples showing extensive variation in use of common nouns between age o;8 and 1;4 (i.e. ‘referential style’), and in the proportion of vocabulary made up of…
Diary vs. representative checklist assessment of productive vocabulary
Twenty-four infants were followed longitudinally from 1;2 to 1;10. Parents maintained diaries of the child's spoken words and at two-month intervals completed a representative checklist of words produced. There was good agreement across the two instruments and robust month-to-month correlations for both. However, the overall pattern of results suggests that the diary method is more effective during the early emergence of language and the represen…
Response control and the execution of verbal rules
Two-year-olds' difficulty with rule execution is robust and pervasive. In Experiment 1, 120 32-month-olds received 1 of 6 tasks: a task assessing knowledge about a series of items; a deductive card sort requiring children to use their knowledge to sort the items by rules; and 4 modifications of the card sor that provided various types of task support. Children performed better on the knowledge task than the other tasks, which did not differ. Erro…
Measuring the vocabulary spurt
We reply to Mervis & Bertrand's report of three children (aged 1; 6–1; 8 at the start of the study) who evidenced a ‘late’ vocabulary spurt. Differences in assessing productive vocabulary, and the questionable inference that size of the lexicon is a reliable indicator of the vocabulary spurt, make it inappropriate to compare these children to previous studies that directly measure change in rate of word learning. Further work using continuous rec…
Early Development of Executive Function
Executive function (EF) accounts have now been offered for several disorders with childhood onset (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, early-treated phenylketonuria), and EF has been linked to the development of numerous abilities (e.g., attention, rule use, theory of mind). However, efforts to explain behavior in terms of EF have been hampered by an inadequate characterization of EF itself. What is the function that is accomp…
Representational flexibility and response control in a multistep multilocation search task
Three experiments were conducted to explore the determinants of 2-year-olds' perseverative errors in a search task. In Experiment 1, children either retrieved an object during a preswitch phase or merely observed a hiding event. Active search produced perseveration on postswitch trials, but mere observation did not. In Experiment 2, similar results were found, even when active search occurred in the absence of observation. Finally, in Experiment …
Short-form versions of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories
The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) are a pair of widely used parent-report instruments for assessing communicative skills in infants and toddlers. This report describes short-form versions of the CDIs and their development, summarizes newly available normative data and psychometric properties of the instruments, and discusses research and clinical applications. The infant short form (Level I, for 8- to 18-month-olds) conta…
Artificial Parts, Practical Lives
The history of prosthetics has received substantial attention during the past decade, but no work until now has taken up the challenges of offering a cross-disciplinary review of the subject, rooting it in terms of material culture, and charting a course for future research. Artificial Parts, Practical Lives is a path-breaking volume that achieves these goals admirably and in doing so takes a welcome aim at psychoanalytic theory and contemporary …
The Onset of Working Memory in Infants
We used an optimized configuration of the delayed‐response task to explore the ability of young infants to remember which of 2 locations was correct across 12 trials after a 1‐ to 2‐sec delay. Performance improved with age, particularly after 5.5 months. These findings suggest an onset of appreciable working memory for many infants in the middle of their 6th month
Justice to the Maimed Soldier
Reviewed by: Justice to the Maimed Soldier: Nursing, Medical Care and Welfare for Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Their Families during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum, 1642-1660 Jeffrey S. Reznick Eric Gruber von Arni . Justice to the Maimed Soldier: Nursing, Medical Care and Welfare for Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Their Families during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum, 1642-1660. The History of Medicine in Context. Aldershot, U.K.:…
Development of Visuospatial Short-Term Memory in the Second Half of the 1st Year
Eighty 5.5- to 12.5-month-old infants participated in 4 delayed-response procedures challenging shortterm visuospatial memory (STVM), 2 that varied the time between presentation and search and 2 that varied the number of locations. Within each type of challenge, 1 task required a gaze response and 1 required a reach response. There was little improvement in STVM performance from 5.5 to 8 months and linear improvement in the percentage correct fro…
Psychology (29 obras) · Developmental psychology (23 obras) · Cognitive psychology (15 obras) · Child and Animal Learning Development (14 obras) · Language Development and Disorders (11 obras) · Political science (10 obras) · Sociology (10 obras) · Computer Science (8 obras) · Language development (8 obras) · Linguistics (8 obras)