Phil Orchard
Biographic Data
| ID | 1471814 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Phil Orchard |
| GIVEN NAMES | Phil |
| FAMILY NAME | Orchard |
| SIGNATURE | ORCHARD P |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Queensland |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4714-3204 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 20 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 27 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 18 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Contesting the World
Over the past thirty years, norms research has evolved into a significant subfield within International Relations and beyond. 'Contesting the World' delves into the development of norms, exploring their emergence, change and legitimacy on both domestic and international levels. This in-depth volume presents the interpretation-contestation framework, positioning it as the primary theoretical mechanism for understanding norms. Leading scholars span…
Seeking international accountability at home
Norms and Norm Contestation
There are growing connections between the IR constructivist focus on norms and norm contestation and Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA). FPA has long had a focus on agency within the state, particularly individual and group-based decision-making. Early constructivist work, by contrast, tended to prioritize agency outside of the state – focusing on norm entrepreneurs and transnational advocacy – and then the state itself in the norm institutionalizatio…
Forced deportations and the Ukraine war
Since the war in Ukraine has begun, Russia has used population transfers as one of its tactics of war with over 3.6 million Ukrainian citizens now in Russia. These are acts that both Ukrainian authorities and other governments including the United States have claimed are forced deportations. This pattern reflects a longer history—the Soviet Union frequently used similar population transfers as forms of collective punishment against potentially re…
Constructing the Responsibility to Protect
Prospects of Return
This study examines the factors that influence refugees’ decision to return to their country of origin. The research employs exploratory factor analysis and linear regression to investigate the individual-level factors that influence these decisions. Data for the analyses come from a structured survey on 889 Syrian refugees in five different German cities in late 2015. Findings indicate that refugees with higher levels of education are more likel…
The Emergence of Safe Areas and the Role of Normative Contingency
The concept of ‘safe areas’ emerged in the early 1990s as a way of responding to increasing displacement triggered by internal conflicts. As a form of protection, their record was mixed—for every success like northern Iraq in 1991, there was a failure like the collapse of the Srebrenica safe area in 1995. But why did the safe area concept itself emerge at this time? Traditionally, safe areas were akin to humanitarian spaces anchored in consent. T…
The Rohingya jurisdiction decision
The International Criminal Court Pre-Trial Chamber’s decision that the Rohingya situation falls within the Rome Statute and can therefore be investigated by the Prosecutor may – on the face of it – not appear to be a significant milestone in achieving accountability against the government of Myanmar and its military, the Tatmadaw. While the Prosecutor has now confirmed that a preliminary examination will be opened examining the deportation of the…
More Heat than Light
Counting forced migrants runs into a number of hurdles related to their classification, to their experience of flight, and to the need to use myriad sources of data from governments, international organisations, and non-governmental organisations. To complicate matters, three organisations have mandates to count different groups – the un Relief Works Agency ( unrwa ) for Palestine refugees, the un High Commission for Refugees ( unhcr ) for refuge…
The Contested Origins of Internal Displacement
In 1993, the United Nations (UN) recognized that internally displaced persons, people who have fled their homes due to conflict but have not crossed an international boundary, were an international problem. Francis Deng was appointed as the first Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons, and played a key role in creating the soft law Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which have now been widely recogniz…
Regionalizing Protection
Forcible displacement can constitute a mass atrocity crime. This is something that is considered within the non-binding Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Efforts to implement the Guiding Principles at the regional level suggest one path to implement stronger legal protections for internally displaced persons ( idp s), in particular, against mass atrocity crimes. These regional processes, however, can vary in remarkable ways. In the Afr…
The Dawn of International Refugee Protection
There is a long history of state efforts to provide refugee protection prior to the twentieth century—one that can be traced from the flight of the Huguenots in 1685 through the French Revolution and political refugee flows in the nineteenth century. It is during this period that many of the normative understandings we now accept as the foundation of the modern refugee regime were first created: that refugees were distinct from other migrants, th…
Atypical Leadership
Within international relations theorizing, political leaders are rarely cast as norm entrepreneurs or change agents. As heads of government, they have their own sources of legitimacy and authority, but also significant constraints. This article, based on new archival research, adds nuance to this model by exploring the leadership roles of Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman on influencing global views on refugee protection. The role both presiden…
Implementation and World Politics
A significant amount of international relations scholarship examines the role of international norms in world politics. Existing work, though, focuses mainly on how these norms emerge and the process by which governments sign and ratify them. In conventional accounts, the story ends there. Yet, this tells us very little about the conditions under which these norms actually make any difference in practice. When do these norms actually change what …
A Right to Flee
Why do states protect refugees? In the past twenty years, states have sought to limit access to asylum by increasing their border controls and introducing extraterritorial controls. Yet no state has sought to exit the 1951 Refugee Convention or the broader international refugee regime. This book argues that such international policy shifts represent an ongoing process whereby refugee protection is shaped and redefined by states and other actors. …
Revisiting Humanitarian Safe Areas for Civilian Protection
Are safe areas an effective option to protect civilian populations from mass atrocities when they are targeted by their own state? Safe areas disappeared from the international lexicon following the failures in Bosnia and Rwanda. But they are now receiving a second look as a way of responding to mass atrocities without full-scale military intervention. This article argues that the earlier generation of safe areas failed not due to their size or c…
The evolution of the responsibility to protect
The Responsibility to Protect doctrine (R2P), now ten years old, has been widely accepted at the international level. As the books under review demonstrate, debates around its legitimacy are over. Instead, we see a developing second generation of literature focusing on how the R2P needs to be understood more concretely in both academic and policy terms, as well as how it affects the linked issues of humanitarian intervention and state-building. W…
Regime-Induced Displacement and Decision-Making Within the United Nations Security Council
Regime-Induced Displacement – when governments deliberately use coercive tactics to cause mass displacement – is an increasing phenomenon. It is a problem for the international community because these situations challenge the ability of international and non-governmental organisations to provide the displaced with basic levels of protection and assistance. Yet even while these crises frequently cross the threshold envisioned in the Responsibility…
The Perils of Humanitarianism
While incidents of mass displacement have declined over the last decade, the proportion of such incidents in which governments deliberately use coercive force to displace their own populations – which I term regime-induced displacement – has risen substantially. Using an original qualitative dataset, this article argues that not only can such incidents occur in the presence or absence of civil wars and other conflict, but also that the internatio…
Protection of internally displaced persons
Internal displacement is increasingly perceived as an international problem. This has led to suggestions that international norms have begun to govern state behaviour towards their own displaced populations. I argue that this change occurred through the innovative use of soft law, in particular the guiding principles on internal displacement, by a consortia of norm entrepreneurs including NGOs and a UN Office, that of the Representative of the Se…
Prospects of Return
This study examines the factors that influence refugees’ decision to return to their country of origin. The research employs exploratory factor analysis and linear regression to investigate the individual-level factors that influence these decisions. Data for the analyses come from a structured survey on 889 Syrian refugees in five different German cities in late 2015. Findings indicate that refugees with higher levels of education are more likel…
Revisiting Humanitarian Safe Areas for Civilian Protection
Are safe areas an effective option to protect civilian populations from mass atrocities when they are targeted by their own state? Safe areas disappeared from the international lexicon following the failures in Bosnia and Rwanda. But they are now receiving a second look as a way of responding to mass atrocities without full-scale military intervention. This article argues that the earlier generation of safe areas failed not due to their size or c…
The evolution of the responsibility to protect
The Responsibility to Protect doctrine (R2P), now ten years old, has been widely accepted at the international level. As the books under review demonstrate, debates around its legitimacy are over. Instead, we see a developing second generation of literature focusing on how the R2P needs to be understood more concretely in both academic and policy terms, as well as how it affects the linked issues of humanitarian intervention and state-building. W…
The Dawn of International Refugee Protection
There is a long history of state efforts to provide refugee protection prior to the twentieth century—one that can be traced from the flight of the Huguenots in 1685 through the French Revolution and political refugee flows in the nineteenth century. It is during this period that many of the normative understandings we now accept as the foundation of the modern refugee regime were first created: that refugees were distinct from other migrants, th…
The Perils of Humanitarianism
While incidents of mass displacement have declined over the last decade, the proportion of such incidents in which governments deliberately use coercive force to displace their own populations – which I term regime-induced displacement – has risen substantially. Using an original qualitative dataset, this article argues that not only can such incidents occur in the presence or absence of civil wars and other conflict, but also that the internatio…
The Emergence of Safe Areas and the Role of Normative Contingency
The concept of ‘safe areas’ emerged in the early 1990s as a way of responding to increasing displacement triggered by internal conflicts. As a form of protection, their record was mixed—for every success like northern Iraq in 1991, there was a failure like the collapse of the Srebrenica safe area in 1995. But why did the safe area concept itself emerge at this time? Traditionally, safe areas were akin to humanitarian spaces anchored in consent. T…
The Rohingya jurisdiction decision
The International Criminal Court Pre-Trial Chamber’s decision that the Rohingya situation falls within the Rome Statute and can therefore be investigated by the Prosecutor may – on the face of it – not appear to be a significant milestone in achieving accountability against the government of Myanmar and its military, the Tatmadaw. While the Prosecutor has now confirmed that a preliminary examination will be opened examining the deportation of the…
More Heat than Light
Counting forced migrants runs into a number of hurdles related to their classification, to their experience of flight, and to the need to use myriad sources of data from governments, international organisations, and non-governmental organisations. To complicate matters, three organisations have mandates to count different groups – the un Relief Works Agency ( unrwa ) for Palestine refugees, the un High Commission for Refugees ( unhcr ) for refuge…
Regionalizing Protection
Forcible displacement can constitute a mass atrocity crime. This is something that is considered within the non-binding Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Efforts to implement the Guiding Principles at the regional level suggest one path to implement stronger legal protections for internally displaced persons ( idp s), in particular, against mass atrocity crimes. These regional processes, however, can vary in remarkable ways. In the Afr…
Regime-Induced Displacement and Decision-Making Within the United Nations Security Council
Regime-Induced Displacement – when governments deliberately use coercive tactics to cause mass displacement – is an increasing phenomenon. It is a problem for the international community because these situations challenge the ability of international and non-governmental organisations to provide the displaced with basic levels of protection and assistance. Yet even while these crises frequently cross the threshold envisioned in the Responsibility…
Regime-Induced Displacement and Decision-Making Within the United Nations Security Council
Regime-Induced Displacement – when governments deliberately use coercive tactics to cause mass displacement – is an increasing phenomenon. It is a problem for the international community because these situations challenge the ability of international and non-governmental organisations to provide the displaced with basic levels of protection and assistance. Yet even while these crises frequently cross the threshold envisioned in the Responsibility…
The Perils of Humanitarianism
While incidents of mass displacement have declined over the last decade, the proportion of such incidents in which governments deliberately use coercive force to displace their own populations – which I term regime-induced displacement – has risen substantially. Using an original qualitative dataset, this article argues that not only can such incidents occur in the presence or absence of civil wars and other conflict, but also that the internatio…
Protection of internally displaced persons
Internal displacement is increasingly perceived as an international problem. This has led to suggestions that international norms have begun to govern state behaviour towards their own displaced populations. I argue that this change occurred through the innovative use of soft law, in particular the guiding principles on internal displacement, by a consortia of norm entrepreneurs including NGOs and a UN Office, that of the Representative of the Se…
The evolution of the responsibility to protect
The Responsibility to Protect doctrine (R2P), now ten years old, has been widely accepted at the international level. As the books under review demonstrate, debates around its legitimacy are over. Instead, we see a developing second generation of literature focusing on how the R2P needs to be understood more concretely in both academic and policy terms, as well as how it affects the linked issues of humanitarian intervention and state-building. W…
Implementation and World Politics
A significant amount of international relations scholarship examines the role of international norms in world politics. Existing work, though, focuses mainly on how these norms emerge and the process by which governments sign and ratify them. In conventional accounts, the story ends there. Yet, this tells us very little about the conditions under which these norms actually make any difference in practice. When do these norms actually change what …
A Right to Flee
Why do states protect refugees? In the past twenty years, states have sought to limit access to asylum by increasing their border controls and introducing extraterritorial controls. Yet no state has sought to exit the 1951 Refugee Convention or the broader international refugee regime. This book argues that such international policy shifts represent an ongoing process whereby refugee protection is shaped and redefined by states and other actors. …
Revisiting Humanitarian Safe Areas for Civilian Protection
Are safe areas an effective option to protect civilian populations from mass atrocities when they are targeted by their own state? Safe areas disappeared from the international lexicon following the failures in Bosnia and Rwanda. But they are now receiving a second look as a way of responding to mass atrocities without full-scale military intervention. This article argues that the earlier generation of safe areas failed not due to their size or c…
Atypical Leadership
Within international relations theorizing, political leaders are rarely cast as norm entrepreneurs or change agents. As heads of government, they have their own sources of legitimacy and authority, but also significant constraints. This article, based on new archival research, adds nuance to this model by exploring the leadership roles of Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman on influencing global views on refugee protection. The role both presiden…
The Contested Origins of Internal Displacement
In 1993, the United Nations (UN) recognized that internally displaced persons, people who have fled their homes due to conflict but have not crossed an international boundary, were an international problem. Francis Deng was appointed as the first Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons, and played a key role in creating the soft law Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which have now been widely recogniz…
Regionalizing Protection
Forcible displacement can constitute a mass atrocity crime. This is something that is considered within the non-binding Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Efforts to implement the Guiding Principles at the regional level suggest one path to implement stronger legal protections for internally displaced persons ( idp s), in particular, against mass atrocity crimes. These regional processes, however, can vary in remarkable ways. In the Afr…
The Dawn of International Refugee Protection
There is a long history of state efforts to provide refugee protection prior to the twentieth century—one that can be traced from the flight of the Huguenots in 1685 through the French Revolution and political refugee flows in the nineteenth century. It is during this period that many of the normative understandings we now accept as the foundation of the modern refugee regime were first created: that refugees were distinct from other migrants, th…
More Heat than Light
Counting forced migrants runs into a number of hurdles related to their classification, to their experience of flight, and to the need to use myriad sources of data from governments, international organisations, and non-governmental organisations. To complicate matters, three organisations have mandates to count different groups – the un Relief Works Agency ( unrwa ) for Palestine refugees, the un High Commission for Refugees ( unhcr ) for refuge…
The Emergence of Safe Areas and the Role of Normative Contingency
The concept of ‘safe areas’ emerged in the early 1990s as a way of responding to increasing displacement triggered by internal conflicts. As a form of protection, their record was mixed—for every success like northern Iraq in 1991, there was a failure like the collapse of the Srebrenica safe area in 1995. But why did the safe area concept itself emerge at this time? Traditionally, safe areas were akin to humanitarian spaces anchored in consent. T…
The Rohingya jurisdiction decision
The International Criminal Court Pre-Trial Chamber’s decision that the Rohingya situation falls within the Rome Statute and can therefore be investigated by the Prosecutor may – on the face of it – not appear to be a significant milestone in achieving accountability against the government of Myanmar and its military, the Tatmadaw. While the Prosecutor has now confirmed that a preliminary examination will be opened examining the deportation of the…
Constructing the Responsibility to Protect
Prospects of Return
This study examines the factors that influence refugees’ decision to return to their country of origin. The research employs exploratory factor analysis and linear regression to investigate the individual-level factors that influence these decisions. Data for the analyses come from a structured survey on 889 Syrian refugees in five different German cities in late 2015. Findings indicate that refugees with higher levels of education are more likel…
Norms and Norm Contestation
There are growing connections between the IR constructivist focus on norms and norm contestation and Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA). FPA has long had a focus on agency within the state, particularly individual and group-based decision-making. Early constructivist work, by contrast, tended to prioritize agency outside of the state – focusing on norm entrepreneurs and transnational advocacy – and then the state itself in the norm institutionalizatio…
Forced deportations and the Ukraine war
Since the war in Ukraine has begun, Russia has used population transfers as one of its tactics of war with over 3.6 million Ukrainian citizens now in Russia. These are acts that both Ukrainian authorities and other governments including the United States have claimed are forced deportations. This pattern reflects a longer history—the Soviet Union frequently used similar population transfers as forms of collective punishment against potentially re…
Contesting the World
Over the past thirty years, norms research has evolved into a significant subfield within International Relations and beyond. 'Contesting the World' delves into the development of norms, exploring their emergence, change and legitimacy on both domestic and international levels. This in-depth volume presents the interpretation-contestation framework, positioning it as the primary theoretical mechanism for understanding norms. Leading scholars span…
Seeking international accountability at home
Political science (19 works) · Law (15 works) · Law (14 works) · Global Peace and Security Dynamics (13 works) · Sociology (13 works) · Refugee (11 works) · International law (10 works) · Politics (7 works) · Internally displaced person (6 works) · International Law and Human Rights (6 works)