Ulrich Krotz
Biographic Data
| ID | 1471969 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ulrich Krotz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ulrich |
| FAMILY NAME | Krotz |
| SIGNATURE | KROTZ U |
| AFFILIATIONS | European University Institute |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8858-6071 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 20 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 203 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 20 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Bilateralism in multilateralism: France-Germany in Europe and the interlinking of institutional forms in Regional Order and World Politics
Regional integration scholars have long stressed the role and importance of bilateral and other minilateral relations between states for multilateral politics in a regional organisation. However, the literature on bilateralism and multilateralism mostly evolves separately from one another, both conceptually and empirically. To bridge this divide, this article develops a tripartite differentiation of competing, coexisting and complecting relations…
War as external cause: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the theorising of European integration and EU politics, and the EU’s arduous formation in foreign and security policy
Why States Arm and Why, Sometimes, They Do So Together
Why do states arm? And why do they, sometimes, do so together with other states? International relations and security studies scholars have long explored the causes that propel states to arm. However, the extant literature has yet to provide a coherent theoretical framework to explain arms production and collaboration. Drawing from work in eclectic theorizing, this article contributes a systematizing, integrative perspective. States arm, and some…
Leadership in European crisis politics: France, Germany, and the difficult quest for regional stabilization and integration
Over the past decade, the European Union (EU) has faced a number of severe crises threatening its core policy regimes and the future of its polity. Potentially existential crises, such as the Eurozone, migration, and Covid-19 crises, require political leaders who are able and willing to give orientation and provide stability. This article argues that France and Germany, as the Union's two largest member states, have been key for EU stabilization …
Preference Constellations in EU–Russian Crisis Bargaining over Syria and Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and the ensuing EU–Russian clash over the fate of Ukraine highlight the importance of explaining the outcomes of EU–Russian crisis bargaining. Complementing existing accounts, we argue that favourable preference constellations are key: The more determined, united and focused side prevails over its less interested, divided or unfocused counterpart. We first establish the inferiority of Russia's influen…
Embedded Bilateralism, Integration Theory, and European Crisis Politics: France, Germany, and the Birth of the EU Corona Recovery Fund
What explains the creation of the EU corona recovery fund? Why did the Union agree on a large‐scale financial response to the corona pandemic, despite member states' very different immediate reactions to the crisis and their opposing attitudes towards common debt? This article argues for the decisiveness of France and Germany's role within the Union and their tight bilateral political cooperation. The ‘embedded bilateralism’ approach to European …
Building ‘Next Generation’ after the pandemic: The implementation and implications of the EU Covid Recovery Plan
First published: 07 July 2022
An Old Couple in a New Setting: Franco-German Leadership in the Post-Brexit EU
What are the implications of Brexit for the nature, role, and potential of Franco-German leadership in the EU? Brexit, we contend, is both an expression and a further cause of two broader underlying developments in the contemporary EU: First, a stronger and more prominent German part and position, and second, disintegrative tendencies in several EU policy fields and the EU polity as a whole. This, in turn, has major implications for Franco-German…
CSDP Military Operations
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations, while still novel, are rapidly becoming a vital means through which Europe projects physical power and influence beyond its borders. This chapter analyses the EU’s multilateral, intergovernmental military operations, examining where and how the EU has pursued its emerging strategic interests around the globe. It first surveys the history and politics of the thirteen CSDP mweilitary operations …
Back to the future? Franco-German bilateralism in Europe's post-Brexit union
Published online: 06 May 2018
Europe in an age of transition
In June 2016, the European Union released an updated global security strategy, outlining some of the main threats and challenges it currently faces. While the document notes that “global power shifts and power diffusion” characterize world politics today, it devotes little attention to how these developments are likely to affect Europe’s ability to advance its aims and agenda around the world. This article takes up this question, reviewing how gl…
Europe’s crises and the EU’s ‘big three
This article examines the impact and significance of the Crimea-Ukraine-Russia and the eurozone crises on relations among and between the EU’s three biggest member states - Britain, France and Germany - as well as their individual influence and roles within the EU. The Ukraine and eurozone crises have revealed and intensified three longer-term developments in contemporary European politics: Germany's rise as the EU's most powerful member state an…
History and Foreign Policy in France and Germany
Why do states similar in size, resources and capabilities significantly differ in their basic orientations and actions across major domains in foreign policy, security and defense? This book addresses
Three eras and possible futures: A long-term view on the Franco-German relationship a century after the First World War
Article first published online: 14 MAR 2014
Debating the Sources and Prospects of European Integration
In "Europe's Troubles," Sebastian Rosato argues that the high water mark of European integration has passed and that the fate of the European Union (EU) is increasingly uncertain. The European project, he claims, had a geostrategic imperative during the Cold War: unable to match Soviet power individually, the small and medium powers of Western Europe sought to balance the Soviet Union through economic integration. The Soviet collapse and the end …
Flying Tiger: International Relations Theory and the Politics of Advanced Weapons
Ulrich Krotz's 'Flying Tiger' takes a relatively obscure episode - the joint Franco-German production of a very expensive military helicopter, the Tiger helicopter - to make a groundbreaking theoretical contribution to international relations scholarship.
International Relations Theory and the Rise of European Foreign and Security Policy
The historical rise of European foreign, security, and defense policy marks an important development in European politics and world politics more broadly. Long thought unlikely to amount to much, European integration in the domains of traditional “high politics” has consolidated bit by bit since the mid-1990s, under the auspices of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and a pan-European security and defense policy (ESDP). Accordingly, Euro…
Regularized Intergovernmentalism: France-Germany and Beyond (1963-2009)
Regularized intergovernmentalism refers to a distinct kind of foreign policy practice that connects and intertwines foreign policy processes in particular ways. This paper puts forth a concept to properly capture and expose such distinctive foreign policy realities characterizing certain periods and places. With this concept, the article systematically scrutinizes the intergovernmental fabric of bilateral Franco–German relations from 1963 to 2009…
Momentum and Impediments: Why Europe Won't Emerge as a Full Political Actor on the World Stage Soon
Is Europe about to rise as a full political actor on the world stage? Conventional wisdom had it that European integration in foreign policy, security and defence was unlikely to amount to much very quickly. More recently, however, a diverse group of scholars has argued that pan‐European political actorhood had gained considerable substance. Surveying the recent literature, pertinent related writings and relevant primary materials on the matter, …
Parapublic Underpinnings of International Relations: The Franco-German Construction of Europeanization of a Particular Kind
Parapublic underpinnings of international relations are cross-border interactions that belong neither to the public world of states nor to the private world of societies. They underpin relations among specific states and construct social purpose in the international realm. Focusing on Franco-German parapublic underpinnings reveals a particular and neglected kind of `Europeanization'. Such parapublic activity includes massive state-financed youth …
Building ‘Next Generation’ after the pandemic: The implementation and implications of the EU Covid Recovery Plan
First published: 07 July 2022
Embedded Bilateralism, Integration Theory, and European Crisis Politics: France, Germany, and the Birth of the EU Corona Recovery Fund
What explains the creation of the EU corona recovery fund? Why did the Union agree on a large‐scale financial response to the corona pandemic, despite member states' very different immediate reactions to the crisis and their opposing attitudes towards common debt? This article argues for the decisiveness of France and Germany's role within the Union and their tight bilateral political cooperation. The ‘embedded bilateralism’ approach to European …
Back to the future? Franco-German bilateralism in Europe's post-Brexit union
Published online: 06 May 2018
Momentum and Impediments: Why Europe Won't Emerge as a Full Political Actor on the World Stage Soon
Is Europe about to rise as a full political actor on the world stage? Conventional wisdom had it that European integration in foreign policy, security and defence was unlikely to amount to much very quickly. More recently, however, a diverse group of scholars has argued that pan‐European political actorhood had gained considerable substance. Surveying the recent literature, pertinent related writings and relevant primary materials on the matter, …
Europe’s crises and the EU’s ‘big three
This article examines the impact and significance of the Crimea-Ukraine-Russia and the eurozone crises on relations among and between the EU’s three biggest member states - Britain, France and Germany - as well as their individual influence and roles within the EU. The Ukraine and eurozone crises have revealed and intensified three longer-term developments in contemporary European politics: Germany's rise as the EU's most powerful member state an…
International Relations Theory and the Rise of European Foreign and Security Policy
The historical rise of European foreign, security, and defense policy marks an important development in European politics and world politics more broadly. Long thought unlikely to amount to much, European integration in the domains of traditional “high politics” has consolidated bit by bit since the mid-1990s, under the auspices of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and a pan-European security and defense policy (ESDP). Accordingly, Euro…
Leadership in European crisis politics: France, Germany, and the difficult quest for regional stabilization and integration
Over the past decade, the European Union (EU) has faced a number of severe crises threatening its core policy regimes and the future of its polity. Potentially existential crises, such as the Eurozone, migration, and Covid-19 crises, require political leaders who are able and willing to give orientation and provide stability. This article argues that France and Germany, as the Union's two largest member states, have been key for EU stabilization …
Regularized Intergovernmentalism: France-Germany and Beyond (1963-2009)
Regularized intergovernmentalism refers to a distinct kind of foreign policy practice that connects and intertwines foreign policy processes in particular ways. This paper puts forth a concept to properly capture and expose such distinctive foreign policy realities characterizing certain periods and places. With this concept, the article systematically scrutinizes the intergovernmental fabric of bilateral Franco–German relations from 1963 to 2009…
Parapublic Underpinnings of International Relations: The Franco-German Construction of Europeanization of a Particular Kind
Parapublic underpinnings of international relations are cross-border interactions that belong neither to the public world of states nor to the private world of societies. They underpin relations among specific states and construct social purpose in the international realm. Focusing on Franco-German parapublic underpinnings reveals a particular and neglected kind of `Europeanization'. Such parapublic activity includes massive state-financed youth …
Preference Constellations in EU–Russian Crisis Bargaining over Syria and Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and the ensuing EU–Russian clash over the fate of Ukraine highlight the importance of explaining the outcomes of EU–Russian crisis bargaining. Complementing existing accounts, we argue that favourable preference constellations are key: The more determined, united and focused side prevails over its less interested, divided or unfocused counterpart. We first establish the inferiority of Russia's influen…
War as external cause: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the theorising of European integration and EU politics, and the EU’s arduous formation in foreign and security policy
Debating the Sources and Prospects of European Integration
In "Europe's Troubles," Sebastian Rosato argues that the high water mark of European integration has passed and that the fate of the European Union (EU) is increasingly uncertain. The European project, he claims, had a geostrategic imperative during the Cold War: unable to match Soviet power individually, the small and medium powers of Western Europe sought to balance the Soviet Union through economic integration. The Soviet collapse and the end …
An Old Couple in a New Setting: Franco-German Leadership in the Post-Brexit EU
What are the implications of Brexit for the nature, role, and potential of Franco-German leadership in the EU? Brexit, we contend, is both an expression and a further cause of two broader underlying developments in the contemporary EU: First, a stronger and more prominent German part and position, and second, disintegrative tendencies in several EU policy fields and the EU polity as a whole. This, in turn, has major implications for Franco-German…
Three eras and possible futures: A long-term view on the Franco-German relationship a century after the First World War
Article first published online: 14 MAR 2014
Why States Arm and Why, Sometimes, They Do So Together
Why do states arm? And why do they, sometimes, do so together with other states? International relations and security studies scholars have long explored the causes that propel states to arm. However, the extant literature has yet to provide a coherent theoretical framework to explain arms production and collaboration. Drawing from work in eclectic theorizing, this article contributes a systematizing, integrative perspective. States arm, and some…
Europe in an age of transition
In June 2016, the European Union released an updated global security strategy, outlining some of the main threats and challenges it currently faces. While the document notes that “global power shifts and power diffusion” characterize world politics today, it devotes little attention to how these developments are likely to affect Europe’s ability to advance its aims and agenda around the world. This article takes up this question, reviewing how gl…
Parapublic Underpinnings of International Relations: The Franco-German Construction of Europeanization of a Particular Kind
Parapublic underpinnings of international relations are cross-border interactions that belong neither to the public world of states nor to the private world of societies. They underpin relations among specific states and construct social purpose in the international realm. Focusing on Franco-German parapublic underpinnings reveals a particular and neglected kind of `Europeanization'. Such parapublic activity includes massive state-financed youth …
Momentum and Impediments: Why Europe Won't Emerge as a Full Political Actor on the World Stage Soon
Is Europe about to rise as a full political actor on the world stage? Conventional wisdom had it that European integration in foreign policy, security and defence was unlikely to amount to much very quickly. More recently, however, a diverse group of scholars has argued that pan‐European political actorhood had gained considerable substance. Surveying the recent literature, pertinent related writings and relevant primary materials on the matter, …
Regularized Intergovernmentalism: France-Germany and Beyond (1963-2009)
Regularized intergovernmentalism refers to a distinct kind of foreign policy practice that connects and intertwines foreign policy processes in particular ways. This paper puts forth a concept to properly capture and expose such distinctive foreign policy realities characterizing certain periods and places. With this concept, the article systematically scrutinizes the intergovernmental fabric of bilateral Franco–German relations from 1963 to 2009…
Flying Tiger: International Relations Theory and the Politics of Advanced Weapons
Ulrich Krotz's 'Flying Tiger' takes a relatively obscure episode - the joint Franco-German production of a very expensive military helicopter, the Tiger helicopter - to make a groundbreaking theoretical contribution to international relations scholarship.
International Relations Theory and the Rise of European Foreign and Security Policy
The historical rise of European foreign, security, and defense policy marks an important development in European politics and world politics more broadly. Long thought unlikely to amount to much, European integration in the domains of traditional “high politics” has consolidated bit by bit since the mid-1990s, under the auspices of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and a pan-European security and defense policy (ESDP). Accordingly, Euro…
Debating the Sources and Prospects of European Integration
In "Europe's Troubles," Sebastian Rosato argues that the high water mark of European integration has passed and that the fate of the European Union (EU) is increasingly uncertain. The European project, he claims, had a geostrategic imperative during the Cold War: unable to match Soviet power individually, the small and medium powers of Western Europe sought to balance the Soviet Union through economic integration. The Soviet collapse and the end …
Three eras and possible futures: A long-term view on the Franco-German relationship a century after the First World War
Article first published online: 14 MAR 2014
History and Foreign Policy in France and Germany
Why do states similar in size, resources and capabilities significantly differ in their basic orientations and actions across major domains in foreign policy, security and defense? This book addresses
Europe’s crises and the EU’s ‘big three
This article examines the impact and significance of the Crimea-Ukraine-Russia and the eurozone crises on relations among and between the EU’s three biggest member states - Britain, France and Germany - as well as their individual influence and roles within the EU. The Ukraine and eurozone crises have revealed and intensified three longer-term developments in contemporary European politics: Germany's rise as the EU's most powerful member state an…
Europe in an age of transition
In June 2016, the European Union released an updated global security strategy, outlining some of the main threats and challenges it currently faces. While the document notes that “global power shifts and power diffusion” characterize world politics today, it devotes little attention to how these developments are likely to affect Europe’s ability to advance its aims and agenda around the world. This article takes up this question, reviewing how gl…
CSDP Military Operations
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations, while still novel, are rapidly becoming a vital means through which Europe projects physical power and influence beyond its borders. This chapter analyses the EU’s multilateral, intergovernmental military operations, examining where and how the EU has pursued its emerging strategic interests around the globe. It first surveys the history and politics of the thirteen CSDP mweilitary operations …
Back to the future? Franco-German bilateralism in Europe's post-Brexit union
Published online: 06 May 2018
An Old Couple in a New Setting: Franco-German Leadership in the Post-Brexit EU
What are the implications of Brexit for the nature, role, and potential of Franco-German leadership in the EU? Brexit, we contend, is both an expression and a further cause of two broader underlying developments in the contemporary EU: First, a stronger and more prominent German part and position, and second, disintegrative tendencies in several EU policy fields and the EU polity as a whole. This, in turn, has major implications for Franco-German…
Embedded Bilateralism, Integration Theory, and European Crisis Politics: France, Germany, and the Birth of the EU Corona Recovery Fund
What explains the creation of the EU corona recovery fund? Why did the Union agree on a large‐scale financial response to the corona pandemic, despite member states' very different immediate reactions to the crisis and their opposing attitudes towards common debt? This article argues for the decisiveness of France and Germany's role within the Union and their tight bilateral political cooperation. The ‘embedded bilateralism’ approach to European …
Building ‘Next Generation’ after the pandemic: The implementation and implications of the EU Covid Recovery Plan
First published: 07 July 2022
Why States Arm and Why, Sometimes, They Do So Together
Why do states arm? And why do they, sometimes, do so together with other states? International relations and security studies scholars have long explored the causes that propel states to arm. However, the extant literature has yet to provide a coherent theoretical framework to explain arms production and collaboration. Drawing from work in eclectic theorizing, this article contributes a systematizing, integrative perspective. States arm, and some…
Leadership in European crisis politics: France, Germany, and the difficult quest for regional stabilization and integration
Over the past decade, the European Union (EU) has faced a number of severe crises threatening its core policy regimes and the future of its polity. Potentially existential crises, such as the Eurozone, migration, and Covid-19 crises, require political leaders who are able and willing to give orientation and provide stability. This article argues that France and Germany, as the Union's two largest member states, have been key for EU stabilization …
Preference Constellations in EU–Russian Crisis Bargaining over Syria and Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and the ensuing EU–Russian clash over the fate of Ukraine highlight the importance of explaining the outcomes of EU–Russian crisis bargaining. Complementing existing accounts, we argue that favourable preference constellations are key: The more determined, united and focused side prevails over its less interested, divided or unfocused counterpart. We first establish the inferiority of Russia's influen…
War as external cause: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the theorising of European integration and EU politics, and the EU’s arduous formation in foreign and security policy
Bilateralism in multilateralism: France-Germany in Europe and the interlinking of institutional forms in Regional Order and World Politics
Regional integration scholars have long stressed the role and importance of bilateral and other minilateral relations between states for multilateral politics in a regional organisation. However, the literature on bilateralism and multilateralism mostly evolves separately from one another, both conceptually and empirically. To bridge this divide, this article develops a tripartite differentiation of competing, coexisting and complecting relations…
Political science (18 works) · Politics (18 works) · Law (17 works) · European Union Policy and Governance (15 works) · Economics (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Political economy (12 works) · International Relations and Foreign Policy (11 works) · European union (10 works) · International trade (8 works)