David L Rigby
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 1473525 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | David L Rigby |
| NOMBRES | David L |
| APELLIDO | Rigby |
| FIRMA | RIGBY D L |
| AFILIACIONES | University of California, Los Angeles |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8555-1308 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 56 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 627 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 56 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1989 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 15 |
Knowledge sourcing by multi-locational firms in Chinese cities
A linked firm-patent dataset is generated for a sample of approximately 400 domestic, multi-locational firms operating in China over the period 2001-15. Analysis focuses on the character of technologies produced within the different R&D plants of these firms. We show that most multi-unit firms produce different kinds of knowledge within their R&D units and that the likelihood of technology differences increases with the number of R&D plants withi…
Residential Segregation and Epigenetic Age Acceleration Among Older-Age Black and White Americans
Our study tests residential segregation as an explanation for biological aging disparities between Black and White Americans. We analyze data from 288 Black and White older-age adults who participated in Wave 6 (2019) of the Americans' Changing Lives study, a nationally representative cohort of adults in the contiguous United States. Our outcome of interest is epigenetic age acceleration assessed via five epigenetic clocks: GrimAge, PhenoAge, Ski…
Geographies of Knowledge Sourcing and the Complexity of Knowledge in Multilocational Firms
The rise of the knowledge economy has placed innovation at the center of models of competitive advantage. Access to more valuable forms of knowledge remains contested as the geography of its production is uneven and as some knowledge assets are relatively immobile. Within this fractured knowledge landscape multilocational firms have clear advantages. They can exploit numerous localized pools of knowledge, they can shape the character of knowledge…
Knowledge sourcing by multi-plant firms in Europe
Research on geographies of knowledge sourcing examines the organizational structure of innovation activities within the firm, the mechanisms by which knowledge is extracted from various external sources and the geography of these different activities. We augment this literature by exploring knowledge sourcing within multi-plant firms operating in Europe. Analysis makes use of linked patent-firm data recording the location of knowledge production …
Technological diversification of U.S. cities during the great historical crises
Regional resilience is high on the scientific and policy agenda. An essential feature of resilience is diversifying into new activities but little is known about whether major economic crises accelerate or decelerate regional diversification. This article shows how crises impact the development of new technological capabilities within U.S. metropolitan areas by examining three of the largest downturns in U.S. history, the Long Depression (1873–18…
Where do capabilities reside? Analysis of related technological diversification in multi-locational firms
Where do businesses source the capabilities that influence their diversification? From the resource-based perspective, capabilities are located within the firm. For many economic geographers, capabilities are place-based and flow between firms in local areas. Others claim the capabilities that count emerge from non-local collaboration. The value added of this paper is a firm–establishment–patent dataset that helps identify the sources of capabili…
Evaluating the implementation of Smart Specialisation policy
The Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) is at the core of the 2014–20 European Cohesion Policy, supporting regions to identify the technologies and economic sectors that might comprise sustainable growth paths. This paper provides an early attempt to assess empirically, for the whole European Union, whether the choices made by regions in selecting S3 target sectors are consistent with their current or potential specialization patterns. Results sho…
Do EU regions benefit from Smart Specialisation principles
Smart Specialisation was conceived as a ‘bottom-up’ framework to identify new growth paths connected to knowledge cores within regions. Although operationalization of Smart Specialisation has proven difficult, recent mappings of technologies in terms of technological relatedness and complexity suggest a useful cost–benefit framework. We extend these ideas, locating European Union cities in a Smart Specialisation space and tracking their developme…
Do Capabilities Reside in Firms or in Regions? Analysis of Related Diversification in Chinese Knowledge Production
Do capabilities reside in firms, in regions, or in both? Within economic geography, most contemporary research on diversification examines how local structures condition regional development possibilities. The underlying logic is that capabilities are generated within regions and sometimes shared between them. We challenge that logic, exploring whether capabilities are more likely to emerge within the firm and to flow across spatial boundaries th…
How do occupational relatedness and complexity condition employment dynamics in periods of growth and recession
Related diversification has generated interest in policy (Smart Specialisation) and academic (regional branching) circles, linking path creation to regional capabilities and performance. We develop measures of occupational relatedness and complexity for local labour market areas in Sweden over the period 2002–12 to examine whether these constructs are helpful in explaining spatial and temporal variations in employment growth. The results indicate…
Capital Punishment and the Legacies of Slavery and Lynching in the United States
Capital punishment in the United States is racialized: those convicted of the murder of Whites are much more likely to receive the death penalty than those convicted for the murder of Blacks. Capital punishment is more commonly practiced in places where lynching of Blacks occurred more frequently and in states in which slavery was legal as of 1860. Accordingly, scholars have debated whether capital punishment reflects a legacy of lynching or a le…
The geographic evolution of optics technologies in the United States, 1976–2010
Complex economic activities concentrate in large cities
Co‐inventor networks and knowledge production in specialized and diversified cities
National Crimes
Historians are increasingly studying lynching outside of the American Southeast, but sociologists have been slow to follow. We introduce a new public data set that extends existing data on lynching victims to cover the contiguous United States from 1883 to 1941. These data confirm that lynching was a heterogeneous practice across the United States. We differentiate between three different regimes over this period: a Wild West regime, characterize…
The Principle of Relatedness
The Racial Position of European Immigrants 1883–1941
The racial position of European immigrants in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries vis-à-vis blacks and whites is debated. Some argue that many European immigrant groups were initially considered nonwhite, while others argue that they were almost always considered white, if sometimes still from a distinct intrawhite racial category. Using a new dataset of all lynchings in the American Midwest from 1883 to 1941, we explore differences in c…
Buzz and pipelines
Explanations for why firms in some clusters outperform others rest on the assumed benefits of local and nonlocal interaction. In this article, we extend research on knowledge sharing by modeling local and global interactions between firms distributed across industrial clusters. Our simulation model develops an evolutionary framework where firms explore and exploit knowledge sets accumulated over time by recombining technologies held by local and …
Smart specialization policy in the European Union
The operationalization of smart specialization policy has been rather limited because a coherent set of analytical tools to guide the policy directives remains elusive. We propose a policy framework around the concepts of relatedness and knowledge complexity. We show that diversifying into more complex technologies is attractive but difficult for European Union regions to accomplish. Regions can overcome this diversification dilemma by developing…
You have to (Br)enter to (Br)exit
Co-inventor data gathered from EU patents are used to measure collaboration in knowledge production between all pairs of nuts2 regions in the EU15 between 1980 and 2005. Gower's similarity index is employed to visualize the inter-regional collaboration space. National borders exert a strong influence on inter-regional collaboration in the first period examined as regions within countries tend to cluster together. Over time, these national border …
The Geography of Complex Knowledge
There is consensus among scholars and policy makers that knowledge is one of the key drivers of long-run economic growth. It is also clear from the literature that not all knowledge has the same value. However, too often in economic geography and cognate fields we have been obsessed with counting knowledge inputs and outputs rather than assessing the quality of knowledge produced. In this article we measure the complexity of knowledge, we map the…
The evolution of specialization in the EU15 knowledge space
Significant attention has been directed to processes of knowledge production, but little consideration has been given to the type of technological knowledge produced within specific places. Patent co-classification data are employed to measure the distance between all pairs of International Patent Classification categories in order to visualize and to trace the evolution of the EU15 knowledge space from 1981 to 2005. Technological relatedness mea…
Regional industrial evolution in China
The technological resilience of US cities
We study the resilience of cities by analysing the relative capacity to sustain their production of technological knowledge in the face of adverse events. Using patent applications in 366 Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the USA from 1975 to 2002, we analyse the vulnerability and response of cities to technological crises, defined as periods of sustained negative growth in patenting activity. We find that the frequency, intensity and duration of…
US Wage Inequality and Low‐Wage Import Competition
This paper revisits the link between trade and wage inequality motivated by two changes in the structure of trade. First, trade today is shaped as much by the exchange of components as finished goods. Second, low‐wage country imports into advanced economies like the US have risen dramatically since the early 1990s. We pay special attention to the timing of trade impacts. Consistent with prior work, technological change is confirmed as the key dri…
Smart specialization policy in the European Union
The operationalization of smart specialization policy has been rather limited because a coherent set of analytical tools to guide the policy directives remains elusive. We propose a policy framework around the concepts of relatedness and knowledge complexity. We show that diversifying into more complex technologies is attractive but difficult for European Union regions to accomplish. Regions can overcome this diversification dilemma by developing…
Technological Relatedness and Knowledge Space
U.S. patent and citation data are used to measure technological relatedness between major patent classes in the USPTO. The technological relatedness measures, constructed as the probability that a patent in class j will cite a patent in class i, form the links of a knowledge network. Changes in this knowledge network are examined from 1975 to 2005. Evolution of the patent knowledge base within U.S. metropolitan areas is tracked by combining the k…
Exploring evolutionary economic geographies
Evolutionary approaches in economics have gathered increasing support over the last 25 years. Despite an impressive body of literature, economists are still far from formulating a coherent research paradigm. The multitude of approaches in evolutionary economics poses problems for the development of an evolutionary economic geography. For the most part, evolutionary economic geography imports selective concepts from evolutionary biology and econom…
The Geography of Complex Knowledge
There is consensus among scholars and policy makers that knowledge is one of the key drivers of long-run economic growth. It is also clear from the literature that not all knowledge has the same value. However, too often in economic geography and cognate fields we have been obsessed with counting knowledge inputs and outputs rather than assessing the quality of knowledge produced. In this article we measure the complexity of knowledge, we map the…
Do EU regions benefit from Smart Specialisation principles
Smart Specialisation was conceived as a ‘bottom-up’ framework to identify new growth paths connected to knowledge cores within regions. Although operationalization of Smart Specialisation has proven difficult, recent mappings of technologies in terms of technological relatedness and complexity suggest a useful cost–benefit framework. We extend these ideas, locating European Union cities in a Smart Specialisation space and tracking their developme…
Complex economic activities concentrate in large cities
National Crimes
Historians are increasingly studying lynching outside of the American Southeast, but sociologists have been slow to follow. We introduce a new public data set that extends existing data on lynching victims to cover the contiguous United States from 1883 to 1941. These data confirm that lynching was a heterogeneous practice across the United States. We differentiate between three different regimes over this period: a Wild West regime, characterize…
Agglomeration and the Geography of Localization Economies in Canada
Baldwin J. R., Beckstead D., Brown W. M. and Rigby D. L. Agglomeration and the geography of localization economies in Canada, Regional Studies. This paper maps the spatial variation in productivity levels across Canadian cities and models the underlying determinants of that variation. There are two main goals. The first is to confirm the existence, the nature and the size of agglomeration economies; and the second to identify the geographical ext…
How do occupational relatedness and complexity condition employment dynamics in periods of growth and recession
Related diversification has generated interest in policy (Smart Specialisation) and academic (regional branching) circles, linking path creation to regional capabilities and performance. We develop measures of occupational relatedness and complexity for local labour market areas in Sweden over the period 2002–12 to examine whether these constructs are helpful in explaining spatial and temporal variations in employment growth. The results indicate…
Impacts of Industry Mix, Technological Change, Selection and Plant Entry/Exit on Regional Productivity Growth
RIGBY D. L. and ESSLETZBICHLER J. (2000) Impacts of industry mix, technological change, selection and plant entry/exit on regional productivity growth, Reg. Studies 34 , 333-342. In this paper we identify five sources of regional productivity growth: changes in industry mix; technological change by incumbent plants; selection, or changes in plant market shares; plant entry; and plant exit. These sources of productivity change are measured for US …
Who Benefits from Agglomeration
Rigby D. L. and Brown W. M. Who benefits from agglomeration?, Regional Studies. Theories of the firm and strategic management argue that competitive advantage originates in the development and exploitation of assets or capabilities that may be internal or external to the firm. It might be anticipated that older, larger, foreign-owned and multi-plant firms draw upon internal resources more readily than young, small, domestic, single-plant firms. D…
Technological variety, technological change and a geography of production techniques
How much heterogeneity in techniques of production exists within the economy, and how does that heterogeneity move over time? In this paper we show that the range of production techniques employed by establishments within individual manufacturing industries is large. We go on to show that technological heterogeneity persists over time: there is no evidence of convergence to best-practice or some other point in technology space. Next, we explore t…
Regional industrial evolution in China
RKnowledge
Feldman M. P., Kogler D. F. and Rigby D. L. rKnowledge: the spatial diffusion and adoption of rDNA methods, Regional Studies. The 1980 patent granted to Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer for their development of rDNA technology played a critical role in the establishment of the modern biotechnology industry. From the birth of this general-purpose technology in the San Francisco Bay area, rDNA-related knowledge diffused across sectors and regions of…
The technological resilience of US cities
We study the resilience of cities by analysing the relative capacity to sustain their production of technological knowledge in the face of adverse events. Using patent applications in 366 Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the USA from 1975 to 2002, we analyse the vulnerability and response of cities to technological crises, defined as periods of sustained negative growth in patenting activity. We find that the frequency, intensity and duration of…
Agglomeration economies and productivity differences in US cities
Plant‐level data from the Longitudinal Research Database of the US Bureau of the Census are employed to estimate the impact of agglomeration economies on industry productivity across US metropolitan areas. This analysis seeks to remedy three shortcomings of previous empirical studies of agglomeration economies: reliance on aggregate spatial or sectoral data; lack of attention to spatial dependence in data; and representation of agglomeration econ…
Competition, Variety and the Geography of Technology Evolution
Change in evolutionary economics proceeds through the creative destruction of variety in firm characteristics. Firm routines, relational assets and the institutional environments in which firms operate shape the creation and destruction of variety. Despite the centrality of the concept of variety in evolutionary economics, analysis of the extent and the persistence of firm heterogeneity is rare. Notwithstanding the theoretical pronouncements of e…
Where do capabilities reside? Analysis of related technological diversification in multi-locational firms
Where do businesses source the capabilities that influence their diversification? From the resource-based perspective, capabilities are located within the firm. For many economic geographers, capabilities are place-based and flow between firms in local areas. Others claim the capabilities that count emerge from non-local collaboration. The value added of this paper is a firm–establishment–patent dataset that helps identify the sources of capabili…
Evaluating the implementation of Smart Specialisation policy
The Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) is at the core of the 2014–20 European Cohesion Policy, supporting regions to identify the technologies and economic sectors that might comprise sustainable growth paths. This paper provides an early attempt to assess empirically, for the whole European Union, whether the choices made by regions in selecting S3 target sectors are consistent with their current or potential specialization patterns. Results sho…
The evolution of specialization in the EU15 knowledge space
Significant attention has been directed to processes of knowledge production, but little consideration has been given to the type of technological knowledge produced within specific places. Patent co-classification data are employed to measure the distance between all pairs of International Patent Classification categories in order to visualize and to trace the evolution of the EU15 knowledge space from 1981 to 2005. Technological relatedness mea…
International trade and wage inequality in Canada
Journal Article International trade and wage inequality in Canada Get access Sébastien Breau, Sébastien Breau **Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2K6, Canada. email Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David L. Rigby David L. Rigby †Department of Geography, UCLA, 1255 Bunche Hall, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA. email Search for other works by thi…
Do Capabilities Reside in Firms or in Regions? Analysis of Related Diversification in Chinese Knowledge Production
Do capabilities reside in firms, in regions, or in both? Within economic geography, most contemporary research on diversification examines how local structures condition regional development possibilities. The underlying logic is that capabilities are generated within regions and sometimes shared between them. We challenge that logic, exploring whether capabilities are more likely to emerge within the firm and to flow across spatial boundaries th…
Capital Punishment and the Legacies of Slavery and Lynching in the United States
Capital punishment in the United States is racialized: those convicted of the murder of Whites are much more likely to receive the death penalty than those convicted for the murder of Blacks. Capital punishment is more commonly practiced in places where lynching of Blacks occurred more frequently and in states in which slavery was legal as of 1860. Accordingly, scholars have debated whether capital punishment reflects a legacy of lynching or a le…
Co‐inventor networks and knowledge production in specialized and diversified cities
Forms of Technical Change
Technical change arises from three sources: innovation within firms; changes in the relative size of firms with different technologies; and the entry and exit of firms, which again carry different technologies. These sources of technical change have different causes and are controlled by different factors. The rate of technical change therefore depends on the relative mix of these different sources and on the factors that control them. In this pa…
Estimating Capital Stocks and Capital Ages in Canada's Regions
ANDERSON W. P. and RIGBY D. L. (1989) Estimating capital stocks and capitals ages in Canada's regions, Reg. Studies 23, 117–126. Most existing methods of calculating capital stocks fail to capture spatial variations in depreciation profiles. This paper presents a new technique that allows estimating the most likely pattern of depreciation independently for any region. The new method is used to estimate capital stocks for six regions of Canada bet…
Microcircuits of Capital
Technical Change and the Rate of Profit
The effects of technical change on the aggregate rate of profit are unclear. On the one hand, it is argued that laboursaving innovations cause the profit rate to fall. On the other hand, Okishio proved that in an economy where wages are constant and realization problems are assumed away, cost-reducing technical changes must raise the rate of profit. Okishio's theorem presents an important challenge to explanations of industrial and regional restr…
Technical Change and Profits in Canadian Manufacturing
Manufacturing profitability and growth declined sharply in Canada between 1955 and 1984. The spatial extent of this decline has not previously been documented. This article examines manufacturing performance in six regions of Canada. The analysis reveals significant interregional performance differences that appear to be increasing. Two different types of inter‐firm competition are identified in the article: competition in production and competit…
The Existence, Significance, and Persistence of Profit Rate Differentials
Industrial and regional profit rates are reported for the Canadian manufacturing sector between 1961 and 1984. Analysis of variance results indicate that both industrial and regional variations in
Forms of Technical Change
Technical change arises from three sources: innovation within firms; changes in the relative size of firms with different technologies; and the entry and exit of firms, which again carry different technologies. These sources of technical change have different causes and are controlled by different factors. The rate of technical change therefore depends on the relative mix of these different sources and on the factors that control them. In this pa…
The Capitalist Space Economy
Part 1: From political economy to neoclassicism and back analytical political economy - three views - neo-Ricardianism, fundamental Marxists, analytical Marxism questions of method. Part 2 The basics: the capital controversies - the reswitching debate, the aggregate neoclassical model, the impossibility of measuring capital, denying the neoclassical parables - reswitching, politics and the distribution of income, implications for economic geograp…
The Potential Impacts of an Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Complex on the Los Angeles Economy
In this paper the potential for electric vehicle production and the likely economic impacts of developing an electric vehicle industry in Los Angeles are examined. An historical overview of the automobile industry in Los Angeles suggests that a fully fledged automobile complex was never really developed. Rather, automotive firms have focused on the production of components for a variety of aftermarket and specialized uses. The small size of most …
Industrial Policy in Southern California
The Southern California economy is at a crossroads. The end of the Cold War has meant significant reductions in defense investment and the downsizing of the region's aerospace-electronics industrial complex. Although the region is technology rich, it lacks the institutional support and corporate know-how necessary to develop new markets, new industrial relations, and new production systems. To remedy these failings, a rare mix of institution buil…
Economic Geography in Action
The collection of papers in this theme issue detail the prospects for the development of an EV industry in Southern California in what has now become a global race by many differnt firms and regions in various parts of the world to take the lead. The papers focus on the shape and form that the industry might assume in Southern California, and on the kinds of policies most likely to foster its growth. Six issues are discussed in the papers that fo…
Regional dynamics of technical change in the U.S. structural fabricated metals industry
Regional Trajectories of Technological Change in Canadian Manufacturing
Techniques of production were measured for 18 manufacturing industries across 6 regions of Canada between 1961 and 1988. In any given year, production technology, measured by a pair of capital and labour input coefficients, varies markedly over space. The relative positions of regions in a two‐dimensional technology‐space appears consistent across industries. With industry‐mix effects removed, multivariate analysis of variance confirms that regio…
Accumulation and the Rate of Profit
In this paper we argue that as models of profitability and growth within the Marxist tradition have become more formal, they have relied increasingly upon assumptions of equilibrium. An alternative single-region, single-commodity model is proposed in which output, demand, and capital accumulation are independently determined and therefore potentially in disequilibrium. In the short run this means that profitability can be rising or falling, depen…
The Golden Age Illusion
Impacts of Industry Mix, Technological Change, Selection and Plant Entry/Exit on Regional Productivity Growth
RIGBY D. L. and ESSLETZBICHLER J. (2000) Impacts of industry mix, technological change, selection and plant entry/exit on regional productivity growth, Reg. Studies 34 , 333-342. In this paper we identify five sources of regional productivity growth: changes in industry mix; technological change by incumbent plants; selection, or changes in plant market shares; plant entry; and plant exit. These sources of productivity change are measured for US …
Growth and Change in the World Economy Since 1950
The world economy has grown and changed since 1950. It is six times larger and more integrated than then, though growth has been uneven through time. Rates of profit, GDP growth and capital formation were greater before the early 1970s than since. While poverty, famine and the dominance of the industrial market economies are constants, other features of the global economy have changed — financial markets have become global (Corbridge et al . 1994…
Industrial and Regional Restructuring in the US Women's Dress Industry, 1963 - 92
In this paper we explore the impacts of competition on the US women's dress industry and examine the response of that industry in the form of technological change, industrial reorganization, and regional relocation. We demonstrate that women's dress producers adopted varying strategies to cope with competitive pressure at different time periods and in different places. In the 1960s, the dress industry was characterized by two main trends: technol…
Agglomeration economies and productivity differences in US cities
Plant‐level data from the Longitudinal Research Database of the US Bureau of the Census are employed to estimate the impact of agglomeration economies on industry productivity across US metropolitan areas. This analysis seeks to remedy three shortcomings of previous empirical studies of agglomeration economies: reliance on aggregate spatial or sectoral data; lack of attention to spatial dependence in data; and representation of agglomeration econ…
The Impact of Industry Mix, Technological Change, Selection, and Plant Entry and Exit on Metropolitan Labor Productivity in the United States
This paper examines the impact of changes in industry mix, changes in technology, differential plant growth, plant entry and plant exit on metropolitan labor productivity growth between 1963 and 1997. Analysis is based upon unpublished plant-level data from the United States Bureau of the Census. We show that manufacturing productivity varies markedly between metropolitan areas in the United States. The most influential components of productivity…
Celebrating The Limits to Capital and Lamenting the Crisis of Marxism
Technological variety, technological change and a geography of production techniques
How much heterogeneity in techniques of production exists within the economy, and how does that heterogeneity move over time? In this paper we show that the range of production techniques employed by establishments within individual manufacturing industries is large. We go on to show that technological heterogeneity persists over time: there is no evidence of convergence to best-practice or some other point in technology space. Next, we explore t…
Competition, Variety and the Geography of Technology Evolution
Change in evolutionary economics proceeds through the creative destruction of variety in firm characteristics. Firm routines, relational assets and the institutional environments in which firms operate shape the creation and destruction of variety. Despite the centrality of the concept of variety in evolutionary economics, analysis of the extent and the persistence of firm heterogeneity is rare. Notwithstanding the theoretical pronouncements of e…
Exploring evolutionary economic geographies
Evolutionary approaches in economics have gathered increasing support over the last 25 years. Despite an impressive body of literature, economists are still far from formulating a coherent research paradigm. The multitude of approaches in evolutionary economics poses problems for the development of an evolutionary economic geography. For the most part, evolutionary economic geography imports selective concepts from evolutionary biology and econom…
Agglomeration and the Geography of Localization Economies in Canada
Baldwin J. R., Beckstead D., Brown W. M. and Rigby D. L. Agglomeration and the geography of localization economies in Canada, Regional Studies. This paper maps the spatial variation in productivity levels across Canadian cities and models the underlying determinants of that variation. There are two main goals. The first is to confirm the existence, the nature and the size of agglomeration economies; and the second to identify the geographical ext…
Impacts of Trade on Wage Inequality in Los Angeles
Over the last thirty years wage inequality has accelerated markedly in the United States, reversing the trend of the previous half-century. The growth in inequality parallels the rapid rise in U.S. imports, particularly from developing economies. Standard trade theory suggests that the wages of unskilled workers relative to skilled workers will decline in developed economies as a result of greater competition from developing economies that have a…
Economics (43 obras) · Economic geography (34 obras) · Geography (30 obras) · Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis (30 obras) · Business (28 obras) · Computer Science (22 obras) · Political science (18 obras) · Economic Growth and Productivity (15 obras) · Industrial organization (15 obras) · Regional science (14 obras)