Steven Penrod
Biographic Data
| ID | 1493075 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Steven Penrod |
| GIVEN NAMES | Steven |
| FAMILY NAME | Penrod |
| SIGNATURE | PENROD S |
| AFFILIATIONS | John Jay College of Criminal Justice |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3531-8989 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 212 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Fast, Sure, and Right? Response Time and Confidence as Predictors of Accuracy Across Filler Selection Strategies and Culprit–Innocent Suspect Similarity
Increasing filler similarity to a suspect—beyond description matching—can improve lineup discriminability. We investigated the effects of suspect‐filler similarity on reflector variable‐accuracy calibrations across different levels of innocent suspect resemblance to the culprit. Match‐to‐description‐only lineups and description‐matched lineups with low, moderate, or high suspect‐filler similarity were constructed. Participants ( N = 2,644) viewed…
Artificial Intelligence–based investigation of filler selection strategies
OBJECTIVE: Lineup construction relies on matching fillers to the suspect's appearance or to the eyewitness's description of the perpetrator (match to description, MTD). Recent work shows that low (vs. high)-similarity fillers beyond MTD improve discriminability. We tested lineups constructed with differing suspect-filler (SF) similarity levels beyond MTD (low, moderate, high) against MTD only, varying exposure duration, culprit race, and innocent…
Legal decision making among Korean and American legal professionals and lay people
Exploring the effects of attitudes toward the death penalty on capital sentencing verdicts
Attitudes toward the death penalty are multifaceted and strongly held, but little research outside of the death-qualification literature has focused on the role that such attitudes and beliefs play in jurors’ capital sentencing verdicts. A single item is insufficient to properly measure attitudes toward the death penalty; therefore, a new 15-item, 5-factor scale was constructed and validated. Use of this scale in 11 studies of capital jury decisi…
The effects of Daubert on the adissibility of expert testimony in state and federal criminal cases
The effects of Daubert on the admissibility of expert testimony in state and federal criminal cases
Appellate opinions were evaluated on variables related to expert admissibility to assess the effects of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in criminal cases. Analysis reveals changes in appellate courts’ consideration of Frye v. United States, the 4 Daubert criteria, and several Federal Rules of Evidence. The importance of Frye and the general acceptance criterion decreased over time, and the importance of the Daubert criteria increased…
Women's Reactions to Sexually Aggressive Mass Media Depictions
The idea that the media contribute to a cultural climate that is supportive of attitudes facilitating violence against women, diminishes concern for female victims (desensitization), and produces negative changes in women's views of themselves was investigated. Women viewed a film per day for 4 days from one of three categories: a) sexually explicit but nonviolent stimuli, b) sexually explicit, sexually violent stimuli, and c) mildly sexually exp…
Tweaking commonsense: Assessing aids to jury decision making
Eyewitness identification evidence: Evaluation commonsense evaluations
Pretrial publicity: The media, the law, and common sense
As media coverage becomes more extensive and accessible, it is likely to become more difficult to find jurors who have not been exposed to relevant pretrial publicity. Courts' assessments of the likelihood that pretrial publicity has resulted in prejudice against a defendant and of jurors' ability to disregard any prejudice are often based on judicial common sense and often reflect a misappraisal or misunderstanding of the capabilities and weakne…
Tweaking commonsense: Assessing aids to jury decision making
Eyewitness identification evidence: Evaluation commonsense evaluations
Although eyewitness identifications are among the most common forms of evidence presented in criminal trials, both archival studies and psychological research suggest that eyewitnesses are frequently mistaken in their identifications (B. L. Cutler & S. D. Penrod, 1995). In recognition of this problem, the legal system has established a number of safeguards to protect defendants from erroneous convictions resulting from mistaken identifications. T…
Witness confidence and witness accuracy: Assessing their forensic relation
Witness confidence and witness accuracy: Assessing their forensic relation
Jurors overbelieve eyewitnesses, have difficulty reliably differentiating accurate from inaccurate eyewitnesses, and are not adequately sensitive to aspects of witnessing and identification conditions. A major source of juror unreliability is reliance on witness confidence, a dubious indicator of ey
Choosing, confidence, and accuracy: A meta-analysis of the confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies
Choosing, confidence, and accuracy: A meta-analysis of the confidence^accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies
Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women
Covert Facilitation: A Necessary Adjunct to Overt Facilitation
The findings and recommendations of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography: Do the psychological "facts" fit the political fury
Issues Bearing on the Legal Regulation of Violent and Sexually Violent Media
In this article we consider a number of legal responses to the problem of media violence. We underscore the tension between evidence collected by social scientists and traditional First Amendment (free speech) protections, noting several criticisms of media violence research that challenge the use of this research to establish legal harms. The second half of this article covers legal actions against sexually violent materials to which social scie…
Procedural preference as a function of conflict intensity
Meta-analysis of facial identification studies
Meta-analyse de 128 etudes consacrees a l'identification du temoignage oculaire et a la reconnaissance des visages, recherchant les facteurs influencant la performance et les secteurs de recherche a approfondir dans ce domaine
Inside the Jury
Reinstatement of context in a field experiment on eyewitness identification
The Effects of Multiple Exposures to Filmed Violence Against Women
Daniel Linz, Edward Donnerstein, Steven Penrod; The Effects of Multiple Exposures to Filmed Violence Against Women, Journal of Communication, Volume 34, Is
Social Influence Model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes
Social Psychology and the Emergence of Disputes
There is growing interest in the role that individual judgments play in moving people to seek recompense for perceived injuries. Social psychological theory and research may provide valuable clues about the types of judgments that are important in the development of disputes, and the facts that influence these judgments. In this paper, we describe relative deprivation, perceived control, equity, and attribution theories. We also discuss the relev…
Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women
Meta-analysis of facial identification studies
Meta-analyse de 128 etudes consacrees a l'identification du temoignage oculaire et a la reconnaissance des visages, recherchant les facteurs influencant la performance et les secteurs de recherche a approfondir dans ce domaine
The findings and recommendations of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography: Do the psychological "facts" fit the political fury
Choosing, confidence, and accuracy: A meta-analysis of the confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies
Procedural preference as a function of conflict intensity
Women's Reactions to Sexually Aggressive Mass Media Depictions
The idea that the media contribute to a cultural climate that is supportive of attitudes facilitating violence against women, diminishes concern for female victims (desensitization), and produces negative changes in women's views of themselves was investigated. Women viewed a film per day for 4 days from one of three categories: a) sexually explicit but nonviolent stimuli, b) sexually explicit, sexually violent stimuli, and c) mildly sexually exp…
The effects of Daubert on the admissibility of expert testimony in state and federal criminal cases
Appellate opinions were evaluated on variables related to expert admissibility to assess the effects of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in criminal cases. Analysis reveals changes in appellate courts’ consideration of Frye v. United States, the 4 Daubert criteria, and several Federal Rules of Evidence. The importance of Frye and the general acceptance criterion decreased over time, and the importance of the Daubert criteria increased…
Witness confidence and witness accuracy: Assessing their forensic relation
Jurors overbelieve eyewitnesses, have difficulty reliably differentiating accurate from inaccurate eyewitnesses, and are not adequately sensitive to aspects of witnessing and identification conditions. A major source of juror unreliability is reliance on witness confidence, a dubious indicator of ey
Exploring the effects of attitudes toward the death penalty on capital sentencing verdicts
Attitudes toward the death penalty are multifaceted and strongly held, but little research outside of the death-qualification literature has focused on the role that such attitudes and beliefs play in jurors’ capital sentencing verdicts. A single item is insufficient to properly measure attitudes toward the death penalty; therefore, a new 15-item, 5-factor scale was constructed and validated. Use of this scale in 11 studies of capital jury decisi…
Pretrial publicity: The media, the law, and common sense
As media coverage becomes more extensive and accessible, it is likely to become more difficult to find jurors who have not been exposed to relevant pretrial publicity. Courts' assessments of the likelihood that pretrial publicity has resulted in prejudice against a defendant and of jurors' ability to disregard any prejudice are often based on judicial common sense and often reflect a misappraisal or misunderstanding of the capabilities and weakne…
The effects of Daubert on the adissibility of expert testimony in state and federal criminal cases
Tweaking commonsense: Assessing aids to jury decision making
Eyewitness identification evidence: Evaluation commonsense evaluations
Although eyewitness identifications are among the most common forms of evidence presented in criminal trials, both archival studies and psychological research suggest that eyewitnesses are frequently mistaken in their identifications (B. L. Cutler & S. D. Penrod, 1995). In recognition of this problem, the legal system has established a number of safeguards to protect defendants from erroneous convictions resulting from mistaken identifications. T…
Social inference processes in juror judgments of multiple-offense trials
Computer Modeling of Influence in the Jury: The Role of the Consistent Juror
The present study was designed to investigate the influence of a consistent, uncompromising opinion on the jury using a computer simulation of jury decision making. The design was a 3 (decision rule: unanimous, five-sixths or two-thirds) x 2 (jury size: 6 or 12) x 5 (number of members consistently voting to acquit: 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4) x 5 (apparent defendant guiltlprobability of voting to convict: .1, .3, .5, .7 or .9) factorial, and 300 juries were…
Reinstatement of context in a field experiment on eyewitness identification
Models of jury decision making: A critical review
Several models of jury decision making are reviewed. In each instance the model is described and compared with related models, its assumptions are scrutinized, its fit to normative data is evaluated, and possible revisions and extensions of the model are discussed. Models reviewed include (a) multinomial decision schemes designed to adduce implicit decision rules used in jury decision making, (b) binomial models of jury voting that use simplifyin…
Models of jury decision making: A critical review
Social Psychology and the Emergence of Disputes
There is growing interest in the role that individual judgments play in moving people to seek recompense for perceived injuries. Social psychological theory and research may provide valuable clues about the types of judgments that are important in the development of disputes, and the facts that influence these judgments. In this paper, we describe relative deprivation, perceived control, equity, and attribution theories. We also discuss the relev…
Inside the Jury
Computer Modeling of Influence in the Jury: The Role of the Consistent Juror
The present study was designed to investigate the influence of a consistent, uncompromising opinion on the jury using a computer simulation of jury decision making. The design was a 3 (decision rule: unanimous, five-sixths or two-thirds) x 2 (jury size: 6 or 12) x 5 (number of members consistently voting to acquit: 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4) x 5 (apparent defendant guiltlprobability of voting to convict: .1, .3, .5, .7 or .9) factorial, and 300 juries were…
The Effects of Multiple Exposures to Filmed Violence Against Women
Daniel Linz, Edward Donnerstein, Steven Penrod; The Effects of Multiple Exposures to Filmed Violence Against Women, Journal of Communication, Volume 34, Is
Social inference processes in juror judgments of multiple-offense trials
Social Influence Model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes
Inside the Jury
Reinstatement of context in a field experiment on eyewitness identification
Issues Bearing on the Legal Regulation of Violent and Sexually Violent Media
In this article we consider a number of legal responses to the problem of media violence. We underscore the tension between evidence collected by social scientists and traditional First Amendment (free speech) protections, noting several criticisms of media violence research that challenge the use of this research to establish legal harms. The second half of this article covers legal actions against sexually violent materials to which social scie…
Procedural preference as a function of conflict intensity
Meta-analysis of facial identification studies
Meta-analyse de 128 etudes consacrees a l'identification du temoignage oculaire et a la reconnaissance des visages, recherchant les facteurs influencant la performance et les secteurs de recherche a approfondir dans ce domaine
Covert Facilitation: A Necessary Adjunct to Overt Facilitation
The findings and recommendations of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography: Do the psychological "facts" fit the political fury
Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women
Witness confidence and witness accuracy: Assessing their forensic relation
Witness confidence and witness accuracy: Assessing their forensic relation
Jurors overbelieve eyewitnesses, have difficulty reliably differentiating accurate from inaccurate eyewitnesses, and are not adequately sensitive to aspects of witnessing and identification conditions. A major source of juror unreliability is reliance on witness confidence, a dubious indicator of ey
Choosing, confidence, and accuracy: A meta-analysis of the confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies
Choosing, confidence, and accuracy: A meta-analysis of the confidence^accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies
Women's Reactions to Sexually Aggressive Mass Media Depictions
The idea that the media contribute to a cultural climate that is supportive of attitudes facilitating violence against women, diminishes concern for female victims (desensitization), and produces negative changes in women's views of themselves was investigated. Women viewed a film per day for 4 days from one of three categories: a) sexually explicit but nonviolent stimuli, b) sexually explicit, sexually violent stimuli, and c) mildly sexually exp…
Tweaking commonsense: Assessing aids to jury decision making
Eyewitness identification evidence: Evaluation commonsense evaluations
Pretrial publicity: The media, the law, and common sense
As media coverage becomes more extensive and accessible, it is likely to become more difficult to find jurors who have not been exposed to relevant pretrial publicity. Courts' assessments of the likelihood that pretrial publicity has resulted in prejudice against a defendant and of jurors' ability to disregard any prejudice are often based on judicial common sense and often reflect a misappraisal or misunderstanding of the capabilities and weakne…
Tweaking commonsense: Assessing aids to jury decision making
Psychology (24 works) · Political science (16 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Law (11 works) · Jury Decision Making Processes (10 works) · Criminology (9 works) · Law (9 works) · Jury (8 works)