Ferran Martínez I Coma
Biographic Data
| ID | 1513499 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ferran Martínez I Coma |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ferran Martínez I |
| FAMILY NAME | Coma |
| SIGNATURE | COMA F M I |
| AFFILIATIONS | Griffith University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3486-6596 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 466 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 40 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Young Voters, Abstainers and Unregistered: Generation Z Turnout in a Compulsory System
While young people’s electoral behaviour in voluntary voting systems has been extensively studied, we know little about this in compulsory systems. To investigate, we examine the drivers of voting, not voting and not registering of Generation Z youths in Australia, which has long had compulsory registration and voting. We argue that Gen-Z voters, abstainers (registered, but who do not vote) and unregistered will differ according to their socio-de…
Correlates of Early Voting
This article presents and tests a new approach to early voting that pays attention to its institutional, political and demographic determinants. Using Australia's compulsory voting system as our case, we can compare early voting and election-day voting without having to consider the possibility of voter abstention that arises in voluntary voting systems. The research uses aggregate-level data from six national elections (2004 to 2019), as well as…
Why do Australians prefer some climate migrants over others
We investigate attitudes toward climate migration in Australia, exploring support for different climate migrants and the role of environmental attitudes in conditioning this support. After confirming the results of previous studies on other countries – climate migrants fall in the middle of the preference scale over migrant types – we offer novel evidence that individuals attaching greater salience to the environment are more likely to distinguis…
The ‘odd–even effect’: The link between the number of parties and district magnitude
In electoral systems with districts that vary in magnitude, the number of seats to be filled in each district will be even or odd. We argue that such a variation has crucial political consequences, called the ‘odd–even effect’. In low‐magnitude districts, elections are more competitive when the district magnitude is odd than even; the incentives for coordination are thus stronger in the former scenario than in the latter. Employing quasi‐experime…
Assessing electoral coordination: A quasi-experimental design of changes in district magnitude over time
This paper examines the impact of district magnitude, defined as the number of representatives elected per district, on the number of political parties. Conventional wisdom, supported by cross-national and within-country studies, indicates a positive and curvilinear relationship between district magnitude and the number of parties, with diminishing returns in larger-magnitude districts. However, this relationship is complicated by the increasing …
Cuáles fueron los efectos de la campaña electoral española del 2000
En este artículo se analiza cuáles fueron los efectos de la campaña electoral del 2000 en España. Se Argumenta y evidencia un cuarto efecto hasta ahora ignorado, la desactivación. Una vez hallados los efectos de dicha campaña, se averigua bajo qué condiciones es más posible que se produzcan determinados efectos. Los resultados muestran la distinta capacidad explicativa de las variables en los efectos de la campaña
Sobre la incertidumbre en las elecciones España 2000
En este artículo nos preguntamos si los políticos durante la campaña electoral reducen la incertidumbre de los votantes. Entendemos la incertidumbre del votante como la desviación típica de la ubicación ideológica que otorgan los ciudadanos a los partidos políticos. Para comprobar la hipótesis, que los políticos reducen la incertidumbre en campaña electoral, utilizamos la encuesta panel del año 2000 del CIS. Los resultados corroboran la hipótesis
The Meaning of Democracy in Southeast Asia: Liberalism, Egalitarianism and Participation
This Element contributes to existing research with an analysis of public understandings of democracy based on original surveys fielded in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. It conceptualises democracy as consisting of liberal, egalitarian and participatory ideals, and investigates the structure of public understandings of democracy in the five countries. It then proceeds to identify important relationships between conce…
Natural disasters and the limits of electoral clientelism: Evidence from Honduras
Correlates of Voter Turnout
Despite decades of research, there is no consensus as to the core correlates of national-level voter turnout. We argue that this is, in part, due to the lack of comprehensive, systematic empirical analysis. This paper conducts such an analysis. We identify 44 articles on turnout from 1986 to 2017. These articles include over 127 potential predictors of voter turnout, and we collect data on seventy of these variables. Using extreme bounds analysis…
The short-term effects of electoral reforms
While electoral reforms clearly affect how seats are (re)distributed among parties immediately after their adoption, they do not significantly change the (re)distribution of votes among parties. As political knowledge is positively related to turnout, we argue that the effect of majoritarian electoral reforms on the number of parties is contingent upon the turnout in the last election prior to the reform. Specifically, the lower the turnout level…
Australian Parties, Not Voters, Drive Under-Representation of Women
The Australian House of Representatives contains far fewer women than men. But is this because parties of left and right discriminate against women or because voters do? Using a new dataset comprising 7271 House candidates from 2001 to 2019, firstly, we find that the percentage of women candidates is increasing, but is consistently higher for parties of the left than the right. Secondly, women tend to be selected more by parties of both left and …
The Global Dataset on Turnout (GD-Turnout)
The effect of economic downturns on voter turnout in Africa
The academic literature provides two competing hypotheses about the effect of economic downturns on voter turnout: the ‘mobilisation’ hypothesis, according to which people go to the polls to express their discontent with the government's performance; and the ‘withdrawal’ hypothesis, according to which people stay at home on election day, either to attend to more immediate, pressing concerns or to punish the incumbent. In this paper, we test these…
Sacrifical lambs’ or candidate mimicking? Gender-based nomination strategies in elections
This paper explores an alternative mechanism for understanding the drivers of the nomination of women for elective office in single-member electoral systems. Previous research has generally examined two sources of gender-based politics: party ideology, with leftist parties being more female-friendly than rightist parties, and the strategic nomination of candidates depending on whether the party is expected to win or lose in the district, with wom…
Transaction costs in electoral coordination: How turnout shapes changes in the number of parties
This article examines the forces shaping changes in the number of parties between consecutive elections. We argue that the transaction costs in electoral coordination depend on the turnout level in the previous election. The greater the number of peripheral voters entering the electorate, the less likely a substantial change in the distribution of partisan support in the subsequent election. The argument is tested using data for 313 parliamentary…
Exploring citizen turnout and invalid voting in Indonesia: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Scholarship on citizen turnout and invalid voting has developed along parallel trajectories. Many empirical studies investigate the determinants of turnout or invalid voting, but existing research hardly ever analyses the two together. Yet while turnout and invalid voting are conceptually distinct, their practice is closely intertwined. In this paper, we thus advocate the need for research jointly adopting these two different but complementary pe…
Election turnout in authoritarian regimes
Losing in the Polls, Time Pressure, and the Decision to Go Negative in Referendum Campaigns
Why do parties and candidates decide to go negative? Research usually starts from the assumption that this decision is strategic, and within this framework two elements stand out: the prospect of electoral failure increases the use of negative campaigning, and so does time pressure (little reaming time to convince voters before election day). In this article, we contribute to this framework by testing two new expectations: (i) political actors ar…
Donald Trump, Populism, and the Age of Extremes: Comparing the Personality Traits and Campaigning Styles of Trump and Other Leaders Worldwide
A common narrative portrays Donald Trump as impetuous and quick to anger, thin skinned, constantly lying, brazen, vulgar, and boasting a grandiose sense of self and his accomplishments. Little systematic evidence exists that this is the case, however. With a novel data set based on expert ratings, we (1) provide systematic empirical evidence about Trump’s personality profile, (2) contrast his profile with 21 other populist leaders and 82 mainstre…
The personality of populists: Provocateurs, Charismatic Leaders, or Drunken Dinner Guests
The ‘populist phenomenon’ has received a lot of attention in recent years. Yet little is known about the populists themselves: who are they? They are often described as bad-mannered provocateurs disrupting the political game, but also as charismatic leaders able to persuade and motivate. Can a populist ‘style’ or ‘personality’ be identified? This article assesses to what extent populists score differently from ‘mainstream’ politicians on establis…
Compulsory voting and ethnic diversity increase invalid voting while corruption does not: An Analysis of 417 Parliamentary Elections in 73 Countries
Invalid voting, meaning blank and spoiled ballots, is a regular phenomenon in democracies around the world. When its share is larger than the margin of victory or greater than the vote share of some of the large parties in the country, invalid voting becomes a problem for democratic legitimacy. This article investigates its determinants in 417 democratic parliamentary elections in 73 countries on five continents from 1970 to 2011. The analysis sh…
Gerrymandering in comparative perspective
Using data from the Electoral Integrity Project, we measure the level of gerrymandering according to country expert surveys in Lower House elections in 54 democracies from the second half of 2012 until the first half of 2015. We show that majoritarian systems are more prone to gerrymandering than mixed-member and above all in Proportional Representation (PR) systems. When majoritarian systems are employed in large countries, gerrymandering is exa…
Jobs, crime, proximity and boats: Explaining Australian public attitudes to immigrant numbers
Despite the importance of immigration to Australia, there is little systematic research on the causes of support among Australian citizens for increased, stable or decreased immigration. This paper advances our understanding of Australian public attitudes to immigration levels in the light of the established international literature on public opinion and immigration. Using 2013 Australian Electoral Study (AES) data, we show that, as in other coun…
Challenge or Consent? Understanding Losers’ Reactions in Mass Elections
The conditions under which losers are willing to challenge the results of elections remain an open question. Using data from the Electoral Integrity Project for 66 democratic and non-democratic countries in 2012 and 2013, we measure how parties or candidates react once votes have been cast and one of them is declared the winner. Do they accept or challenge the results? This measure allows us to examine the causal mechanisms that account for the s…
The personality of populists: Provocateurs, Charismatic Leaders, or Drunken Dinner Guests
The ‘populist phenomenon’ has received a lot of attention in recent years. Yet little is known about the populists themselves: who are they? They are often described as bad-mannered provocateurs disrupting the political game, but also as charismatic leaders able to persuade and motivate. Can a populist ‘style’ or ‘personality’ be identified? This article assesses to what extent populists score differently from ‘mainstream’ politicians on establis…
Why new parties
The variables explaining party system fragmentation have been investigated extensively, but little is known about changes in the number of parties over time within countries. This article is an attempt to fill the gap by explaining the entry of new viable competitors in party systems after the founding election. Using empirical evidence from Spain, we show that when there is an electoral market failure and a high number of perfectly elastic voter…
Can experts judge elections? Testing the validity of expert judgments for measuring election integrity
Expert surveys have been used to measure a wide variety of phenomena in political science, ranging from party positions, to corruption, to the quality of democracy and elections. However, expert judgments raise important validity concerns, both about the object being measured as well as the experts. It is argued in this article that the context of evaluation is also important to consider when assessing the validity of expert surveys. This is even…
Assessing the Quality of Elections
Many malpractices generate flawed elections which fail to meet international standards of electoral integrity, including issues such as fraud, malpractice, vote-rigging, ballot-stuffing, and voter suppression. Determining when, where, and why elections succeed or fail is a matter of growing concern for the international community—yet to date scholars and practitioners have been hindered by lack of reliable, credible, and consistent evidence which…
Donald Trump, Populism, and the Age of Extremes: Comparing the Personality Traits and Campaigning Styles of Trump and Other Leaders Worldwide
A common narrative portrays Donald Trump as impetuous and quick to anger, thin skinned, constantly lying, brazen, vulgar, and boasting a grandiose sense of self and his accomplishments. Little systematic evidence exists that this is the case, however. With a novel data set based on expert ratings, we (1) provide systematic empirical evidence about Trump’s personality profile, (2) contrast his profile with 21 other populist leaders and 82 mainstre…
Measuring Electoral Integrity around the World: A New Dataset
Many contentious elections end in disputes about alleged fraud, irregularities, and malpractices. How do we know when these claims are valid and when they are false complaints from sore losers? This article describes a new dataset developed by the Electoral Integrity Project. Based on a survey of election experts, the research provides new evidence to compare how national contests around the world are meeting international standards of electoral …
Correlates of Voter Turnout
Despite decades of research, there is no consensus as to the core correlates of national-level voter turnout. We argue that this is, in part, due to the lack of comprehensive, systematic empirical analysis. This paper conducts such an analysis. We identify 44 articles on turnout from 1986 to 2017. These articles include over 127 potential predictors of voter turnout, and we collect data on seventy of these variables. Using extreme bounds analysis…
Compulsory voting and ethnic diversity increase invalid voting while corruption does not: An Analysis of 417 Parliamentary Elections in 73 Countries
Invalid voting, meaning blank and spoiled ballots, is a regular phenomenon in democracies around the world. When its share is larger than the margin of victory or greater than the vote share of some of the large parties in the country, invalid voting becomes a problem for democratic legitimacy. This article investigates its determinants in 417 democratic parliamentary elections in 73 countries on five continents from 1970 to 2011. The analysis sh…
Turnout determinants in democracies and in non-democracies
How election dynamics shape perceptions of electoral integrity
Forgetting to make votes count: The role of previous democratic experience
Election turnout in authoritarian regimes
The importance of electoral rules: Comparing the number of parties in Spain's Lower and Upper Houses
How electoral integrity affects voter turnout in democracies
Does electoral integrity affect turnout? And if so, how? We analysed some variables that are closely related to electoral integrity – government actions, opposition actions, and the context in which the election is held – and find significant impact on turnout. We argue that higher turnout is often found in elections with higher electoral integrity. We tested our claims using data for over 700 elections covering 85 democracies for the 1950–2008 p…
Ethnic diversity decreases turnout. Comparative evidence from over 650 elections around the world
Sacrifical lambs’ or candidate mimicking? Gender-based nomination strategies in elections
This paper explores an alternative mechanism for understanding the drivers of the nomination of women for elective office in single-member electoral systems. Previous research has generally examined two sources of gender-based politics: party ideology, with leftist parties being more female-friendly than rightist parties, and the strategic nomination of candidates depending on whether the party is expected to win or lose in the district, with wom…
Jobs, crime, proximity and boats: Explaining Australian public attitudes to immigrant numbers
Despite the importance of immigration to Australia, there is little systematic research on the causes of support among Australian citizens for increased, stable or decreased immigration. This paper advances our understanding of Australian public attitudes to immigration levels in the light of the established international literature on public opinion and immigration. Using 2013 Australian Electoral Study (AES) data, we show that, as in other coun…
Challenge or Consent? Understanding Losers’ Reactions in Mass Elections
The conditions under which losers are willing to challenge the results of elections remain an open question. Using data from the Electoral Integrity Project for 66 democratic and non-democratic countries in 2012 and 2013, we measure how parties or candidates react once votes have been cast and one of them is declared the winner. Do they accept or challenge the results? This measure allows us to examine the causal mechanisms that account for the s…
Between the sword and the wall: Spain's limited options forCatalan secessionism
We propose a game theoretical model to assess the capacity ofCatalonia to become a recognised, independent country with at least ade facto EuropeanUnion (EU) membership. Support forCatalan independence has been increasing for reasons pertaining to identity and economics.Spain can avoid a vote for independence by effectively ‘buying‐out’ a proportion of theCatalan electorate with a funding agreement favourable toCatalonia. If, given the current ec…
Exploring citizen turnout and invalid voting in Indonesia: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Scholarship on citizen turnout and invalid voting has developed along parallel trajectories. Many empirical studies investigate the determinants of turnout or invalid voting, but existing research hardly ever analyses the two together. Yet while turnout and invalid voting are conceptually distinct, their practice is closely intertwined. In this paper, we thus advocate the need for research jointly adopting these two different but complementary pe…
The short-term effects of electoral reforms
While electoral reforms clearly affect how seats are (re)distributed among parties immediately after their adoption, they do not significantly change the (re)distribution of votes among parties. As political knowledge is positively related to turnout, we argue that the effect of majoritarian electoral reforms on the number of parties is contingent upon the turnout in the last election prior to the reform. Specifically, the lower the turnout level…
Australian Parties, Not Voters, Drive Under-Representation of Women
The Australian House of Representatives contains far fewer women than men. But is this because parties of left and right discriminate against women or because voters do? Using a new dataset comprising 7271 House candidates from 2001 to 2019, firstly, we find that the percentage of women candidates is increasing, but is consistently higher for parties of the left than the right. Secondly, women tend to be selected more by parties of both left and …
Losing in the Polls, Time Pressure, and the Decision to Go Negative in Referendum Campaigns
Why do parties and candidates decide to go negative? Research usually starts from the assumption that this decision is strategic, and within this framework two elements stand out: the prospect of electoral failure increases the use of negative campaigning, and so does time pressure (little reaming time to convince voters before election day). In this article, we contribute to this framework by testing two new expectations: (i) political actors ar…
Natural disasters and the limits of electoral clientelism: Evidence from Honduras
The Global Dataset on Turnout (GD-Turnout)
Cuáles fueron los efectos de la campaña electoral española del 2000? (What Were the Effects of the 2000 Spanish Electoral Campaign)
In this article, I analyse which were the effects of the 2000 electoral campaign in Spain. I argue and p ovide evidence for a fourth effect: deactivation. After having found the effects of the campaign, I search for the conditions under which it is more likely that some effects are produced rather than others. The results show the different capacity of the variables when producing campaign effects. * Agradezco a Ignacio Lago y a Ignacio Sanchez-C…
The importance of electoral rules: Comparing the number of parties in Spain's Lower and Upper Houses
Sobre la incertidumbre en las elecciones: España 2000 (About Electoral Uncertainty: Spain 2000)
Why new parties
The variables explaining party system fragmentation have been investigated extensively, but little is known about changes in the number of parties over time within countries. This article is an attempt to fill the gap by explaining the entry of new viable competitors in party systems after the founding election. Using empirical evidence from Spain, we show that when there is an electoral market failure and a high number of perfectly elastic voter…
Forgetting to make votes count: The role of previous democratic experience
Assessing the Quality of Elections
Many malpractices generate flawed elections which fail to meet international standards of electoral integrity, including issues such as fraud, malpractice, vote-rigging, ballot-stuffing, and voter suppression. Determining when, where, and why elections succeed or fail is a matter of growing concern for the international community—yet to date scholars and practitioners have been hindered by lack of reliable, credible, and consistent evidence which…
Advancing Electoral Integrity
Introduction: Challenges of Electoral Integrity, Pippa Norris When do elections fail? Standards and evidence 2. Assessing Elections, Avery Davies-Roberts and David J. Carroll 3. Methods and Evidence, Pippa Norris, Jorgen Elklit and Andrew Reynolds 4. Expert Judgments, Ferran Martinez i Coma and Richard W. Frank 5. Election Monitoring, Ursula Daxecker and Gerald Schneider Do Institutions Matter? Managing elections 6. Constitutions and Election Man…
Measuring Electoral Integrity around the World: A New Dataset
Many contentious elections end in disputes about alleged fraud, irregularities, and malpractices. How do we know when these claims are valid and when they are false complaints from sore losers? This article describes a new dataset developed by the Electoral Integrity Project. Based on a survey of election experts, the research provides new evidence to compare how national contests around the world are meeting international standards of electoral …
Contentious Elections: From Ballots to Barricades
CONTENTS 1. Contentious Elections: From Votes to Violence Pippa Norris, Richard W. Frank, and Ferran Martinez i Coma Part I: Corroding Public Trust and Triggering Protest 2. Do Contentious Elections Depress Turnout? Olena Nikolayenko 3. Do Contentious Elections Catalyze Mass Protests? Alesia Sedziaka and Richard Rose 4. Do Contentious Elections Overthrow Leaders? Masaaki Higashijima Part 2: Catalyzing and Preventing Electoral Violence 5. Do Conte…
Between the sword and the wall: Spain's limited options forCatalan secessionism
We propose a game theoretical model to assess the capacity ofCatalonia to become a recognised, independent country with at least ade facto EuropeanUnion (EU) membership. Support forCatalan independence has been increasing for reasons pertaining to identity and economics.Spain can avoid a vote for independence by effectively ‘buying‐out’ a proportion of theCatalan electorate with a funding agreement favourable toCatalonia. If, given the current ec…
Can experts judge elections? Testing the validity of expert judgments for measuring election integrity
Expert surveys have been used to measure a wide variety of phenomena in political science, ranging from party positions, to corruption, to the quality of democracy and elections. However, expert judgments raise important validity concerns, both about the object being measured as well as the experts. It is argued in this article that the context of evaluation is also important to consider when assessing the validity of expert surveys. This is even…
Integridad en las elecciones de América 2012-2014
La región lleva celebrando elecciones competitivas en los últimos años. Pero, ¿se han celebrado todas las contiendas con la misma integridad electoral? Si ha habido problemas, ¿cuáles son? ¿Hay problemas comunes a la región o son parecidos a los del resto del mundo? ¿Se observa algún patrón en las elecciones? ¿Cómo lo sabemos? ¿Bajo qué enfoque metodológico podemos responder estas preguntas? En este artículo, presentamos los resultados de la prim…
Turnout determinants in democracies and in non-democracies
Challenge or Consent? Understanding Losers’ Reactions in Mass Elections
The conditions under which losers are willing to challenge the results of elections remain an open question. Using data from the Electoral Integrity Project for 66 democratic and non-democratic countries in 2012 and 2013, we measure how parties or candidates react once votes have been cast and one of them is declared the winner. Do they accept or challenge the results? This measure allows us to examine the causal mechanisms that account for the s…
How electoral integrity affects voter turnout in democracies
Does electoral integrity affect turnout? And if so, how? We analysed some variables that are closely related to electoral integrity – government actions, opposition actions, and the context in which the election is held – and find significant impact on turnout. We argue that higher turnout is often found in elections with higher electoral integrity. We tested our claims using data for over 700 elections covering 85 democracies for the 1950–2008 p…
How election dynamics shape perceptions of electoral integrity
Ethnic diversity decreases turnout. Comparative evidence from over 650 elections around the world
Gerrymandering in comparative perspective
Using data from the Electoral Integrity Project, we measure the level of gerrymandering according to country expert surveys in Lower House elections in 54 democracies from the second half of 2012 until the first half of 2015. We show that majoritarian systems are more prone to gerrymandering than mixed-member and above all in Proportional Representation (PR) systems. When majoritarian systems are employed in large countries, gerrymandering is exa…
Jobs, crime, proximity and boats: Explaining Australian public attitudes to immigrant numbers
Despite the importance of immigration to Australia, there is little systematic research on the causes of support among Australian citizens for increased, stable or decreased immigration. This paper advances our understanding of Australian public attitudes to immigration levels in the light of the established international literature on public opinion and immigration. Using 2013 Australian Electoral Study (AES) data, we show that, as in other coun…
Losing in the Polls, Time Pressure, and the Decision to Go Negative in Referendum Campaigns
Why do parties and candidates decide to go negative? Research usually starts from the assumption that this decision is strategic, and within this framework two elements stand out: the prospect of electoral failure increases the use of negative campaigning, and so does time pressure (little reaming time to convince voters before election day). In this article, we contribute to this framework by testing two new expectations: (i) political actors ar…
Donald Trump, Populism, and the Age of Extremes: Comparing the Personality Traits and Campaigning Styles of Trump and Other Leaders Worldwide
A common narrative portrays Donald Trump as impetuous and quick to anger, thin skinned, constantly lying, brazen, vulgar, and boasting a grandiose sense of self and his accomplishments. Little systematic evidence exists that this is the case, however. With a novel data set based on expert ratings, we (1) provide systematic empirical evidence about Trump’s personality profile, (2) contrast his profile with 21 other populist leaders and 82 mainstre…
The personality of populists: Provocateurs, Charismatic Leaders, or Drunken Dinner Guests
The ‘populist phenomenon’ has received a lot of attention in recent years. Yet little is known about the populists themselves: who are they? They are often described as bad-mannered provocateurs disrupting the political game, but also as charismatic leaders able to persuade and motivate. Can a populist ‘style’ or ‘personality’ be identified? This article assesses to what extent populists score differently from ‘mainstream’ politicians on establis…
Compulsory voting and ethnic diversity increase invalid voting while corruption does not: An Analysis of 417 Parliamentary Elections in 73 Countries
Invalid voting, meaning blank and spoiled ballots, is a regular phenomenon in democracies around the world. When its share is larger than the margin of victory or greater than the vote share of some of the large parties in the country, invalid voting becomes a problem for democratic legitimacy. This article investigates its determinants in 417 democratic parliamentary elections in 73 countries on five continents from 1970 to 2011. The analysis sh…
Exploring citizen turnout and invalid voting in Indonesia: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Scholarship on citizen turnout and invalid voting has developed along parallel trajectories. Many empirical studies investigate the determinants of turnout or invalid voting, but existing research hardly ever analyses the two together. Yet while turnout and invalid voting are conceptually distinct, their practice is closely intertwined. In this paper, we thus advocate the need for research jointly adopting these two different but complementary pe…
Election turnout in authoritarian regimes
Political science (41 works) · Law (30 works) · Politics (30 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (29 works) · Law (27 works) · Economics (24 works) · Political economy (18 works) · Voting (18 works) · Democracy (16 works) · Demographic economics (14 works)