James S Skinner
Biographic Data
| ID | 151998 |
|---|---|
| NAME | James S Skinner |
| GIVEN NAMES | James S |
| FAMILY NAME | Skinner |
| SIGNATURE | SKINNER J S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Dartmouth College |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4760-9396 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 35 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 185 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1985 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Digital intimacies in motion: Redefining sex in tourism
This paper redefines sex in tourism by introducing cyber-sexual leisure – digitally mediated and emotionally ambivalent erotic engagements that unfold through platforms like Grindr during travel. Drawing on interviews with queer male tourists, we examine how fragmented, gamified, and affectively ambivalent interactions produce symbolic erotic pleasure, even in the absence of physical sex. Moving beyond outcome-oriented and corporeal understanding…
The role of comorbidities, medications, and social determinants of health in understanding urban‐rural outcome differences among patients with heart failure
PURPOSE: There is now a 20% disparity in all-cause, excess deaths between urban and rural areas, much of which is driven by disparities in cardiovascular death. We sought to explain the sources of these disparities for Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). METHODS: Using a sample of Medicare Parts A, B, and D, we created a cohort of 389,528 fee-for-service beneficiaries with at least 1 heart failure hos…
The diffusion of health care fraud: A bipartite network analysis
Many studies have examined the diffusion of health care innovation but less is known about the diffusion of health care fraud. In this paper, we consider the diffusion of potentially fraudulent Medicare home health care billing in the United States during 2002-16, with a focus on the 21 hospital referral regions (HRRs) covered by local Department of Justice (DOJ) anti-fraud "strike force" offices. We hypothesize that patient-sharing across home h…
The Federal Health Authority, a Federal Reserve System for Health Care: Covid-19 Has Exposed a Need for Change
In 1907, a financial collapse led to a major US national recession, a 17% decline in industrial output,1 and creation of the Federal Reserve system in 1913 to “provide a means by which periodic panics which shake the American Republic and do it enormous injury shall be stopped.”2
Rising Geographic Disparities in US Mortality
The twenty-first century has been a period of rising inequality in both income and health. In this paper, we find that geographic inequality in mortality for midlife Americans increased by about 70 percent between 1992 and 2016. This was not simply because states like New York or California benefited from having a high fraction of college-educated residents who enjoyed the largest health gains during the last several decades. Nor was higher dispe…
Valuing Protection against Health-Related Financial Risks
There is strong interest in both developing and developed countries towards expanding health insurance coverage. How should the benefits, and costs, of expanded coverage be measured? While the value of reducing the financial risks that result from insurance coverage have long been recognized, there has been less attention in how best to measure such benefits. In this paper, we first provide a framework for assessing the financial value from healt…
ICD-10 Coding Will Challenge Researchers: Caution and Collaboration may Reduce Measurement Error and Improve Comparability Over Time
BACKGROUND: The October 1, 2015 US health care diagnosis and procedure codes update, from the 9th to 10th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), abruptly changed the structure, number, and diversity of codes in health care administrative data. Translation from ICD-9 to ICD-10 risks introducing artificial changes in claims-based measures of health and health services. OBJECTIVE: Using published ICD-9 and ICD-10 definitions …
Measuring racial segregation in health system networks using the dissimilarity index
Assessing Variation in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy Guideline Adherence With Physician and Hospital Patient-sharing Networks
BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is used for primary prevention of death among people with heart failure, and new evidence in 2005 on its effectiveness changed practice guidelines in the United States. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to examine how the connectedness of physicians and hospitals, measured using network analysis, relates to guideline-consistent ICD implantation. RESEARCH DESIGN: We construc…
Technology Diffusion and Productivity Growth in Health Care
We draw on macroeconomic models of diffusion and productivity to explain empirical patterns of survival gains in heart attacks. Using Medicare data for 2.8 million patients during 1986-2004, we find that hospitals rapidly adopting cost-effective innovations such as beta blockers, aspirin, and reperfusion, had substantially better outcomes for their patients. Holding technology adoption constant, the marginal returns to spending were relatively mo…
Antibiotic Use in Cold and Flu Season and Prescribing Quality: A Retrospective Cohort Study
BACKGROUND: Excessive antibiotic use in cold and flu season is costly and contributes to antibiotic resistance. The study objective was to develop an index of excessive antibiotic use in cold and flu season and determine its correlation with other indicators of prescribing quality. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We included Medicare beneficiaries in the 40% random sample denominator file continuously enrolled in fee-for-service benefits for 2010 or 2011 (…
Prescription Opioid Use Among Disabled Medicare Beneficiaries: Intensity, Trends, and Regional Variation
BACKGROUND: Prescription opioid use and overdose deaths are increasing in the United States. Among disabled Medicare beneficiaries under the age of 65, the rise in musculoskeletal conditions as qualifying diagnoses suggests that opioid analgesic use may be common and increasing, raising safety concerns. METHODS: From a 40% random-sample Medicare denominator, we identified fee-for-service beneficiaries under the age of 65 and created annual enroll…
Measured maximal heart rates compared to commonly used age‐based prediction equations in the heritage family study
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine how well two commonly used age-based prediction equations for maximal heart rate (HRmax ) estimate the actual HRmax measured in Black and White adults from the HERITAGE Family Study. METHODS: A total of 762 sedentary subjects (39% Black, 57% Females) from HERITAGE were included. HRmax was measured during maximal exercise tests using cycle ergometers. Age-based HRmax was predicted using the Fox (…
Association Between Physician Supply, Local Practice Norms, and Outpatient Visit Rates
BACKGROUND: There is considerable regional variation in Medicare outpatient visit rates; such variations may be the consequence of patient health, race/ethnicity differences, patient preferences, or physician supply and beliefs about the efficacy of frequently scheduled visits. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to test associations between varying regional Medicare outpatient visit rates and beneficiaries' health, race/ethnicity, preferen…
The Pragmatist's Guide to Comparative Effectiveness Research
Following an acrimonious health care reform debate involving charges of "death panels," in 2010, Congress explicitly forbade the use of cost-effectiveness analysis in government programs of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In this context, comparative effectiveness research emerged as an alternative strategy to understand better what works in health care. Put simply, comparative effectiveness research compares the efficacy of two o…
Measuring Racial Disparities in the Quality of Ambulatory Diabetes Care
BACKGROUND: Improving the health of minority patients who have diabetes depends in part on improving quality and reducing disparities in ambulatory care. It has been difficult to measure these components at the level of actionable units. OBJECTIVE: To measure ambulatory care quality and racial disparities in diabetes care across groups of physicians who care for populations of ambulatory diabetes patients. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective cohort anal…
Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults
The purpose of this Position Stand is to provide an overview of issues critical to understanding the importance of exercise and physical activity in older adult populations. The Position Stand is divided into three sections: Section 1 briefly reviews the structural and functional changes that characterize normal human aging, Section 2 considers the extent to which exercise and physical activity can influence the aging process, and Section 3 summa…
Is American Health Care Uniquely Inefficient
The U.S. health system has been described as the most competitive, heterogeneous, inefficient, fragmented, and advanced system of care in the world. In this paper, we consider two questions: First, is the U.S. healthcare system productively efficient relative to other wealthy countries, in the sense of producing better health for a given bundle of hospital beds, physicians, nurses, and other factor inputs? Second, is the United States allocativel…
Are Regional Variations in End-of-Life Care Intensity Explained by Patient Preferences: A Study of the US Medicare Population
OBJECTIVE: We sought to test whether variations across regions in end-of-life (EOL) treatment intensity are associated with regional differences in patient preferences for EOL care. RESEARCH DESIGN: Dual-language (English/Spanish) survey conducted March to October 2005, either by mail or computer-assisted telephone questionnaire, among a probability sample of 3480 Medicare part A and/or B eligible beneficiaries in the 20% denominator file, age 65…
Are You Sure You're Saving Enough for Retirement
Many view the soon-to-retire Baby Boomers as woefully unprepared for their golden years, while other economists have taken a more sanguine view of American levels of saving. And if Americans are failures at saving enough for retirement, why are some retirees so happy? The seemingly simple question of "Am I saving enough for retirement?" is apparently not so simple at all. Instead, it touches on a variety of deeper issues in economics, psychology,…
Pleiotropic QTL on Chromosome 12q23-q24 Influences Triglyceride and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels: The Heritage Family Study
To determine whether a common quantitative trait locus (QTL) influences the variation of fasting triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, we used a bivariate multipoint linkage analysis with 654 polymorphic markers in 99 white and 101 black families. The phenotypes were investigated under two conditions: at baseline and after a 20-week exercise training intervention. A maximum genome-wide bivariate LOD score of 3…
Do the Rich Save More
The question of whether higherlifetime income households save a larger fraction of their income was the subject of much debate in the 1950s and 1960s, and while not resolved, it remains central to the evaluation of tax and macroeconomic policies. We resolve this long-standing question using new empirical methods applied to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Survey of Consumer Finances, and the Consumer Expenditure Survey. We find a strong po…
Population differences in the pattern of familial aggregation for sex hormone‐binding globulin and its response to exercise training: The Heritage family study
Familial influences were investigated for baseline sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and its response (post-training minus baseline) to a 20-week endurance exercise training program. One hundred, eighty-four participants from 85 Black families in the HERITAGE Family Study (HERITAGE) were analyzed using a familial correlation model. Baseline SHBG values and the training response were adjusted for the effects of age, baseline BMI, testosterone, e…
Cross-trait familial resemblance for resting blood pressure and body composition and fat distribution: The Heritage family study
Cross-trait familial resemblance between resting blood pressure (BP) and body composition and fat distribution was examined in 98 Caucasian families participating in the HERITAGE Family Study by using a multivariate familial correlation model assessing both intraindividual and interindividual cross-trait correlations. The 520 family members were sedentary at baseline examination, and both resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP were cross-a…
Cross‐trait familial resemblance for resting blood pressure and body composition and fat distribution: The Heritage family study
Do the Rich Save More
The question of whether higherlifetime income households save a larger fraction of their income was the subject of much debate in the 1950s and 1960s, and while not resolved, it remains central to the evaluation of tax and macroeconomic policies. We resolve this long-standing question using new empirical methods applied to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Survey of Consumer Finances, and the Consumer Expenditure Survey. We find a strong po…
Precautionary Saving and Social Insurance
This paper argues that a life cycle model can replicate observed patterns in household wealth accumulation after counting explicitly for precautionary saving and asset-based, means-tested social insurance. The authors demonstrate that social insurance programs with means tests based on assets discourage saving by households with low expected lifetime income. In addition, they evaluate the model using a dynamic programming model. Assuming common p…
Rising Geographic Disparities in US Mortality
The twenty-first century has been a period of rising inequality in both income and health. In this paper, we find that geographic inequality in mortality for midlife Americans increased by about 70 percent between 1992 and 2016. This was not simply because states like New York or California benefited from having a high fraction of college-educated residents who enjoyed the largest health gains during the last several decades. Nor was higher dispe…
The Resolution of the Labor-Scarcity Paradox
Many distinguished foreign visitors to the United States in the 1850s commented on the advanced states of mechanization in manufacturing. But why, at the same time, were interest rates higher and the aggregate manufacturing capital stock lower in American than in Britain? We resolve this paradox by noting that British engineers were most impressed by only those industries which relied on skilled workers. Using production parameters estimated from…
Are You Sure You're Saving Enough for Retirement
Many view the soon-to-retire Baby Boomers as woefully unprepared for their golden years, while other economists have taken a more sanguine view of American levels of saving. And if Americans are failures at saving enough for retirement, why are some retirees so happy? The seemingly simple question of "Am I saving enough for retirement?" is apparently not so simple at all. Instead, it touches on a variety of deeper issues in economics, psychology,…
Will Aging Baby Boomers Bust the Federal Budget
The authors analyze in three steps the influence of the projected mortality decline on the long-run finances of the Social Security System. First, mortality decline adds person years of life which are distributed across the life cycle. The interaction of this distribution with the age distribution of taxes minus benefits determines the steady state financial consequences of mortality decline. Second, examination of past mortality trends in the Un…
Is American Health Care Uniquely Inefficient
The U.S. health system has been described as the most competitive, heterogeneous, inefficient, fragmented, and advanced system of care in the world. In this paper, we consider two questions: First, is the U.S. healthcare system productively efficient relative to other wealthy countries, in the sense of producing better health for a given bundle of hospital beds, physicians, nurses, and other factor inputs? Second, is the United States allocativel…
Assessing the Effectiveness of Saving Incentives
The authors argue that there is more to be learned from recent research on the effectiveness of targeted saving incentives than the wide variation in empirical estimates suggests. They conclude that characterizations of 'all new saving' or 'no new saving' are extreme IRAs and 401(k) plans appear to stimulate moderate amounts of new saving. The authors suggest a cost-benefit approach to ask: What is the incremental gain in capital accumulation per…
Measuring racial segregation in health system networks using the dissimilarity index
Pleiotropic QTL on Chromosome 12q23-q24 Influences Triglyceride and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels: The Heritage Family Study
To determine whether a common quantitative trait locus (QTL) influences the variation of fasting triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, we used a bivariate multipoint linkage analysis with 654 polymorphic markers in 99 white and 101 black families. The phenotypes were investigated under two conditions: at baseline and after a 20-week exercise training intervention. A maximum genome-wide bivariate LOD score of 3…
The Pragmatist's Guide to Comparative Effectiveness Research
Following an acrimonious health care reform debate involving charges of "death panels," in 2010, Congress explicitly forbade the use of cost-effectiveness analysis in government programs of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In this context, comparative effectiveness research emerged as an alternative strategy to understand better what works in health care. Put simply, comparative effectiveness research compares the efficacy of two o…
Variable Lifespan and the Intertemporal Elasticity of Consumption
The focus of the paper is to measure how consumption responds to changes in the interest rate. The equivalence between the effect of the interest rate, and the effect of mortality probabilities, on consumption is used to gain an estimate of the intertemporal elasticity of substitution between current and future consumption. Seemingly unrelated regressions in a cross-sectional model of consumption, earnings, and assets are used to provide efficien…
The Resolution of the Labor-Scarcity Paradox
Many distinguished foreign visitors to the United States in the 1850s commented on the advanced states of mechanization in manufacturing. But why, at the same time, were interest rates higher and the aggregate manufacturing capital stock lower in American than in Britain? We resolve this paradox by noting that British engineers were most impressed by only those industries which relied on skilled workers. Using production parameters estimated from…
Federalism in the rural Comtat Venaissin or the second Grande Peur
(1989). Federalism in the rural Comtat Venaissin or the second Grande Peur.. Renaissance and Modern Studies: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 69-78
The Risk and Duration of Catastrophic Health Care Expenditures
Catastrophic medical expenses are an important economic risk facing the elderly. Little is known about the persistence of such out-of-pocket medical costs. We measure the time-series property of medical costs using information on medical deductions from a panel of tax returns. During the period of analysis, 1968-73, taxpayers could deduct medical expenses above 3 percent of income. We correct for the resulting censoring bias using multivariate To…
Precautionary Saving and Social Insurance
This paper argues that a life cycle model can replicate observed patterns in household wealth accumulation after counting explicitly for precautionary saving and asset-based, means-tested social insurance. The authors demonstrate that social insurance programs with means tests based on assets discourage saving by households with low expected lifetime income. In addition, they evaluate the model using a dynamic programming model. Assuming common p…
Assessing the Effectiveness of Saving Incentives
The authors argue that there is more to be learned from recent research on the effectiveness of targeted saving incentives than the wide variation in empirical estimates suggests. They conclude that characterizations of 'all new saving' or 'no new saving' are extreme IRAs and 401(k) plans appear to stimulate moderate amounts of new saving. The authors suggest a cost-benefit approach to ask: What is the incremental gain in capital accumulation per…
Race differences in reproducibilities: The Heritage family study
The HERITAGE (HEalth, RIsk factors, exercise Training And GEnetics) Family Study is a multicenter clinical trial conducted by five institutions in the United States and Canada. The overall objective of the study is to investigate the role of the genotype in cardiovascular, metabolic, and hormonal responses to aerobic exercise training and the contribution of regular exercise to changes in cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors in white …
Will Aging Baby Boomers Bust the Federal Budget
The authors analyze in three steps the influence of the projected mortality decline on the long-run finances of the Social Security System. First, mortality decline adds person years of life which are distributed across the life cycle. The interaction of this distribution with the age distribution of taxes minus benefits determines the steady state financial consequences of mortality decline. Second, examination of past mortality trends in the Un…
Cross-trait familial resemblance for resting blood pressure and body composition and fat distribution: The Heritage family study
Cross-trait familial resemblance between resting blood pressure (BP) and body composition and fat distribution was examined in 98 Caucasian families participating in the HERITAGE Family Study by using a multivariate familial correlation model assessing both intraindividual and interindividual cross-trait correlations. The 520 family members were sedentary at baseline examination, and both resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP were cross-a…
Cross‐trait familial resemblance for resting blood pressure and body composition and fat distribution: The Heritage family study
Major gene effect on subcutaneous fat distribution in a sedentary population and its response to exercise training: The Heritage Family Study
Complex segregation analysis of baseline subcutaneous fat distribution and the change in response to exercise training (post-training minus baseline indices) was performed in a sample of 482 individuals from 99 Caucasian families who participated in the HERITAGE Family Study. The sum of skinfold (SF) thicknesses at eight sites, and the waist and hip circumferences were measured at baseline and after completing a 20-week exercise training program.…
Major gene effect on subcutaneous fat distribution in a sedentary population and its response to exercise training: The Heritage Family Study
Complex segregation analysis of baseline subcutaneous fat distribution and the change in response to exercise training (post-training minus baseline indices) was performed in a sample of 482 individuals from 99 Caucasian families who participated in the HERITAGE Family Study. The sum of skinfold (SF) thicknesses at eight sites, and the waist and hip circumferences were measured at baseline and after completing a 20-week exercise training program.…
Population differences in the pattern of familial aggregation for sex hormone‐binding globulin and its response to exercise training: The Heritage family study
Familial influences were investigated for baseline sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and its response (post-training minus baseline) to a 20-week endurance exercise training program. One hundred, eighty-four participants from 85 Black families in the HERITAGE Family Study (HERITAGE) were analyzed using a familial correlation model. Baseline SHBG values and the training response were adjusted for the effects of age, baseline BMI, testosterone, e…
Do the Rich Save More
The question of whether higherlifetime income households save a larger fraction of their income was the subject of much debate in the 1950s and 1960s, and while not resolved, it remains central to the evaluation of tax and macroeconomic policies. We resolve this long-standing question using new empirical methods applied to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Survey of Consumer Finances, and the Consumer Expenditure Survey. We find a strong po…
Pleiotropic QTL on Chromosome 12q23-q24 Influences Triglyceride and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels: The Heritage Family Study
To determine whether a common quantitative trait locus (QTL) influences the variation of fasting triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, we used a bivariate multipoint linkage analysis with 654 polymorphic markers in 99 white and 101 black families. The phenotypes were investigated under two conditions: at baseline and after a 20-week exercise training intervention. A maximum genome-wide bivariate LOD score of 3…
Are Regional Variations in End-of-Life Care Intensity Explained by Patient Preferences: A Study of the US Medicare Population
OBJECTIVE: We sought to test whether variations across regions in end-of-life (EOL) treatment intensity are associated with regional differences in patient preferences for EOL care. RESEARCH DESIGN: Dual-language (English/Spanish) survey conducted March to October 2005, either by mail or computer-assisted telephone questionnaire, among a probability sample of 3480 Medicare part A and/or B eligible beneficiaries in the 20% denominator file, age 65…
Are You Sure You're Saving Enough for Retirement
Many view the soon-to-retire Baby Boomers as woefully unprepared for their golden years, while other economists have taken a more sanguine view of American levels of saving. And if Americans are failures at saving enough for retirement, why are some retirees so happy? The seemingly simple question of "Am I saving enough for retirement?" is apparently not so simple at all. Instead, it touches on a variety of deeper issues in economics, psychology,…
Is American Health Care Uniquely Inefficient
The U.S. health system has been described as the most competitive, heterogeneous, inefficient, fragmented, and advanced system of care in the world. In this paper, we consider two questions: First, is the U.S. healthcare system productively efficient relative to other wealthy countries, in the sense of producing better health for a given bundle of hospital beds, physicians, nurses, and other factor inputs? Second, is the United States allocativel…
Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults
The purpose of this Position Stand is to provide an overview of issues critical to understanding the importance of exercise and physical activity in older adult populations. The Position Stand is divided into three sections: Section 1 briefly reviews the structural and functional changes that characterize normal human aging, Section 2 considers the extent to which exercise and physical activity can influence the aging process, and Section 3 summa…
Measuring Racial Disparities in the Quality of Ambulatory Diabetes Care
BACKGROUND: Improving the health of minority patients who have diabetes depends in part on improving quality and reducing disparities in ambulatory care. It has been difficult to measure these components at the level of actionable units. OBJECTIVE: To measure ambulatory care quality and racial disparities in diabetes care across groups of physicians who care for populations of ambulatory diabetes patients. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective cohort anal…
The Pragmatist's Guide to Comparative Effectiveness Research
Following an acrimonious health care reform debate involving charges of "death panels," in 2010, Congress explicitly forbade the use of cost-effectiveness analysis in government programs of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In this context, comparative effectiveness research emerged as an alternative strategy to understand better what works in health care. Put simply, comparative effectiveness research compares the efficacy of two o…
Measured maximal heart rates compared to commonly used age‐based prediction equations in the heritage family study
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine how well two commonly used age-based prediction equations for maximal heart rate (HRmax ) estimate the actual HRmax measured in Black and White adults from the HERITAGE Family Study. METHODS: A total of 762 sedentary subjects (39% Black, 57% Females) from HERITAGE were included. HRmax was measured during maximal exercise tests using cycle ergometers. Age-based HRmax was predicted using the Fox (…
Association Between Physician Supply, Local Practice Norms, and Outpatient Visit Rates
BACKGROUND: There is considerable regional variation in Medicare outpatient visit rates; such variations may be the consequence of patient health, race/ethnicity differences, patient preferences, or physician supply and beliefs about the efficacy of frequently scheduled visits. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to test associations between varying regional Medicare outpatient visit rates and beneficiaries' health, race/ethnicity, preferen…
Prescription Opioid Use Among Disabled Medicare Beneficiaries: Intensity, Trends, and Regional Variation
BACKGROUND: Prescription opioid use and overdose deaths are increasing in the United States. Among disabled Medicare beneficiaries under the age of 65, the rise in musculoskeletal conditions as qualifying diagnoses suggests that opioid analgesic use may be common and increasing, raising safety concerns. METHODS: From a 40% random-sample Medicare denominator, we identified fee-for-service beneficiaries under the age of 65 and created annual enroll…
Technology Diffusion and Productivity Growth in Health Care
We draw on macroeconomic models of diffusion and productivity to explain empirical patterns of survival gains in heart attacks. Using Medicare data for 2.8 million patients during 1986-2004, we find that hospitals rapidly adopting cost-effective innovations such as beta blockers, aspirin, and reperfusion, had substantially better outcomes for their patients. Holding technology adoption constant, the marginal returns to spending were relatively mo…
Medicine (20 works) · Economics (13 works) · Demography (11 works) · Population (11 works) · Internal Medicine (10 works) · Health care (9 works) · Internal Medicine (9 works) · Environmental health (8 works) · Healthcare Policy and Management (8 works) · Actuarial science (7 works)