A Kroska
Biographic Data
| ID | 15219 |
|---|---|
| NAME | A Kroska |
| GIVEN NAMES | A |
| FAMILY NAME | Kroska |
| SIGNATURE | KROSKA A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Oklahoma |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5039-6435 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 29 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 204 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Psychiatric Labels and Status: Exploring Variations by Gender, Diagnosis, and Participant Attributes
Many studies suggest that people discriminate against individuals with a mental illness. Despite these generally robust patterns, however, variability in the results from laboratory experiments examining competence-based discrimination leaves questions about the specific diagnoses that elicit the discrimination and gender differences in the discriminatory behavior. Therefore, we revisit this question with a design aimed at clarifying some of the …
Free to represent you and me: Gender attitudes and women's share of parliament, 1995-2021
Gender Ideology
Gender ideology refers to beliefs regarding the appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men in society. The beliefs are typically conceptualized as unidimensional, ranging from traditional to egalitarian, with traditional ideologies emphasizing the value, appropriateness, and inherence of distinctive roles for women and men, and egalitarian ideologies endorsing gender equality and the value of shared roles. Recent work, howev…
Why Does Occupational Prestige Affect Sentencing Outcomes: Exploring the Perceptual Mediators
Research on the effect of an offender's occupational prestige on criminal sentencing shows mixed results, with some studies showing a positive association between prestige and sentence severity and others showing a negative association. We revisit this question using an online vignette experiment. Drawing on affect control theory and its computer program, Interact, we hypothesize that an offender's occupational prestige will increase the recommen…
Affect Control Theories: A Double Special Issue in Honor of David R. Heise
We introduce this two-part special issue that celebrates David Heise and his pathbreaking theories: affect control theory (ACT), affect control theory of the self (ACTS), and affect control theory of institutions (ACTI). These interlocking, multi-level, mathematically based theories explain a range of social processes, including impression formation, social interaction, trait and mood attributions, emotional experiences, emotion management, and i…
Psychiatric Labels: Exploring Indirect and Direct Assessments of Task Performance
We explore the idea that performance expectations in problem-solving groups (e.g., juries, planning groups) are partially outside of group members’ awareness. We first identify a divergence between indirect and direct teammate performance assessments among participants who are working with a teammate with schizophrenia in a two-person task group. The indirect indicator is the participant’s resistance to the teammate’s problem-solving suggestions,…
Introduction of Neil J. MacKinnon, 2021 Cooley-Mead Award Recipient
Information vs. inspiration: Evaluating the effectiveness of mental illness stigma-reduction messages
The Gender Gap in Business Leadership: Exploring an Affect Control Theory Explanation
We use affect control theory (ACT) and its computer simulation program, Interact, to theoretically model the interactional dynamics that women and men business executives are likely to face in the workplace, and we show how these dynamics may contribute to the gender gap in business leadership. Using data from 520 simulated events and two analysis strategies, we use ACT to develop empirically grounded hypotheses regarding these processes. The sim…
Political Ideology and Concerns About White‐Collar Crime: Exploring the Switch Hypothesis
Objective Numerous studies show that political conservatives in the United States are more concerned about crime than are political liberals. But, according to the “switch hypothesis,” the direction of the association should reverse when the focus is on reducing and punishing white‐collar crime. Despite the intuitiveness of this hypothesis, however, only one study to date has directly tested it. Method We explore the hypothesis using data from an…
Juvenile Delinquency and Self‐Sentiments: Exploring a Labeling Theory Proposition
Objective According to labeling theory, an official deviance label promotes the development of deviant self‐meanings. Despite the centrality of this hypothesis to the theory, most tests of the hypothesis on juveniles are decades old, fail to control for deviant behavior, and focus only on self‐evaluation, neglecting two of the three dimensions of self‐meaning: self‐potency and self‐activity. Therefore, our objective is to explore this hypothesis …
Gender, status, and psychiatric labels
Illness Labels and Social Distance
The authors examine a key proposition in the modified labeling theory—that a psychiatric label increases vulnerability to negative evaluation and social rejection—using an experimental design wherein female participants interact with a female teammate over a computer. The authors also evaluate a hypothesis derived from the disease-avoidance account of disgust by examining this same process for a nonpsychiatric illness: food poisoning. In addition…
Coping with the Stigma of Mental Illness: Empirically-Grounded Hypotheses from Computer Simulations
This research demonstrates how affect control theory and its computer program, Interact , can be used to develop empirically-grounded hypotheses regarding the connection between cultural labels and behaviors. Our demonstration focuses on propositions in the modified labeling theory of mental illness. According to the MLT, negative societal conceptions of the mentally ill become personally relevant upon diagnosis and damage psychiatric patients' s…
Exploring the Consequences of Gender Ideology—Work Discrepancies
Change in attitudes about employed mothers: Exposure, interests, and gender ideology discrepancies
Exploring the Consequences of Gender Ideology–Work Discrepancies
Exploring the Role of Diagnosis in the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness
According to the modified labeling theory of mental illness, when an individual is diagnosed with a mental illness, cultural ideas associated with the mentally ill become personally relevant and foster negative self-feelings. We explore the way that psychiatric diagnosis shapes this process. Specifically, we examine if and how psychiatric patients' diagnostic category (adjustment, affective, or schizophrenic) moderates the relationship between st…
Examining Husband-Wife Differences in the Meaning of Family Financial Support
The author examines the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that seventy-eight heterosexual married or cohabiting couples attach to the act of financially supporting their family and finds that husbands consider their support more valuable and more active than their wives consider theirs. Using the couple as the unit of analysis, the author considers four hypotheses for these gender differences: Job status, deviance neutralizat…
Gender Ideology and Gender Role Ideology
Both gender ideology and gender role ideology refer to attitudes regarding the appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men in society. The concept can reflect these attitudes generally or in a specific domain, such as an economic, familial, legal, political, and/or social domain. Most gender ideology constructs are unidimensional and range from traditional, conservative, or anti‐feminist to egalitarian, liberal, or feminist. …
Stigma Sentiments and Self-Meanings: Exploring the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness
We introduce “stigma sentiments” as a way to operationalize the cultural conceptions of the mentally ill. Stigma sentiments are the evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA) associated with the cultural category “a mentally ill person.” We find consistent support for the validity of the evaluation and potency components as measures of these conceptions. We also demonstrate the validity of EPA ratings of self-identities (“myself as I really am”) and…
Special Reviewers
Divisions of Domestic Work: Revising and Expanding the Theoretical Explanations
Using a sample of 101 heterosexual, coresidential couples, the author evaluates four housework theories: gender ideology, relative resources, time availability, and doing gender. Unlike some tests of these theories, the author operationalizes gender ideology as an identity, and the author tests the models on the traditionally feminine chores as well as the traditionally masculine and gender-neutral chores. Using the new operationalization, the au…
Investigating Gender Differences in the Meaning of Household Chores and Child Care
This study examines factors related to the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that spouses and cohabitors (N= 309) attach to child care, baby care, and 9 household chores. Gender is related to about a third of these task meanings. Consistent with the feminine care hypothesis, women consider baby care and laundry especially good, potent, and active and consider meal preparation particularly powerful, although contrary to this h…
Does Gender Ideology Matter? Examining the Relationship between Gender Ideology and Self- and Partner-Meanings
I investigate the relationship between gender ideology and the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) of married and cohabiting individuals' self-identities and partner-identities. Gender ideology is generally unrelated to self- and partner-meanings; this finding supports a homogeneity hypothesis, which predicts that individuals' gender ideology will not significantly override the ongoing effects of socialization into gendered ide…
Change in attitudes about employed mothers: Exposure, interests, and gender ideology discrepancies
Divisions of Domestic Work: Revising and Expanding the Theoretical Explanations
Using a sample of 101 heterosexual, coresidential couples, the author evaluates four housework theories: gender ideology, relative resources, time availability, and doing gender. Unlike some tests of these theories, the author operationalizes gender ideology as an identity, and the author tests the models on the traditionally feminine chores as well as the traditionally masculine and gender-neutral chores. Using the new operationalization, the au…
Investigating Gender Differences in the Meaning of Household Chores and Child Care
This study examines factors related to the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that spouses and cohabitors (N= 309) attach to child care, baby care, and 9 household chores. Gender is related to about a third of these task meanings. Consistent with the feminine care hypothesis, women consider baby care and laundry especially good, potent, and active and consider meal preparation particularly powerful, although contrary to this h…
Gender Ideology and Gender Role Ideology
Both gender ideology and gender role ideology refer to attitudes regarding the appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men in society. The concept can reflect these attitudes generally or in a specific domain, such as an economic, familial, legal, political, and/or social domain. Most gender ideology constructs are unidimensional and range from traditional, conservative, or anti‐feminist to egalitarian, liberal, or feminist. …
Stigma Sentiments and Self-Meanings: Exploring the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness
We introduce “stigma sentiments” as a way to operationalize the cultural conceptions of the mentally ill. Stigma sentiments are the evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA) associated with the cultural category “a mentally ill person.” We find consistent support for the validity of the evaluation and potency components as measures of these conceptions. We also demonstrate the validity of EPA ratings of self-identities (“myself as I really am”) and…
Conceptualizing and Measuring Gender Ideology as an Identity
Although gender idology is sometimes conceptualized as an identity, researchers invariably measure it with attitude scales. The author introduces a self-administered, vignette-style instrument that measures gender ideology as an identity. Using a sample of 309 married or cohabiting respondents, she demonstrates the instrument's construct validity by showing it is strongly related to measures of the evaluation and the potency of three cultural cat…
Exploring the Role of Diagnosis in the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness
According to the modified labeling theory of mental illness, when an individual is diagnosed with a mental illness, cultural ideas associated with the mentally ill become personally relevant and foster negative self-feelings. We explore the way that psychiatric diagnosis shapes this process. Specifically, we examine if and how psychiatric patients' diagnostic category (adjustment, affective, or schizophrenic) moderates the relationship between st…
Gender, status, and psychiatric labels
Does Gender Ideology Matter? Examining the Relationship between Gender Ideology and Self- and Partner-Meanings
I investigate the relationship between gender ideology and the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) of married and cohabiting individuals' self-identities and partner-identities. Gender ideology is generally unrelated to self- and partner-meanings; this finding supports a homogeneity hypothesis, which predicts that individuals' gender ideology will not significantly override the ongoing effects of socialization into gendered ide…
Juvenile Delinquency and Self‐Sentiments: Exploring a Labeling Theory Proposition
Objective According to labeling theory, an official deviance label promotes the development of deviant self‐meanings. Despite the centrality of this hypothesis to the theory, most tests of the hypothesis on juveniles are decades old, fail to control for deviant behavior, and focus only on self‐evaluation, neglecting two of the three dimensions of self‐meaning: self‐potency and self‐activity. Therefore, our objective is to explore this hypothesis …
Social status determinants of control in individuals' accounts of their mental illness
Do We Have Consensus? Examining the Relationship between Gender Ideology and Role Meanings
I investigate the relationship between ideology and the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) of 12 roles among married and cohabiting individuals (N = 309). I propose three alternative frameworks: consensus (no relationship between gender ideology and role meanings), sameness feminism (gender-ideological liberals perceive gendered roles in a way that matches the ideals of sameness feminism), and difference feminism (gender-ideol…
Political Ideology and Concerns About White‐Collar Crime: Exploring the Switch Hypothesis
Objective Numerous studies show that political conservatives in the United States are more concerned about crime than are political liberals. But, according to the “switch hypothesis,” the direction of the association should reverse when the focus is on reducing and punishing white‐collar crime. Despite the intuitiveness of this hypothesis, however, only one study to date has directly tested it. Method We explore the hypothesis using data from an…
Examining Husband-Wife Differences in the Meaning of Family Financial Support
The author examines the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that seventy-eight heterosexual married or cohabiting couples attach to the act of financially supporting their family and finds that husbands consider their support more valuable and more active than their wives consider theirs. Using the couple as the unit of analysis, the author considers four hypotheses for these gender differences: Job status, deviance neutralizat…
The Gender Gap in Business Leadership: Exploring an Affect Control Theory Explanation
We use affect control theory (ACT) and its computer simulation program, Interact, to theoretically model the interactional dynamics that women and men business executives are likely to face in the workplace, and we show how these dynamics may contribute to the gender gap in business leadership. Using data from 520 simulated events and two analysis strategies, we use ACT to develop empirically grounded hypotheses regarding these processes. The sim…
Exploring the Consequences of Gender Ideology—Work Discrepancies
Exploring the Consequences of Gender Ideology–Work Discrepancies
Psychiatric Labels: Exploring Indirect and Direct Assessments of Task Performance
We explore the idea that performance expectations in problem-solving groups (e.g., juries, planning groups) are partially outside of group members’ awareness. We first identify a divergence between indirect and direct teammate performance assessments among participants who are working with a teammate with schizophrenia in a two-person task group. The indirect indicator is the participant’s resistance to the teammate’s problem-solving suggestions,…
The Division of Labor in the Home: A Review and Reconceptualization
I review and synthesize the literature on the division of labor in the home, noting some theoretical omissions and advancing a model that may accountforfindings in the literature. Researchers generally have failed to specify the mechanism by which family work divisions create distress, how housework and paid work affirm gendered identities, and the cognitive responses to family work patterns that do not confirm self identities. Also, researchers …
Conceptualizing and Measuring Gender Ideology as an Identity
Although gender idology is sometimes conceptualized as an identity, researchers invariably measure it with attitude scales. The author introduces a self-administered, vignette-style instrument that measures gender ideology as an identity. Using a sample of 309 married or cohabiting respondents, she demonstrates the instrument's construct validity by showing it is strongly related to measures of the evaluation and the potency of three cultural cat…
Do We Have Consensus? Examining the Relationship between Gender Ideology and Role Meanings
I investigate the relationship between ideology and the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) of 12 roles among married and cohabiting individuals (N = 309). I propose three alternative frameworks: consensus (no relationship between gender ideology and role meanings), sameness feminism (gender-ideological liberals perceive gendered roles in a way that matches the ideals of sameness feminism), and difference feminism (gender-ideol…
Does Gender Ideology Matter? Examining the Relationship between Gender Ideology and Self- and Partner-Meanings
I investigate the relationship between gender ideology and the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) of married and cohabiting individuals' self-identities and partner-identities. Gender ideology is generally unrelated to self- and partner-meanings; this finding supports a homogeneity hypothesis, which predicts that individuals' gender ideology will not significantly override the ongoing effects of socialization into gendered ide…
Social status determinants of control in individuals' accounts of their mental illness
Investigating Gender Differences in the Meaning of Household Chores and Child Care
This study examines factors related to the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that spouses and cohabitors (N= 309) attach to child care, baby care, and 9 household chores. Gender is related to about a third of these task meanings. Consistent with the feminine care hypothesis, women consider baby care and laundry especially good, potent, and active and consider meal preparation particularly powerful, although contrary to this h…
Divisions of Domestic Work: Revising and Expanding the Theoretical Explanations
Using a sample of 101 heterosexual, coresidential couples, the author evaluates four housework theories: gender ideology, relative resources, time availability, and doing gender. Unlike some tests of these theories, the author operationalizes gender ideology as an identity, and the author tests the models on the traditionally feminine chores as well as the traditionally masculine and gender-neutral chores. Using the new operationalization, the au…
Special Reviewers
Stigma Sentiments and Self-Meanings: Exploring the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness
We introduce “stigma sentiments” as a way to operationalize the cultural conceptions of the mentally ill. Stigma sentiments are the evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA) associated with the cultural category “a mentally ill person.” We find consistent support for the validity of the evaluation and potency components as measures of these conceptions. We also demonstrate the validity of EPA ratings of self-identities (“myself as I really am”) and…
Gender Ideology and Gender Role Ideology
Both gender ideology and gender role ideology refer to attitudes regarding the appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men in society. The concept can reflect these attitudes generally or in a specific domain, such as an economic, familial, legal, political, and/or social domain. Most gender ideology constructs are unidimensional and range from traditional, conservative, or anti‐feminist to egalitarian, liberal, or feminist. …
Exploring the Consequences of Gender Ideology–Work Discrepancies
Exploring the Role of Diagnosis in the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness
According to the modified labeling theory of mental illness, when an individual is diagnosed with a mental illness, cultural ideas associated with the mentally ill become personally relevant and foster negative self-feelings. We explore the way that psychiatric diagnosis shapes this process. Specifically, we examine if and how psychiatric patients' diagnostic category (adjustment, affective, or schizophrenic) moderates the relationship between st…
Examining Husband-Wife Differences in the Meaning of Family Financial Support
The author examines the affective meanings (evaluation, potency, and activity) that seventy-eight heterosexual married or cohabiting couples attach to the act of financially supporting their family and finds that husbands consider their support more valuable and more active than their wives consider theirs. Using the couple as the unit of analysis, the author considers four hypotheses for these gender differences: Job status, deviance neutralizat…
Exploring the Consequences of Gender Ideology—Work Discrepancies
Change in attitudes about employed mothers: Exposure, interests, and gender ideology discrepancies
Coping with the Stigma of Mental Illness: Empirically-Grounded Hypotheses from Computer Simulations
This research demonstrates how affect control theory and its computer program, Interact , can be used to develop empirically-grounded hypotheses regarding the connection between cultural labels and behaviors. Our demonstration focuses on propositions in the modified labeling theory of mental illness. According to the MLT, negative societal conceptions of the mentally ill become personally relevant upon diagnosis and damage psychiatric patients' s…
Illness Labels and Social Distance
The authors examine a key proposition in the modified labeling theory—that a psychiatric label increases vulnerability to negative evaluation and social rejection—using an experimental design wherein female participants interact with a female teammate over a computer. The authors also evaluate a hypothesis derived from the disease-avoidance account of disgust by examining this same process for a nonpsychiatric illness: food poisoning. In addition…
Gender, status, and psychiatric labels
Juvenile Delinquency and Self‐Sentiments: Exploring a Labeling Theory Proposition
Objective According to labeling theory, an official deviance label promotes the development of deviant self‐meanings. Despite the centrality of this hypothesis to the theory, most tests of the hypothesis on juveniles are decades old, fail to control for deviant behavior, and focus only on self‐evaluation, neglecting two of the three dimensions of self‐meaning: self‐potency and self‐activity. Therefore, our objective is to explore this hypothesis …
The Gender Gap in Business Leadership: Exploring an Affect Control Theory Explanation
We use affect control theory (ACT) and its computer simulation program, Interact, to theoretically model the interactional dynamics that women and men business executives are likely to face in the workplace, and we show how these dynamics may contribute to the gender gap in business leadership. Using data from 520 simulated events and two analysis strategies, we use ACT to develop empirically grounded hypotheses regarding these processes. The sim…
Political Ideology and Concerns About White‐Collar Crime: Exploring the Switch Hypothesis
Objective Numerous studies show that political conservatives in the United States are more concerned about crime than are political liberals. But, according to the “switch hypothesis,” the direction of the association should reverse when the focus is on reducing and punishing white‐collar crime. Despite the intuitiveness of this hypothesis, however, only one study to date has directly tested it. Method We explore the hypothesis using data from an…
Information vs. inspiration: Evaluating the effectiveness of mental illness stigma-reduction messages
Introduction of Neil J. MacKinnon, 2021 Cooley-Mead Award Recipient
Gender Ideology
Gender ideology refers to beliefs regarding the appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men in society. The beliefs are typically conceptualized as unidimensional, ranging from traditional to egalitarian, with traditional ideologies emphasizing the value, appropriateness, and inherence of distinctive roles for women and men, and egalitarian ideologies endorsing gender equality and the value of shared roles. Recent work, howev…
Why Does Occupational Prestige Affect Sentencing Outcomes: Exploring the Perceptual Mediators
Research on the effect of an offender's occupational prestige on criminal sentencing shows mixed results, with some studies showing a positive association between prestige and sentence severity and others showing a negative association. We revisit this question using an online vignette experiment. Drawing on affect control theory and its computer program, Interact, we hypothesize that an offender's occupational prestige will increase the recommen…
Psychology (28 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Political science (15 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Ideology (12 works) · Politics (11 works) · Gender Diversity and Inequality (9 works) · Psychiatry (9 works) · Work-Family Balance Challenges (9 works)