Mark Waltermire
Biographic Data
| ID | 1531469 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mark Waltermire |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mark |
| FAMILY NAME | Waltermire |
| SIGNATURE | WALTERMIRE M |
| AFFILIATIONS | New Mexico State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4527-3099 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 15 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 8 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 15 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2008 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
U.S. Spanish and the Standard Language Myth
The Spanish spoken in the U.S. contains certain elements from English due to the sustained sociocultural contact between these two languages. Unfortunately, it is for this very reason that many monolingual Spanish speakers (and even some bilinguals) denigrate bilingual varieties of U.S. Spanish, which they see as impure (Mata 2023; Rangel et al. 2015). This negative view of U.S. Spanish is common among “journalists, translators and educators,” as…
Lectal coherence in a border bilingual community
While studies of lectal coherence, the extent to which speakers’ uses of multiple linguistic variables correlate, have not historically been frequent within sociolinguistics, recent studies have added to our knowledge of co-variation between variables. The present study contributes to this growing body of knowledge by analyzing co-variation of the Spanish voiced obstruent series /bdɡ/ in the bilingual border community of Rivera, Uruguay. On the b…
Variable Contrast in Border Uruguayan Spanish /b
This study addresses variation in the realization of intervocalic /b/ in the Spanish of Rivera, Uruguay, a border community that is bilingual in Portuguese and Spanish. While Spanish has one phoneme that corresponds to the graphemes ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩, which is normally realized as an approximant or deleted intervocalically, Portuguese contrasts a voiced bilabial stop phoneme /b/ with a voiced labiodental fricative phoneme /v/. Sociolinguistic interview…
Intervocalic /ɡ/ realization in Border Uruguayan Spanish
In Border Uruguayan Spanish, intervocalic voiced obstruents have been known to be produced as stops due to the variety’s contact with Portuguese. The present study investigates intervocalic /ɡ/ in a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews. Using an acoustic measure, a consonant-vowel intensity ratio, as an index of constriction of /ɡ/, we found that, similar to /b/ and /d/, the speaker’s age, Spanish use, and sex have a strong impact on the realizat…
Cognate similarity and intervocalic /d/ production in Riverense Spanish
Aims and objectives: While previous research has shown that phonetic variation in language contact situations is affected by whether a word has a cognate in the contact language, this paper aims to show that such an effect is not monotonic. According to the usage-based model, items in memory are organized according to similarity, thus we anticipated that formally more similar cognates would show a stronger cognate effect. Methodology: This variat…
The indicative vs. subjunctive alternation with expressions of possibility in Spanish
This study explores the indicative vs. subjunctive alternation in Spanish subordinate clauses following epistemic adverbials and expressions of possibility. Anchored in semantic-pragmatic and variationist theoretical frameworks, traditional research on mood alternation in Spanish remains largely experimental in nature. In contrast, we adopt a corpus-based multifactorial methodology to investigate 4,199 occurrences of fourteen expressions of possi…
Spontaneous Loanwords and the Question of Lexical Proficiency among Spanish-English Bilinguals
The use of English-origin spontaneous loanwords (e.g., la babysitter , el counter , etc.) in otherwise Spanish discourse is criticized by many as a strategy that bilinguals use to compensate for a lack of lexical knowledge in Spanish. The purpose of the current research is to examine the question of lexical proficiency as a motivation for the use of these words in the Spanish of Las Cruces, New Mexico. The data for this study derive from translat…
Mood variation after expressions of uncertainty in Spanish
According to prescriptive grammars of Spanish, subordinate clauses after expressions of uncertainty require the subjunctive when introduced by the complementizer que ‘that’ (e. g., No creo que venga (S) . ‘I don’t believe that he’ll come.’) but require the indicative when introduced by the complementizer si ‘if/whether’ (e. g., No sé si viene (I) . ‘I don’t know if he’ll come.’). The use of these moods in actual speech, however, is highly variabl…
The Influence of English on U.S. Spanish
Situations of sustained language contact between Spanish and English have existed in the United States since the early nineteenth century. Initial contact between these two languages in what is now the U.S. Southwest was the result of territorial expansion by English-speaking settlers. Later contact situations in New York and Florida were caused by economic and political circumstances facing Spanish speaking caribeños. As a result of this contact…
The social conditioning of mood variation in the Spanish of Albuquerque, New Mexico
Prescriptive grammars of Spanish claim that inflectional markers of the subjunctive are required for subordinate clause verbs provided that: 1) this clause is introduced by the complementizer que ‘that’ and 2) the matrix clause construction corresponds to one of several semantic notions, such as the expression of finality, personal commentary, volition, or uncertainty. Actual speech data, however, reveal that speakers variably use indicative and …
The differential use of Spanish and Portuguese along the Uruguayan–Brazilian border
Since the late 1800s, the Uruguayan Government has attempted to enforce cultural and linguistic norms along the border with Brazil through the prohibition of Portuguese, especially in schools, despite the fact that this is the heritage language of most border residents. This research focuses on the differential use of Spanish and Portuguese in Rivera, the largest city on the border. Using self-reported data and metalinguistic commentaries extract…
Faingold
Frequency Effects on the Morphological Conditioning of Syllable-fi nal / s / Reduction in Border Uruguayan Spanish
This research provides a usage-based account of the phonological reduction of syllable and wordfinal /s/ in the bilingual Spanish of the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. As with monolingual dialects of Uruguayan Spanish, patterns of aspiration and deletion seem to be conditioned by lexical frequency, with words of high frequency demonstrating higher rates of reduction than words of low frequency. Unlike these dialects, however, the deletion of /s/ in …
Variants of intervocalic /d/ as markers of sociolinguistic identity among Spanish-Portuguese bilinguals
The border shared by Brazil and Uruguay represents a situation of sustained, intimate cultural and linguistic contact between Spanish and Portuguese speakers. Previous research on the bilingualism of this region has focused primarily on Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay ‘Portuguese Dialects of Uruguay’ (DPU) (Carvalho 1998, 2003a, 2003b; Elizaincín 1976, 1992a, 1992b; Elizaincín, Behares & Barrios 1987; Hensey 1971, 1972; Rona 1965). Surprisingly…
Social stratification of language-specific variants of intervocalic /d/ along the Uruguayan-Brazilian border
A situation of language contact between Spanish and Portuguese has existed along the border between Uruguay and Brazil since the first forays of Spanish and Portuguese colonizers into this territory in the early 1800s. As a result, most Uruguayans living along the border speak Portuguese. Dialects of this language spoken in Uruguay (which have been referred to as ‘Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay’ or ‘DPU’) have been studied extensively (Carvalh…
Frequency Effects on the Morphological Conditioning of Syllable-fi nal / s / Reduction in Border Uruguayan Spanish
This research provides a usage-based account of the phonological reduction of syllable and wordfinal /s/ in the bilingual Spanish of the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. As with monolingual dialects of Uruguayan Spanish, patterns of aspiration and deletion seem to be conditioned by lexical frequency, with words of high frequency demonstrating higher rates of reduction than words of low frequency. Unlike these dialects, however, the deletion of /s/ in …
Social stratification of language-specific variants of intervocalic /d/ along the Uruguayan-Brazilian border
A situation of language contact between Spanish and Portuguese has existed along the border between Uruguay and Brazil since the first forays of Spanish and Portuguese colonizers into this territory in the early 1800s. As a result, most Uruguayans living along the border speak Portuguese. Dialects of this language spoken in Uruguay (which have been referred to as ‘Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay’ or ‘DPU’) have been studied extensively (Carvalh…
Variable Contrast in Border Uruguayan Spanish /b
This study addresses variation in the realization of intervocalic /b/ in the Spanish of Rivera, Uruguay, a border community that is bilingual in Portuguese and Spanish. While Spanish has one phoneme that corresponds to the graphemes ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩, which is normally realized as an approximant or deleted intervocalically, Portuguese contrasts a voiced bilabial stop phoneme /b/ with a voiced labiodental fricative phoneme /v/. Sociolinguistic interview…
The indicative vs. subjunctive alternation with expressions of possibility in Spanish
This study explores the indicative vs. subjunctive alternation in Spanish subordinate clauses following epistemic adverbials and expressions of possibility. Anchored in semantic-pragmatic and variationist theoretical frameworks, traditional research on mood alternation in Spanish remains largely experimental in nature. In contrast, we adopt a corpus-based multifactorial methodology to investigate 4,199 occurrences of fourteen expressions of possi…
Spontaneous Loanwords and the Question of Lexical Proficiency among Spanish-English Bilinguals
The use of English-origin spontaneous loanwords (e.g., la babysitter , el counter , etc.) in otherwise Spanish discourse is criticized by many as a strategy that bilinguals use to compensate for a lack of lexical knowledge in Spanish. The purpose of the current research is to examine the question of lexical proficiency as a motivation for the use of these words in the Spanish of Las Cruces, New Mexico. The data for this study derive from translat…
The social conditioning of mood variation in the Spanish of Albuquerque, New Mexico
Prescriptive grammars of Spanish claim that inflectional markers of the subjunctive are required for subordinate clause verbs provided that: 1) this clause is introduced by the complementizer que ‘that’ and 2) the matrix clause construction corresponds to one of several semantic notions, such as the expression of finality, personal commentary, volition, or uncertainty. Actual speech data, however, reveal that speakers variably use indicative and …
Social stratification of language-specific variants of intervocalic /d/ along the Uruguayan-Brazilian border
A situation of language contact between Spanish and Portuguese has existed along the border between Uruguay and Brazil since the first forays of Spanish and Portuguese colonizers into this territory in the early 1800s. As a result, most Uruguayans living along the border speak Portuguese. Dialects of this language spoken in Uruguay (which have been referred to as ‘Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay’ or ‘DPU’) have been studied extensively (Carvalh…
Variants of intervocalic /d/ as markers of sociolinguistic identity among Spanish-Portuguese bilinguals
The border shared by Brazil and Uruguay represents a situation of sustained, intimate cultural and linguistic contact between Spanish and Portuguese speakers. Previous research on the bilingualism of this region has focused primarily on Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay ‘Portuguese Dialects of Uruguay’ (DPU) (Carvalho 1998, 2003a, 2003b; Elizaincín 1976, 1992a, 1992b; Elizaincín, Behares & Barrios 1987; Hensey 1971, 1972; Rona 1965). Surprisingly…
Frequency Effects on the Morphological Conditioning of Syllable-fi nal / s / Reduction in Border Uruguayan Spanish
This research provides a usage-based account of the phonological reduction of syllable and wordfinal /s/ in the bilingual Spanish of the Uruguayan-Brazilian border. As with monolingual dialects of Uruguayan Spanish, patterns of aspiration and deletion seem to be conditioned by lexical frequency, with words of high frequency demonstrating higher rates of reduction than words of low frequency. Unlike these dialects, however, the deletion of /s/ in …
The differential use of Spanish and Portuguese along the Uruguayan–Brazilian border
Since the late 1800s, the Uruguayan Government has attempted to enforce cultural and linguistic norms along the border with Brazil through the prohibition of Portuguese, especially in schools, despite the fact that this is the heritage language of most border residents. This research focuses on the differential use of Spanish and Portuguese in Rivera, the largest city on the border. Using self-reported data and metalinguistic commentaries extract…
Faingold
The Influence of English on U.S. Spanish
Situations of sustained language contact between Spanish and English have existed in the United States since the early nineteenth century. Initial contact between these two languages in what is now the U.S. Southwest was the result of territorial expansion by English-speaking settlers. Later contact situations in New York and Florida were caused by economic and political circumstances facing Spanish speaking caribeños. As a result of this contact…
The social conditioning of mood variation in the Spanish of Albuquerque, New Mexico
Prescriptive grammars of Spanish claim that inflectional markers of the subjunctive are required for subordinate clause verbs provided that: 1) this clause is introduced by the complementizer que ‘that’ and 2) the matrix clause construction corresponds to one of several semantic notions, such as the expression of finality, personal commentary, volition, or uncertainty. Actual speech data, however, reveal that speakers variably use indicative and …
Mood variation after expressions of uncertainty in Spanish
According to prescriptive grammars of Spanish, subordinate clauses after expressions of uncertainty require the subjunctive when introduced by the complementizer que ‘that’ (e. g., No creo que venga (S) . ‘I don’t believe that he’ll come.’) but require the indicative when introduced by the complementizer si ‘if/whether’ (e. g., No sé si viene (I) . ‘I don’t know if he’ll come.’). The use of these moods in actual speech, however, is highly variabl…
The indicative vs. subjunctive alternation with expressions of possibility in Spanish
This study explores the indicative vs. subjunctive alternation in Spanish subordinate clauses following epistemic adverbials and expressions of possibility. Anchored in semantic-pragmatic and variationist theoretical frameworks, traditional research on mood alternation in Spanish remains largely experimental in nature. In contrast, we adopt a corpus-based multifactorial methodology to investigate 4,199 occurrences of fourteen expressions of possi…
Spontaneous Loanwords and the Question of Lexical Proficiency among Spanish-English Bilinguals
The use of English-origin spontaneous loanwords (e.g., la babysitter , el counter , etc.) in otherwise Spanish discourse is criticized by many as a strategy that bilinguals use to compensate for a lack of lexical knowledge in Spanish. The purpose of the current research is to examine the question of lexical proficiency as a motivation for the use of these words in the Spanish of Las Cruces, New Mexico. The data for this study derive from translat…
Cognate similarity and intervocalic /d/ production in Riverense Spanish
Aims and objectives: While previous research has shown that phonetic variation in language contact situations is affected by whether a word has a cognate in the contact language, this paper aims to show that such an effect is not monotonic. According to the usage-based model, items in memory are organized according to similarity, thus we anticipated that formally more similar cognates would show a stronger cognate effect. Methodology: This variat…
Intervocalic /ɡ/ realization in Border Uruguayan Spanish
In Border Uruguayan Spanish, intervocalic voiced obstruents have been known to be produced as stops due to the variety’s contact with Portuguese. The present study investigates intervocalic /ɡ/ in a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews. Using an acoustic measure, a consonant-vowel intensity ratio, as an index of constriction of /ɡ/, we found that, similar to /b/ and /d/, the speaker’s age, Spanish use, and sex have a strong impact on the realizat…
Lectal coherence in a border bilingual community
While studies of lectal coherence, the extent to which speakers’ uses of multiple linguistic variables correlate, have not historically been frequent within sociolinguistics, recent studies have added to our knowledge of co-variation between variables. The present study contributes to this growing body of knowledge by analyzing co-variation of the Spanish voiced obstruent series /bdɡ/ in the bilingual border community of Rivera, Uruguay. On the b…
Variable Contrast in Border Uruguayan Spanish /b
This study addresses variation in the realization of intervocalic /b/ in the Spanish of Rivera, Uruguay, a border community that is bilingual in Portuguese and Spanish. While Spanish has one phoneme that corresponds to the graphemes ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩, which is normally realized as an approximant or deleted intervocalically, Portuguese contrasts a voiced bilabial stop phoneme /b/ with a voiced labiodental fricative phoneme /v/. Sociolinguistic interview…
U.S. Spanish and the Standard Language Myth
The Spanish spoken in the U.S. contains certain elements from English due to the sustained sociocultural contact between these two languages. Unfortunately, it is for this very reason that many monolingual Spanish speakers (and even some bilinguals) denigrate bilingual varieties of U.S. Spanish, which they see as impure (Mata 2023; Rangel et al. 2015). This negative view of U.S. Spanish is common among “journalists, translators and educators,” as…
Linguistics (15 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (12 works) · Spanish Linguistics and Language Studies (11 works) · Philosophy (10 works) · Psychology (9 works) · Phonetics and Phonology Research (8 works) · Portuguese (8 works) · Brazilian Portuguese (5 works) · History (5 works) · Philosophy (5 works)