Sam Mcfarland
Biographic Data
| ID | 154356 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sam Mcfarland |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sam |
| FAMILY NAME | Mcfarland |
| SIGNATURE | MCFARLAND S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Western Kentucky University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3655-1782 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 450 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Identification with all humanity—A test of the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the scale in five countries
Identification with all humanity measured as an individual characteristic is an important factor related to social and international relations, such as concern for global issues and human rights, prosocial attitudes, intergroup forgiveness, attitudes toward immigrants, solving global problems, reactions to hate crimes and dehumanisation. We examine the factorial structure, psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Identification w…
Global Human Identification and Citizenship: A Review of Psychological Studies
We review psychological research on global human identification and citizenship, Thomas Paine’s belief that “The world is my country, and all mankind are my brethren.” In turn, we review the theoretical foundations that guided our work, research with measures that preceded our own, and our own work with our correlated scales. We review its foundations, its effects upon attitudes and behaviors, and how it might be enlarged. Global human identifica…
What Is an “Ethnic Group” in Ordinary People’s Eyes? Different Ways of Understanding It Among American, British, Mexican, and Polish Respondents
Although the term “ethnic group” (EG) is often used in social studies, its definition differs among researchers. Moreover, little is known about ordinary people’s subjective understanding of this term, even though it is often used in social discourse. We examined this issue in a cross-sectional study of 273 American, British, Mexican, and Polish students using an open-ended questions approach. Results revealed cultural differences in patterns of …
Support for Anti‐Muslim Policies: The Role of Political Traits and Threat Perception
We explored how political beliefs and attitudes predict support for anti‐Muslim policies and extremist behavior in the United States following the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks. A large sample completed measures of authoritarianism, social dominance orientation (SDO), generalized prejudice, identification with all humanity (IWAH), perceptions of Muslim threat, and support for anti‐Muslim policies and behaviors. These measures accounted for 73% of …
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Tribute to Its Architects
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations on December 10, 1948, had five key architects: American Eleanor Roosevelt, Lebanon’s Charles Malik, China’s Peng-chun Chang, Canada’s John Humphrey, and France’s René Cassin. They represented diverse cultures and religions, and often disagreed sharply. This article offers a short history of their work and achievement
Identification with All Humanity: The Antithesis of Prejudice, and More
Late one night in the winter in 1940, in the small French village of Le Chambon, a shivering Jewish woman knocked on the door of André and Magda Trocmé, the local Lutheran minister and his wife. She was fleeing from the Nazis and desperate for food and shelter. Magda quickly took her in, fed her, and started thinking how to help her. The woman needed false identification papers and a place to hide. Across the next few weeks, Magda and André talke…
Culture, individual differences, and support for human rights: A general review
Cultural and individual differences in support for universal human rights are reviewed. Cross-cultural studies suggest a common international understanding of human rights, and international surveys indicate strong global endorsement of human rights. However, country-specific events can affect support within a country, and a country’s historical culture affects whether civil and political rights, or economic, social, and cultural rights receive s…
An analysis of five measures of global human identification
In two studies, we examined the interrelationships and relative utility of several recent measures of global human identification. In Study 1, McFarland, Webb, and Brown's ( ) Identification With All Humanity (IWAH) and Malsch and Omoto's ( ) Psychological Sense of Global Community (PSGC) scales overlapped substantially, but each contributed in regression analyses to predicting humanitarian concerns. Each measure consists of multiple factors, and…
Identification With All Humanity as a Moral Concept and Psychological Construct
Studies of those who rescued Jews during the Holocaust suggest that their most shared quality was a sense “of belonging to one human family” (Monroe, 1996, p. 205), caring deeply about human beings without regard for their race, religion, or other distinction. In this article, we first note the development of the concept of “one humanity” since the late 15th century, and then we summarize recent work with a new measure of that caring—the Identifi…
All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity
To psychologists Adler (1927/1954) and Maslow (1954), fully mature individuals care deeply for all humanity, not just for their own ingroups. This paper reports a series of studies with a new measure of that caring, the Identification With All Humanity Scale (IWAH). These studies together show that identification with all humanity is more than an absence of ethnocentrism and its correlates and more than the presence of dispositional empathy, mora…
Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics – By Marc J. Hetherington and Jonathan D. Weiler
The Slow Creation of Humanity
The concept of “humanity”—the belief that “all humanity is one undivided and indivisible family”—has been created slowly in human consciousness since the fifteenth century. Humanity has found increasing expression in international law through the ending of slavery, the creation of “crimes against humanity,” and the advancement of human rights. This slow creation of humanity is described by reviewing the vital contributions of Bartolomé de Las Cas…
Personality and Support for Universal Human Rights: A Review and Test of a Structural Model
All individual differences that predict support for international human rights are first reviewed: support for human rights is linked most positively to “globalism” (other international and environmental concerns), “identification with all humanity,” principled moral reasoning, benevolence, and dispositional empathy. It is related most negatively to ethnocentrism and its root dispositions, the social dominance orientation, and authoritarianism. O…
Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Other Roots of Generalized Prejudice: Psychological Roots of Generalized Prejudice
The search for the personological roots of generalized prejudice (or ethnocentrism) began with the authoritarian personality, but in recent years, the twin constructs of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation have been widely treated as the dual processes that lead to generalized prejudice. However, studies conducted for this article show that other constructs, notably empathy and principled moral reasoning, contribute impor…
On the Eve of War: Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and American Students’ Attitudes Toward Attacking Iraq
In the week before the 2003 American attack on Iraq, the effects of authoritarianism and the social dominance orientation on support for the attack were examined. Based on prior research on the nature of these constructs, a structural model was developed and tested. As predicted, authoritarianism strengthened support for the attack by intensifying the perception that Iraq threatened America. Social dominance increased support by reducing concern …
Do Americans Care About Human Rights
National polls indicate strong American support for international human rights. However, that support consistently ranks below national self-interests, appears to be strongly influenced by current events, and wanes as the cost of supporting human rights increases. Although most Americans express agreement with the ideals of human rights, a willingness to commit American resources to promote and defend human rights is much weaker. Americans who ar…
Who Cares About Human Rights
Previous studies of human rights attitudes are reviewed, new measures are reported, and a three-factor model is identified (Human Rights Endorsement, Commitment, and Restriction). Individual differences that predict attitudes on each factor overlapped but differed. Dispositional empathy, education, and global knowledge contributed to an endorsement of human rights ideals, but none of these affected commitment or restriction. Globalism (vs. nation…
Donald Laverne Thistlethwaite (1922-1997): Obituary
Donald Laverne Thistlethwaite (1922–1997): Obituary
Communism as Religion
Scales developed to measure communist fundamentalism and the intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest orientations within communism were administered in 1989 to 137 Communist Party members in the Soviet Union along with measures of discriminatory attitudes toward Jews, Christians, women, homosexual persons, and political dissi- dents. Communist fundamentalism and the extrinsic orientation predicted discrimi- natory attitudes, and quest predicted lower att…
Religious Diversity and Human Rights
An invaluable resource for readers seeking to understand how traditional religious ideas and values relate to modern ideas of human rights, how Western models of human rights are perceived in non-Western traditions, and what these traditions may have to offer in the realm of human rights. Together, the authors work to reassess both the rich and diverse resources of the major religious traditions and some of the most challenging problems of the co…
Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union
Two studies examined the relevance of the authoritarian personality in the Soviet Union. In a 1991 Moscow quota sample, authoritarianism strongly predicted support for reactionary leaders and military actions and opposition to democratic and non-Russian leaders and to democratic activities. The positive correlation between authoritarianism and support for Marxist-Leninist ideology was significant but lower than in 1989. Consistent with the theory…
Religious Orientations and Selective Exposure among Fundamentalist Christians
Sam G. McFarland, James C. Warren, Jr., Religious Orientations and Selective Exposure among Fundamentalist Christians, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), pp. 163-174
Religious Orientations and the Targets of Discrimination
In this study, fundamentalism, extrinsic, intrinsic, and quest religious orientations were used to predict discriminatory attitudes toward blacks, women, homosexual persons, and communists. The four discriminations yielded a strong tendency to discriminate factor, while residuals for each scale reflected unique discriminatory attitudes toward each group. As predicted, fundamentalism correlated positively with all discriminatory attitudes and with…
Age, education, and the internal consistency of personality scales
All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity
To psychologists Adler (1927/1954) and Maslow (1954), fully mature individuals care deeply for all humanity, not just for their own ingroups. This paper reports a series of studies with a new measure of that caring, the Identification With All Humanity Scale (IWAH). These studies together show that identification with all humanity is more than an absence of ethnocentrism and its correlates and more than the presence of dispositional empathy, mora…
Who Cares About Human Rights
Previous studies of human rights attitudes are reviewed, new measures are reported, and a three-factor model is identified (Human Rights Endorsement, Commitment, and Restriction). Individual differences that predict attitudes on each factor overlapped but differed. Dispositional empathy, education, and global knowledge contributed to an endorsement of human rights ideals, but none of these affected commitment or restriction. Globalism (vs. nation…
Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Other Roots of Generalized Prejudice: Psychological Roots of Generalized Prejudice
The search for the personological roots of generalized prejudice (or ethnocentrism) began with the authoritarian personality, but in recent years, the twin constructs of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation have been widely treated as the dual processes that lead to generalized prejudice. However, studies conducted for this article show that other constructs, notably empathy and principled moral reasoning, contribute impor…
Effects of Question Order on Survey Responses
Two question orders were used in a Kentucky statewide random survey. In nonoverlapping sections, four questions which asked the respondents to express their general interests in politics and religion and their general evaluations of the gravity of the economic and energy situations either preceded or followed series of specific questions on the same issues. The respondents expressed significantly greater interest in politics and religion when the…
Religious Orientations and the Targets of Discrimination
In this study, fundamentalism, extrinsic, intrinsic, and quest religious orientations were used to predict discriminatory attitudes toward blacks, women, homosexual persons, and communists. The four discriminations yielded a strong tendency to discriminate factor, while residuals for each scale reflected unique discriminatory attitudes toward each group. As predicted, fundamentalism correlated positively with all discriminatory attitudes and with…
Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union
Two studies examined the relevance of the authoritarian personality in the Soviet Union. In a 1991 Moscow quota sample, authoritarianism strongly predicted support for reactionary leaders and military actions and opposition to democratic and non-Russian leaders and to democratic activities. The positive correlation between authoritarianism and support for Marxist-Leninist ideology was significant but lower than in 1989. Consistent with the theory…
Support for Anti‐Muslim Policies: The Role of Political Traits and Threat Perception
We explored how political beliefs and attitudes predict support for anti‐Muslim policies and extremist behavior in the United States following the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks. A large sample completed measures of authoritarianism, social dominance orientation (SDO), generalized prejudice, identification with all humanity (IWAH), perceptions of Muslim threat, and support for anti‐Muslim policies and behaviors. These measures accounted for 73% of …
Single vs. Multiple-Item Scales for Measuring Religious Values
Investigators must choose between single and multiple-item scales of religiosity. To aid in that decision, single and multiple measures were compared to determine whether they covered the same areas and formed relationships with variables from another domain. The results suggest that single-item scales (e.g., the Christological confession and the rated importance of religion) are good measures of an intrinsic proreligious position but that multip…
Do Americans Care About Human Rights
National polls indicate strong American support for international human rights. However, that support consistently ranks below national self-interests, appears to be strongly influenced by current events, and wanes as the cost of supporting human rights increases. Although most Americans express agreement with the ideals of human rights, a willingness to commit American resources to promote and defend human rights is much weaker. Americans who ar…
The Slow Creation of Humanity
The concept of “humanity”—the belief that “all humanity is one undivided and indivisible family”—has been created slowly in human consciousness since the fifteenth century. Humanity has found increasing expression in international law through the ending of slavery, the creation of “crimes against humanity,” and the advancement of human rights. This slow creation of humanity is described by reviewing the vital contributions of Bartolomé de Las Cas…
Culture, individual differences, and support for human rights: A general review
Cultural and individual differences in support for universal human rights are reviewed. Cross-cultural studies suggest a common international understanding of human rights, and international surveys indicate strong global endorsement of human rights. However, country-specific events can affect support within a country, and a country’s historical culture affects whether civil and political rights, or economic, social, and cultural rights receive s…
An analysis of five measures of global human identification
In two studies, we examined the interrelationships and relative utility of several recent measures of global human identification. In Study 1, McFarland, Webb, and Brown's ( ) Identification With All Humanity (IWAH) and Malsch and Omoto's ( ) Psychological Sense of Global Community (PSGC) scales overlapped substantially, but each contributed in regression analyses to predicting humanitarian concerns. Each measure consists of multiple factors, and…
Religious Orientations and Selective Exposure among Fundamentalist Christians
Sam G. McFarland, James C. Warren, Jr., Religious Orientations and Selective Exposure among Fundamentalist Christians, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), pp. 163-174
What Is an “Ethnic Group” in Ordinary People’s Eyes? Different Ways of Understanding It Among American, British, Mexican, and Polish Respondents
Although the term “ethnic group” (EG) is often used in social studies, its definition differs among researchers. Moreover, little is known about ordinary people’s subjective understanding of this term, even though it is often used in social discourse. We examined this issue in a cross-sectional study of 273 American, British, Mexican, and Polish students using an open-ended questions approach. Results revealed cultural differences in patterns of …
Communism as Religion
Scales developed to measure communist fundamentalism and the intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest orientations within communism were administered in 1989 to 137 Communist Party members in the Soviet Union along with measures of discriminatory attitudes toward Jews, Christians, women, homosexual persons, and political dissi- dents. Communist fundamentalism and the extrinsic orientation predicted discrimi- natory attitudes, and quest predicted lower att…
An analysis of a logical consistency model of belief change
Age, education, and the internal consistency of personality scales
An analysis of a logical consistency model of belief change
Single vs. Multiple-Item Scales for Measuring Religious Values
Investigators must choose between single and multiple-item scales of religiosity. To aid in that decision, single and multiple measures were compared to determine whether they covered the same areas and formed relationships with variables from another domain. The results suggest that single-item scales (e.g., the Christological confession and the rated importance of religion) are good measures of an intrinsic proreligious position but that multip…
Effects of Question Order on Survey Responses
Two question orders were used in a Kentucky statewide random survey. In nonoverlapping sections, four questions which asked the respondents to express their general interests in politics and religion and their general evaluations of the gravity of the economic and energy situations either preceded or followed series of specific questions on the same issues. The respondents expressed significantly greater interest in politics and religion when the…
Psychology of religion: A call for a broader paradigm
Psychology of religion: A call for a broader paradigm
Age, education, and the internal consistency of personality scales
Religious Orientations and the Targets of Discrimination
In this study, fundamentalism, extrinsic, intrinsic, and quest religious orientations were used to predict discriminatory attitudes toward blacks, women, homosexual persons, and communists. The four discriminations yielded a strong tendency to discriminate factor, while residuals for each scale reflected unique discriminatory attitudes toward each group. As predicted, fundamentalism correlated positively with all discriminatory attitudes and with…
Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union
Two studies examined the relevance of the authoritarian personality in the Soviet Union. In a 1991 Moscow quota sample, authoritarianism strongly predicted support for reactionary leaders and military actions and opposition to democratic and non-Russian leaders and to democratic activities. The positive correlation between authoritarianism and support for Marxist-Leninist ideology was significant but lower than in 1989. Consistent with the theory…
Religious Orientations and Selective Exposure among Fundamentalist Christians
Sam G. McFarland, James C. Warren, Jr., Religious Orientations and Selective Exposure among Fundamentalist Christians, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), pp. 163-174
Communism as Religion
Scales developed to measure communist fundamentalism and the intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest orientations within communism were administered in 1989 to 137 Communist Party members in the Soviet Union along with measures of discriminatory attitudes toward Jews, Christians, women, homosexual persons, and political dissi- dents. Communist fundamentalism and the extrinsic orientation predicted discrimi- natory attitudes, and quest predicted lower att…
Religious Diversity and Human Rights
An invaluable resource for readers seeking to understand how traditional religious ideas and values relate to modern ideas of human rights, how Western models of human rights are perceived in non-Western traditions, and what these traditions may have to offer in the realm of human rights. Together, the authors work to reassess both the rich and diverse resources of the major religious traditions and some of the most challenging problems of the co…
Donald Laverne Thistlethwaite (1922-1997): Obituary
Donald Laverne Thistlethwaite (1922–1997): Obituary
On the Eve of War: Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and American Students’ Attitudes Toward Attacking Iraq
In the week before the 2003 American attack on Iraq, the effects of authoritarianism and the social dominance orientation on support for the attack were examined. Based on prior research on the nature of these constructs, a structural model was developed and tested. As predicted, authoritarianism strengthened support for the attack by intensifying the perception that Iraq threatened America. Social dominance increased support by reducing concern …
Do Americans Care About Human Rights
National polls indicate strong American support for international human rights. However, that support consistently ranks below national self-interests, appears to be strongly influenced by current events, and wanes as the cost of supporting human rights increases. Although most Americans express agreement with the ideals of human rights, a willingness to commit American resources to promote and defend human rights is much weaker. Americans who ar…
Who Cares About Human Rights
Previous studies of human rights attitudes are reviewed, new measures are reported, and a three-factor model is identified (Human Rights Endorsement, Commitment, and Restriction). Individual differences that predict attitudes on each factor overlapped but differed. Dispositional empathy, education, and global knowledge contributed to an endorsement of human rights ideals, but none of these affected commitment or restriction. Globalism (vs. nation…
Personality and Support for Universal Human Rights: A Review and Test of a Structural Model
All individual differences that predict support for international human rights are first reviewed: support for human rights is linked most positively to “globalism” (other international and environmental concerns), “identification with all humanity,” principled moral reasoning, benevolence, and dispositional empathy. It is related most negatively to ethnocentrism and its root dispositions, the social dominance orientation, and authoritarianism. O…
Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Other Roots of Generalized Prejudice: Psychological Roots of Generalized Prejudice
The search for the personological roots of generalized prejudice (or ethnocentrism) began with the authoritarian personality, but in recent years, the twin constructs of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation have been widely treated as the dual processes that lead to generalized prejudice. However, studies conducted for this article show that other constructs, notably empathy and principled moral reasoning, contribute impor…
Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics – By Marc J. Hetherington and Jonathan D. Weiler
The Slow Creation of Humanity
The concept of “humanity”—the belief that “all humanity is one undivided and indivisible family”—has been created slowly in human consciousness since the fifteenth century. Humanity has found increasing expression in international law through the ending of slavery, the creation of “crimes against humanity,” and the advancement of human rights. This slow creation of humanity is described by reviewing the vital contributions of Bartolomé de Las Cas…
All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity
To psychologists Adler (1927/1954) and Maslow (1954), fully mature individuals care deeply for all humanity, not just for their own ingroups. This paper reports a series of studies with a new measure of that caring, the Identification With All Humanity Scale (IWAH). These studies together show that identification with all humanity is more than an absence of ethnocentrism and its correlates and more than the presence of dispositional empathy, mora…
Identification With All Humanity as a Moral Concept and Psychological Construct
Studies of those who rescued Jews during the Holocaust suggest that their most shared quality was a sense “of belonging to one human family” (Monroe, 1996, p. 205), caring deeply about human beings without regard for their race, religion, or other distinction. In this article, we first note the development of the concept of “one humanity” since the late 15th century, and then we summarize recent work with a new measure of that caring—the Identifi…
Culture, individual differences, and support for human rights: A general review
Cultural and individual differences in support for universal human rights are reviewed. Cross-cultural studies suggest a common international understanding of human rights, and international surveys indicate strong global endorsement of human rights. However, country-specific events can affect support within a country, and a country’s historical culture affects whether civil and political rights, or economic, social, and cultural rights receive s…
An analysis of five measures of global human identification
In two studies, we examined the interrelationships and relative utility of several recent measures of global human identification. In Study 1, McFarland, Webb, and Brown's ( ) Identification With All Humanity (IWAH) and Malsch and Omoto's ( ) Psychological Sense of Global Community (PSGC) scales overlapped substantially, but each contributed in regression analyses to predicting humanitarian concerns. Each measure consists of multiple factors, and…
Identification with All Humanity: The Antithesis of Prejudice, and More
Late one night in the winter in 1940, in the small French village of Le Chambon, a shivering Jewish woman knocked on the door of André and Magda Trocmé, the local Lutheran minister and his wife. She was fleeing from the Nazis and desperate for food and shelter. Magda quickly took her in, fed her, and started thinking how to help her. The woman needed false identification papers and a place to hide. Across the next few weeks, Magda and André talke…
Psychology (22 works) · Political science (19 works) · Social Psychology (17 works) · Law (16 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (15 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (11 works) · Philosophy (11 works) · Law (9 works) · Politics (9 works)