Kim A Bard
Biographic Data
| ID | 154517 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kim A Bard |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kim A |
| FAMILY NAME | Bard |
| SIGNATURE | BARD K A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Portsmouth |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7956-839X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 128 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1983 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Pointing
Pointing is a fundamental gesture that connects individuals with their social and physical worlds. Whether communicating information about the external environment or serving to clarify to whom or what someone is referring, pointing may appear to be a uniquely human and universal action. However, it develops in varied social and cultural contexts, and even some nonhuman species point and can understand pointing cues. While there has been substant…
Testing for personality consistency across naturally occurring behavioral contexts in sanctuary chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )
Personality is both a reflection of the bio‐behavioral profile of individuals and a summary of how they typically interact with their physical and social world. Personality is usually defined as having distinct behavioral characteristics, which are assumed to be consistent over time and across contexts. Like other mammals, primates have individual differences in personality. Although temporal consistency is sometimes measured in primates, and con…
Assessments made easier
Rehabilitation and release are commonly used for confiscated, surrendered, and rescued primates. To improve release efficacy it is important to generate accurate behavioral profiles of release candidates. Research on primates traditionally uses observer ratings to measure individual differences. This method is easily implemented, but its validity has been questioned. We evaluated whether observer ratings reflect behavioral data indicating forest …
Gestures and social‐emotional communicative development in chimpanzee infants
Communicative skills of chimpanzees are of significant interest across many domains, such as developmental psychology (how does communication emerge in prelinguistic beings?), evolution (e.g., did human language evolve from primate gestures?), and in comparative psychology (how does the nonverbal communication of chimpanzees and humans compare?). Here we ask about how gestures develop in chimpanzee infants (n = 16) that were raised in an interact…
The Importance of Development for Comparative Primatology
It is a truism to say that primates develop, but it is also important to acknowledge that development occurs across many domains, including motor behavior, socioemotional behavior, communication, and cognition. In this review, we focus on those aspects of development that impact social cognition outcomes in infancy. Triadic engagements, such as those of joint attention, cooperation, and intentional communication, develop in the first year of life…
Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others
Humans have the ability to replicate the emotional expressions of others even when they undergo different emotions. Such distinct responses of expressions, especially positive expressions, play a central role in everyday social communication of humans and may give the responding individuals important advantages in cooperation and communication. The present work examined laughter in chimpanzees to test whether nonhuman primates also use their expr…
Human Rights, Animal Wrongs? Exploring Attitudes toward Animal Use and Possibilities for Change
Presented here are three research studies examining psychological characteristics underlying attitudes toward the use of nonhuman animals: beliefs and value systems; their comparative impact on opinions; and empathetic responses to humans and to animals. The first study demonstrated that the attitudes of laypeople are context dependent: different sets of beliefs underlie attitudes toward various types of animal use. Belief in the existence of alt…
Science versus Human Welfare? Understanding Attitudes toward Animal Use
Scientists have been portrayed as having an uncaring attitude toward the use of animals and being inclined to reject the possibility of animal mind ( Baldwin, 1993 ; Blumberg & Wasserman, 1995 ), yet there is little empirical research to support these claims. We examined why disparate attitudes toward animal use are held. Scientists, animal welfarists, and laypersons (N = 372) were compared on questionnaire responses that measured attitudes towar…
Measurement of eye‐gaze in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )
Gaze cues are used as an index of social cognition in primates, yet the sensitivity to different forms of gaze, and consequently the cues required to test gaze‐following abilities remain understudied. Whereas the eye is attributed special signal value in humans, the camouflaged ocular morphology of non‐human primates has led to the consensus that head orientation may be a more salient cue. This study presents the first documentation of the surfac…
Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action
The Chimpanzee Facial Action Coding System (ChimpFACS) is an objective, standardized observational tool for measuring facial movement in chimpanzees based on the well-known human Facial Action Coding System (FACS; P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen, 1978). This tool enables direct structural comparisons of facial expressions between humans and chimpanzees in terms of their common underlying musculature. Here the authors provide data on the first applicatio…
Self-Awareness in Human and Chimpanzee Infants
The objective study of self-recognition, with a mirror and a mark applied to the face, was conducted independently by Gallup (1970) for use with chimpanzees and monkeys, and by Amsterdam (1972) for use with infant humans. Comparative psychologists have followed the model (and assumptions) set by Gallup, whereas developmental psychologists have followed a different model (e.g., Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979). This article explores the assumptions in t…
Intramuscular electrical stimulation of facial muscles in humans and chimpanzees
The pioneering work of Duchenne (1862/1990) was replicated in humans using intramuscular electrical stimulation and extended to another species (Pan troglodytes: chimpanzees) to facilitate comparative facial expression research. Intramuscular electrical stimulation, in contrast to the original surface stimulation, offers the opportunity to activate individual muscles as opposed to groups of muscles. In humans, stimulation resulted in appearance c…
Group differences in the mutual gaze of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
A comparative developmental framework was used to determine whether mutual gaze is unique to humans and, if not, whether common mechanisms support the development of mutual gaze in chimpanzees and humans. Mother-infant chimpanzees engaged in approximately 17 instances of mutual gaze per hour. Mutual gaze occurred in positive, nonagonistic contexts. Mother-infant chimpanzees at a Japanese center exhibited significantly more mutual gaze than those …
Development of social cognition in infant chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )
In this paper, we summarize a series of studies on the developmental changes in social cognition in mother‐raised infant chimpanzees from birth to around 2 years old. The infants preferentially tracked a photograph of their mother's face at 1 month but showed indifferent preferences to faces at 2 months old. This change in facial recognition was correlated with a decrease in neonatal spontaneous smiling, increase in social smiling and a decline i…
Locomotor Adaptation and Leading Limb Asymmetries in Neonatal Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Comparison of Development and Life History in Pan and Cebus
Reaching into Thought
Precision grips in young chimpanzees
A precision grip, thumb-finger opposition, has been regarded as an uniquely human trait. Napier's conclusion that chimpanzees were incapable of precision grip was based on two subjects and prehension of a single object (i.e., a grape). The purpose of the present study was to specify grip type and hand use by 13 young chimpanzees to prehend three different-sized food objects. The subjects were laboratory raised (eight males and five females) and r…
Sensorimotor cognition in young feral orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Developmental issues in the evolution of the mind
Developmental issues in the evolution of the mind
Chimpanzee Hand Preference in Throwing and Infant Cradling
Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees
The communicative context of object manipulation in ape and human adult-infant pairs
The effect of peer separation in young chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )
Ten chimpanzees ( Pan troglogytes ), aged 18–24 months, housed without mothers as two dyads and two triads, were subjected to social separation. Two issues were addressed: the effects of peer separation in chimpanzees; and differential responses by subjects living in dyads compared with those living in triads. Chimpanzees that were alone during separation reacted with high levels of “protest” alternating with “despair” throughout the separation p…
Chimpanzee Hand Preference in Throwing and Infant Cradling
Science versus Human Welfare? Understanding Attitudes toward Animal Use
Scientists have been portrayed as having an uncaring attitude toward the use of animals and being inclined to reject the possibility of animal mind ( Baldwin, 1993 ; Blumberg & Wasserman, 1995 ), yet there is little empirical research to support these claims. We examined why disparate attitudes toward animal use are held. Scientists, animal welfarists, and laypersons (N = 372) were compared on questionnaire responses that measured attitudes towar…
Reaching into Thought
Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees
Human Rights, Animal Wrongs? Exploring Attitudes toward Animal Use and Possibilities for Change
Presented here are three research studies examining psychological characteristics underlying attitudes toward the use of nonhuman animals: beliefs and value systems; their comparative impact on opinions; and empathetic responses to humans and to animals. The first study demonstrated that the attitudes of laypeople are context dependent: different sets of beliefs underlie attitudes toward various types of animal use. Belief in the existence of alt…
Comparison of Development and Life History in Pan and Cebus
The communicative context of object manipulation in ape and human adult-infant pairs
Locomotor Adaptation and Leading Limb Asymmetries in Neonatal Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Development of manipulations with objects in ape and human infants
The Importance of Development for Comparative Primatology
It is a truism to say that primates develop, but it is also important to acknowledge that development occurs across many domains, including motor behavior, socioemotional behavior, communication, and cognition. In this review, we focus on those aspects of development that impact social cognition outcomes in infancy. Triadic engagements, such as those of joint attention, cooperation, and intentional communication, develop in the first year of life…
Group differences in the mutual gaze of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
A comparative developmental framework was used to determine whether mutual gaze is unique to humans and, if not, whether common mechanisms support the development of mutual gaze in chimpanzees and humans. Mother-infant chimpanzees engaged in approximately 17 instances of mutual gaze per hour. Mutual gaze occurred in positive, nonagonistic contexts. Mother-infant chimpanzees at a Japanese center exhibited significantly more mutual gaze than those …
The effect of peer separation in young chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )
Ten chimpanzees ( Pan troglogytes ), aged 18–24 months, housed without mothers as two dyads and two triads, were subjected to social separation. Two issues were addressed: the effects of peer separation in chimpanzees; and differential responses by subjects living in dyads compared with those living in triads. Chimpanzees that were alone during separation reacted with high levels of “protest” alternating with “despair” throughout the separation p…
Development of manipulations with objects in ape and human infants
The communicative context of object manipulation in ape and human adult-infant pairs
Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees
Chimpanzee Hand Preference in Throwing and Infant Cradling
Developmental issues in the evolution of the mind
Developmental issues in the evolution of the mind
Sensorimotor cognition in young feral orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Reaching into Thought
Precision grips in young chimpanzees
A precision grip, thumb-finger opposition, has been regarded as an uniquely human trait. Napier's conclusion that chimpanzees were incapable of precision grip was based on two subjects and prehension of a single object (i.e., a grape). The purpose of the present study was to specify grip type and hand use by 13 young chimpanzees to prehend three different-sized food objects. The subjects were laboratory raised (eight males and five females) and r…
Locomotor Adaptation and Leading Limb Asymmetries in Neonatal Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Comparison of Development and Life History in Pan and Cebus
Development of social cognition in infant chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )
In this paper, we summarize a series of studies on the developmental changes in social cognition in mother‐raised infant chimpanzees from birth to around 2 years old. The infants preferentially tracked a photograph of their mother's face at 1 month but showed indifferent preferences to faces at 2 months old. This change in facial recognition was correlated with a decrease in neonatal spontaneous smiling, increase in social smiling and a decline i…
Group differences in the mutual gaze of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
A comparative developmental framework was used to determine whether mutual gaze is unique to humans and, if not, whether common mechanisms support the development of mutual gaze in chimpanzees and humans. Mother-infant chimpanzees engaged in approximately 17 instances of mutual gaze per hour. Mutual gaze occurred in positive, nonagonistic contexts. Mother-infant chimpanzees at a Japanese center exhibited significantly more mutual gaze than those …
Self-Awareness in Human and Chimpanzee Infants
The objective study of self-recognition, with a mirror and a mark applied to the face, was conducted independently by Gallup (1970) for use with chimpanzees and monkeys, and by Amsterdam (1972) for use with infant humans. Comparative psychologists have followed the model (and assumptions) set by Gallup, whereas developmental psychologists have followed a different model (e.g., Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979). This article explores the assumptions in t…
Intramuscular electrical stimulation of facial muscles in humans and chimpanzees
The pioneering work of Duchenne (1862/1990) was replicated in humans using intramuscular electrical stimulation and extended to another species (Pan troglodytes: chimpanzees) to facilitate comparative facial expression research. Intramuscular electrical stimulation, in contrast to the original surface stimulation, offers the opportunity to activate individual muscles as opposed to groups of muscles. In humans, stimulation resulted in appearance c…
Measurement of eye‐gaze in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )
Gaze cues are used as an index of social cognition in primates, yet the sensitivity to different forms of gaze, and consequently the cues required to test gaze‐following abilities remain understudied. Whereas the eye is attributed special signal value in humans, the camouflaged ocular morphology of non‐human primates has led to the consensus that head orientation may be a more salient cue. This study presents the first documentation of the surfac…
Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action
The Chimpanzee Facial Action Coding System (ChimpFACS) is an objective, standardized observational tool for measuring facial movement in chimpanzees based on the well-known human Facial Action Coding System (FACS; P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen, 1978). This tool enables direct structural comparisons of facial expressions between humans and chimpanzees in terms of their common underlying musculature. Here the authors provide data on the first applicatio…
Science versus Human Welfare? Understanding Attitudes toward Animal Use
Scientists have been portrayed as having an uncaring attitude toward the use of animals and being inclined to reject the possibility of animal mind ( Baldwin, 1993 ; Blumberg & Wasserman, 1995 ), yet there is little empirical research to support these claims. We examined why disparate attitudes toward animal use are held. Scientists, animal welfarists, and laypersons (N = 372) were compared on questionnaire responses that measured attitudes towar…
Human Rights, Animal Wrongs? Exploring Attitudes toward Animal Use and Possibilities for Change
Presented here are three research studies examining psychological characteristics underlying attitudes toward the use of nonhuman animals: beliefs and value systems; their comparative impact on opinions; and empathetic responses to humans and to animals. The first study demonstrated that the attitudes of laypeople are context dependent: different sets of beliefs underlie attitudes toward various types of animal use. Belief in the existence of alt…
Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others
Humans have the ability to replicate the emotional expressions of others even when they undergo different emotions. Such distinct responses of expressions, especially positive expressions, play a central role in everyday social communication of humans and may give the responding individuals important advantages in cooperation and communication. The present work examined laughter in chimpanzees to test whether nonhuman primates also use their expr…
Gestures and social‐emotional communicative development in chimpanzee infants
Communicative skills of chimpanzees are of significant interest across many domains, such as developmental psychology (how does communication emerge in prelinguistic beings?), evolution (e.g., did human language evolve from primate gestures?), and in comparative psychology (how does the nonverbal communication of chimpanzees and humans compare?). Here we ask about how gestures develop in chimpanzee infants (n = 16) that were raised in an interact…
The Importance of Development for Comparative Primatology
It is a truism to say that primates develop, but it is also important to acknowledge that development occurs across many domains, including motor behavior, socioemotional behavior, communication, and cognition. In this review, we focus on those aspects of development that impact social cognition outcomes in infancy. Triadic engagements, such as those of joint attention, cooperation, and intentional communication, develop in the first year of life…
Assessments made easier
Rehabilitation and release are commonly used for confiscated, surrendered, and rescued primates. To improve release efficacy it is important to generate accurate behavioral profiles of release candidates. Research on primates traditionally uses observer ratings to measure individual differences. This method is easily implemented, but its validity has been questioned. We evaluated whether observer ratings reflect behavioral data indicating forest …
Testing for personality consistency across naturally occurring behavioral contexts in sanctuary chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )
Personality is both a reflection of the bio‐behavioral profile of individuals and a summary of how they typically interact with their physical and social world. Personality is usually defined as having distinct behavioral characteristics, which are assumed to be consistent over time and across contexts. Like other mammals, primates have individual differences in personality. Although temporal consistency is sometimes measured in primates, and con…
Psychology (23 works) · Primate Behavior and Ecology (16 works) · Biology (15 works) · Developmental psychology (15 works) · Child and Animal Learning Development (12 works) · Cognitive psychology (12 works) · Communication (11 works) · Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior (10 works) · Troglodytes (9 works) · Social Psychology (8 works)