Tiit Tammaru
Biographic Data
| ID | 158702 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tiit Tammaru |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tiit |
| FAMILY NAME | Tammaru |
| SIGNATURE | TAMMARU T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Tartu |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1590-1269 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 81 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 911 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 79 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 17 |
Digital Transition and New Forms of Spatial Inequality
This thematic issue examines how digital transition reshapes spatial inequalities by reconfiguring relationships between people, places, and opportunities. We frame the contributions around three interrelated mechanisms—place attractiveness, access to opportunities, and the coordination of activities— that operate through housing and labour markets. Digital transition reshapes all three mechanisms, generating spatially uneven outcomes across the …
Where the Grass Is Greener: Deconcentration Mobility and Activity Space Changes Among Remote‐Worker Families
Digital change—most notably advances in digital tools, infrastructure, and the widespread adoption of remote work—has increasingly shaped residential mobility decisions. Alongside shifting attitudes toward remote work and the expansion of e‐services, these developments have reduced the importance of workplace proximity in residential choice. This changing context has opened new decentralised residential pathways from urban cores to suburban, peri…
Which Regions Gain the Most From Digital Transition: Urban, Suburban, or Rural
Since the outbreak of Covid‐19, the digital transition has intensified globally. This study examines its spatial dynamics by focusing on the distribution of fast internet across settlements and how it relates to the location of IT companies and the residential patterns of IT workers. While existing research often emphasizes the urban–rural divide, we go beyond this by adopting a full‐country approach at a fine spatial scale and by distinguishing …
Working-Class Migrants: Are they Motivated by Higher Social Wages and/or a Better Lifestyle
The article uses the concepts of social wage and lifestyle migration to discuss the motivators of working-class migrants from Estonia to Nordic countries (Finland and Sweden). The present research challenges the long-standing tradition of depicting working-class migrants as strict income-maximizers, who are merely motivated by obtaining higher wages, regardless of the broader aspects of social well-being (including public welfare) and of lifestyl…
Ethnic exposure in activity places: A study using survey and GPS-tracking data
With increasing ethnic diversity, the high level of segregation between ethnic groups remains a major social problem in many cities. This study provides detailed insight into activity space segregation by analysing ethnic exposure across all activity places people visit, aiming to detect where ethnic groups are more exposed to each other and where they are more separated. Our study is based on survey and smartphone tracking data collected over a …
A comparative study of socio-economic segregation in European capital city-regions: From segregation to desegregation
Previous research based on 2001 and 2011 census data indicated rising levels of residential segregation between socio-economic groups in many large city-regions in Europe as well as globally. Rising segregation is an important societal concern, as place of residence plays a crucial role in shaping access to urban opportunities. Residential isolation can be especially harmful for the most vulnerable groups. Income inequality was identified as the …
Residential echoes: Intergenerational transmission of residential position amid societal upheaval
This paper brings new perspectives on the intergenerational transmission of residential position by focusing on a society that has experienced a major societal upheaval. The aim is to understand whether upheaval disrupts intergenerational links or whether continuity between generations persists. We assess whether and how parental, individual, and partner characteristics shape the residential position of young people entering the housing market un…
Spatial Integration or Isolation? Capturing the Rhythms of Daily Lives Across Neighbourhoods in Helsinki Using Mobile Phone Data
People's exposure to various social and spatial contexts over time leads to patterns of spatial integration and segregation. While the study of spatial integration has predominantly focused on the location and context of residential neighbourhoods, the emerging activity space approach to segregation argues that it is important to consider people's actual activity locations and mobility. This study builds on both approaches, to provide insights in…
Residential mobility and new forms of spatial inequality in the settlement system: A comparative study of Estonia and Lithuania
This study examines how socio-spatial inequalities are associated with population concentration and de-concentration processes shaped by residential mobility. The study explores whether the patterns of residential mobility vary in different settlement system contexts. It reviews the cyclical urbanization models and the inequality of opportunities they provide in urban, suburban, and counter-urban contexts for individuals in various life stages. T…
Socio-economic and residential differences in urban modality styles based on a long-term smartphone experiment
This study focusses on urban mobility and travel mode differences in the city of Tallinn, Estonia. It contributes to a better understanding concerning socio-economic and residential factors affecting modality styles with a specific focus on sustainable travel modes. We examined residents living in the inner city (Kalamaja neighbourhood) and an inner suburb (Priisle neighbourhood). We conducted a modality styles analysis based on smartphone tracki…
Fifty years after the Schelling's Models of Segregation: Bibliometric analysis of the legacy of Schelling and the future directions of segregation research
In 1969 Thomas C. Schelling published his paper “Models of Segregation” and in 1971 he published a follow-up paper introducing “Dynamic Models of Segregation”. Schelling's papers developed the theoretical models of interactive dynamics of individual residential choices, resulting in pronounced patterns of residential segregation at the city level. Even after 50+ years, the topic of residential segregation and sorting remains as relevant as when S…
Migrant residential mobility and tenure transitions within different housing regimes: Evidence from three Nordic capital cities
Migrant housing-related disadvantages and residential segregation are both important concerns in migrant-receiving countries. However, there exists little understanding about the connection between the two. According to the spatial assimilation framework, migrants who establish themselves in the labour market and experience income increase tend to move to higher-income neighbourhoods. However, migrant opportunities to rent or buy an apartment may…
Minorities moving out from minority-rich neighbourhoods: Does School Ethnic Context Matter in Inter-Generational Residential Desegregation
This paper aims to develop a fuller understanding of the relationship between the ethnic composition of childhood residential neighbourhoods, schools, and residential neighbourhoods later in life in producing and reproducing segregation. We apply a longitudinal research design on linked individual-level data from Estonia. Estonia is an interesting case because of the Soviet era population distribution policies and its ubiquitous state-funded educ…
Neighbourhoods and Workplaces: Are They Related to the Fertility of Immigrants and Their Descendants? A Register-Based Study of Finland, 1999–2014
An increasing number of studies point to the existence of fertility differences between immigrants and those who are native to the receiving countries. However, despite a large body of literature covering a wide range of settings, there is a lack of research into the factors that may underlie the observed differentials. In this article, we focus on the role of population composition in residential neighbourhoods and workplaces, which are assumed …
Towards an equity-centred model of sustainable mobility: Integrating inequality and segregation challenges in the green mobility transition
Urban planners and transportation policy makers around the world are proposing initiatives for greener mobility, particularly by promoting higher urban development densities, active transport modes, and non-auto access to destinations. This Special Issue engages critically with the sustainable mobility and 15-Minute City concepts by outlining an Equitable Sustainable Mobility Model that integrates non-auto accessibility improvements with key dail…
Family, school, neighbourhood or all three: Differences in tertiary educational achievement among the Russian ethno-linguistic minority in Tallinn Urban Region, Estonia
A comparative study of immigrant-native segregation at multiple spatial scales in urban Europe
There has been a strong degree of interest over the last 30 years towards immigrant segregation in Europe. This paper aims to contribute towards the existing body of research by extending the multi-scalar analysis of patterns of immigrant residential segregation into a coherent international comparative study of cities of different sizes. We investigate the patterns of immigrant-native segregation at different geographical scales, along with thei…
Effects of new construction and renovation on ethnic and social mixing in apartment buildings in Estonia
Did the pandemic bring new features to counter-urbanisation? Evidence from Estonia
This paper aims to shed new light on changes in counter-urbanisation over the past three decades. A specific focus will be placed on new features of domestic migration to non-metropolitan rural areas which have become apparent during the global coronavirus pandemic. We focus on the intensity, origins, and destinations of counter-urban moves, and on the individual characteristics of counter-urban movers. Based on a case study of Estonia, our main …
Overlap of migrants' housing and neighbourhood mobility
Although much valuable research has been carried out on the patterns and determinants of immigrant distribution in residential space, nuanced longitudinal studies that focus on the interdependencies between housing and neighbourhood mobility are rare. In the current study, we examine the residential integration of immigrants in the Helsinki metropolitan area by studying the overlap between housing mobility (entering homeownership) and neighbourho…
Trajectories of Spatial Assimilation or Place Stratification? A Typology of Residence and Workplace Histories of Newly Arrived Migrants in Sweden
In most societies, resources and opportunities are concentrated in neighborhoods and workplaces occupied by the host population. The spatial assimilation and place stratification theories propose trajectories (the sequences of events) leading to minority and migrant access to or exclusion from these advantageous places. However, most previous research on these theories did not ask whether such theorized trajectories occur. We apply sequence analy…
Language, networks, and virtual transnationalism: The case of Russian speakers from Estonia living in Finland
Expanding globalization, widely spread information and communication technologies (ICT), and inexpensive transportation facilitate easy, fast, and necessary connections across borders. Many immigrants maintain transnational connections while gaining local exposure to the national social field. This article studies immigrants’ language and social media uses in transnational and national networks. The case regards Russian speakers from Estonia livi…
Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: A Global Perspective
This open access book provides a comprehensive overview of income inequality and socio-economic segregation in large cities
Overlap Between Industrial Niching and Workplace Segregation: Role of Immigration Policy, Culture and Country of Origin
This article focuses on two dimensions of labour market integration, sorting into different industries (niching) and sorting into workplace establishments (segregation) by share of migrant workers. We seek to understand to what degree these two dimensions of immigrants’ lack of labour market integration—niching and segregation—overlap with each other. The study is based on Finnish individual, panel and relational registry data, and we focus on th…
Housing Estates in Europe
This open access book explores the formation and socio-spatial trajectories of large housing estates in Europe. Are these estates clustered or scattered? Which social groups originally had access to residential space in housing estates? What is the size, scale and geography of housing estates, their architectural and built environment composition, services and neighbourhood amenities, and metropolitan connectivity? How do housing estates contribu…
Socioeconomic segregation in European capital cities. Increasing separation between poor and rich
Socioeconomic inequality is on the rise in major European cities, as are concerns over it, since it is seen as a threat to social cohesion and stability. Surprisingly, relatively little is known about the spatial dimensions of rising socioeconomic inequality. This paper builds on a study of socioeconomic segregation in 12 European cities: Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna, and Vilnius. Dat…
Relationship between income inequality and residential segregation of socioeconomic groups
This paper provides new insights into the relationships between income inequality and residential segregation between socioeconomic groups by undertaking a comparative study of European urban regions. In Europe, income inequalities are the lowest in North Europe and the highest in South Europe. In many East European countries, a switch from low inequality to high inequality has taken place. The main findings show that changes in the levels of res…
New perspectives on ethnic segregation over time and space. A domains approach
Ethnic segregation has most often been studied at the place of residence, segregation being defined on the basis of the relative presence of different groups within city neighbourhoods. It is increasingly recognized, however, that segregation occurs in different ways in different domains (such as the workplace, leisure, social media, etc.), the residential domain being just one of many in which segregation can occur. In this research note we pres…
Suburbanization in countries in transition: Destinations of suburbanizers in the tallinn metropolitan area
Suburbanization is one of the key phenomena of spatial population change in many countries in transition. Yet we know surprisingly little about the population carrying out the post‐socialist suburbanization process. The objective of this article is to improve on this situation by studying the Tallinn metropolis in Estonia. Our analysis, which covers the inter‐censal period 1989 to 2000, focuses on the differences between population subgroups with…
The Ethnic Minorities of Estonia: Changing Size, Location, and Composition
Two European geographers survey the change in numbers, location, and composition of Estonia's non-titular population utilizing census returns for the period 1934-2000. Much attention is devoted to an investigation of return migration of non-Estonians to other FSU republics in the 1990s. Also covered are changes in the spatial distribution of Estonia's minorities and the dynamics of age structure as a result of its natural evolution, the sharp dec…
Patterns of Socioeconomic Segregation in the Capital Cities of Fast-Track Reforming Postsocialist Countries
Socioeconomic disparities have been rising on both sides of the Atlantic for the last forty years. This study illuminates the relationship among economic inequality, other contextual and institutional factors, and socioeconomic intraurban segregation in Eastern Europe. We draw our empirical evidence from the capital cities of so-called fast-track reforming postsocialist countries: Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, and the Czech Republic. The a…
Ethnic Minority–Majority Unions in Estonia
Ethnic minority-majority unions-also referred to as mixed ethnic unions-are often seen as the ultimate evidence of the integration of ethnic minorities into their host societies. We investigated minority-majority unions in Estonia, where ethnic minorities account for one-third of the total population (Russians 26%, followed by Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Finns and other smaller groups). Using data from the 2000 Estonian census and regression model…
From Priority‐led to Market‐led Suburbanisation in a Post‐communist Metropolis
Recently, Sjöberg and Gentile generalised the priority mechanisms that shaped the settlement systems and individual cities in countries that were formerly centrally planned. The paper adds the metropolitan level to those macro and microlevel approaches, and links the priority approach to a more general theory of the urban life cycle (Van den Berg and colleagues) in order to understand the processes of population change in this group of countries.…
Soviet Prefabricated Panel Housing Estates: Areas of Continued Social Mix or Decline? The Case of Tallinn
Cities in the formerly centrally planned countries in the Soviet Union and Central Eastern Europe have transformed rapidly since the political and economic restructuring started in the late 1980s. To date, the main focus of research has been on new urban phenomena, particularly inner-city change and suburbanisation. However, these changes affect only a minority of the population, because most people still live in pre-transition housing stock. Thi…
Heteropolitanization: Social and spatial change in Central and East European Cities
Urbanization, Suburbanization, and Counterurbanization in Estonia
A team of European geographers compares trends in urbanization, suburbanization, and counterurbanization in post-Soviet Estonia with those in other transition countries in the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe. The study employs data from the first post-Soviet Estonian census to analyze urban and rural population movements during 1989-2000, and contrasts trends in the national settlement system (increasing population concentratio…
The Ethnic Dimensions of Suburbanisation in Estonia
Large-scale suburbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon in East Central Europe and is responsible for major socio-spatial changes in metropolitan areas. Little is known about the ethnic dimensions of suburbanisation, despite the existence of often sizeable Russian minority populations in some member-states of the former Soviet Union. We use individual-level Estonian census data from the year 2000 in order to investigate the ethnic dimension…
Population Composition in New Suburban Settlements of the Tallinn Metropolitan Area
Suburban settlements are in the process of quick change in the major metropolitan areas in central and eastern European transition countries, losing their agricultural character and developing into modern residential areas. New housing construction is the most visible manifestation of those changes. The aim of the current paper is to examine the characteristics of the inhabitants of new suburban settlements in the Tallinn metropolitan area, Eston…
Did the pandemic bring new features to counter-urbanisation? Evidence from Estonia
This paper aims to shed new light on changes in counter-urbanisation over the past three decades. A specific focus will be placed on new features of domestic migration to non-metropolitan rural areas which have become apparent during the global coronavirus pandemic. We focus on the intensity, origins, and destinations of counter-urban moves, and on the individual characteristics of counter-urban movers. Based on a case study of Estonia, our main …
Factors Shaping Workplace Segregation Between Natives and Immigrants
Research on segregation of immigrant groups is increasingly turning its attention from residential areas toward other important places, such as the workplace, where immigrants can meet and interact with members of the native population. This article examines workplace segregation of immigrants. We use longitudinal, georeferenced Swedish population register data, which enables us to observe all immigrants in Sweden for the period 1990–2005 on an a…
Housing and Ethnicity in the Post-Soviet City: Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Despite egalitarian aims, considerable social and ethnic segregation existed in countries with central planning. To date, however, research on residential segregation in the former state socialist countries of east central Europe and the former Soviet Union has been limited and has focused mainly on major metropolitan or capital-city areas and on social segregation. The aim of this study is to analyse ethnic post-Soviet segregation in housing in …
Changing occupational structures and residential segregation in New York, London and Tokyo
Selectivity and destinations of ethnic minorities leaving the main gateway cities of Estonia
Changes in the spatial distribution of minority populations and factors responsible for such changes form an important research topic in the study of the contemporary immigrant societies of Europe and North America. This paper clarifies both the trends and determinants of the spatial redistribution of mainly Russian‐speaking ethnic minorities in Estonia by focusing on out‐migration from the gateway cities or the main minority concentration areas.…
Spatial Underpinnings of Social Inequalities: A Vicious Circles of Segregation Approach
A paradigm shift is taking place in spatial segregation research. At the heart of this shift is the understanding of the connectedness of spatial segregation in different life domains and the availability of new datasets that allow for more detailed studies on these connections. In this thematic issue on spatial underpinnings of social inequalities we will outline the foundations of the ‘vicious circles of segregation’ framework to shed new light…
Changing patterns of residential and workplace segregation in the Stockholm metropolitan area
Immigrant–native segregation is present in the spaces in which individuals from different ethnic/racial groups practice their everyday lives; interact with others and develop their ethnic, social and spatial networks. The overwhelming majority of academic research on immigrant segregation has focused on the residential domain, thus largely overlooking other arenas of daily interaction. The present study contributes to the emerging literature on i…
Suburbanisation, Employment Change, and Commuting in the Tallinn Metropolitan Area
The author's aim is to analyse the role of suburbanisation and employment change in commuting in the Tallinn metropolitan area, Estonia. The author analyses changes in commuting compared with the late Soviet period, and clarifies the compositional differences between commuters and noncommuters. Data analysis is based on anonymous, individual, 2000 Census records, and bivariate and multivariate methods are employed. The major conclusions are that …
Does segregation reduce socio-spatial mobility? Evidence from four European countries with different inequality and segregation contexts
The neighbourhood in which people live reflects their social class and preferences, so studying socio-spatial mobility between neighbourhood types gives insight into the openness of spatial class structures of societies and into the ability of people to leave disadvantaged neighbourhoods. In this paper we study the extent to which people move between different types of neighbourhoods by socio-economic status in different inequality and segregatio…
The Soviet Union as a Deviant Case? Underurbanization in Soviet Estonia
Much of the discussion of urbanization in socialist countries has been focused on underurbanization, that is, lower rates of urban growth than would be expected from industrial expansion alone. The roots of underurbanization can be found in the workings of the shortage economy under central planning, where administrative allocation of resources and a strong preference for industrial investment are given priority over housing construction. However…
Ethnic differences in integration levels and return migration intentions: A study of Estonian migrants in Finland
Immigrantsâ desire to stay in the host country or return to the country of origin depends largely on the balance between their degree of integration in the host country and their level of attachment to the country of origin. Ethnic diversity is growing rap
Learning through Contact? The Effects on Earnings of Immigrant Exposure to the Native Population
Factors influencing immigrant labour-market outcomes have received increased scholarly attention lately. A recent research focus has been the effects of residential setting on labour-market outcomes. This study brings a new dimension to this emerging body of research, introducing the role played by workplace composition, in addition to place of residence, in immigrant earnings. Based on Swedish longitudinal register data, ordinary least squares r…
On the move: Explaining migration patterns in Estonia during the transition period
Contrary to the indications of official statistics, recent research suggests that internal migration in Estonia may in fact be predominantly urban-bound. Applying a loosely structurationist approach to analyse sample survey data collected in 1997, this paper attempts to explore why urban areas are attractive as a destination, and why many migrants moving to urban areas, unlike those leaving for the countryside, fail to register. Differential urba…
Transitional Statistics: Internal Migration and Urban Growth in Post-Soviet Estonia
Standard models and theories of internal migration and urban growth in Estonia have been developed. However, there remained a lack of statistical wherewithal to conduct the required kind of analysis. For instance, certain categories of migration are likely to have been underreported and it is clear that existing rules and regulations on how to report those moves that were registered were not always observed. This could be attributed to the fact t…
Ethnic Return Migration from the East and the West: The Case of Estonia in the 1990s
International migration studies in Europe have been mainly directed at immigration in Western and Northern Europe from Southern Europe and Third World countries in the 1950s-60s. However return migration to Estonia during the period after re-independence (1991) has not yet been explored. The situation in Estonia is particularly interesting in the context of 1990s European return migration. This is because Estonia is one of the countries in Europe…
Differential urbanisation and primate city growth in soviet and post‐soviet Estonia
Although big city growth was not officially favoured in the former socialist countries, big cities did grow fast. The existence and continuing growth of primate and large cities is typically attributed to urbanisation economies, diverging sectoral and spatial interests, and difficulties in managing such a complex process as migration. However, whether such developments are systemic to socialism or reflect universal urbanisation processes is an is…
The Soviet Union as a Deviant Case? Underurbanization in Soviet Estonia
Much of the discussion of urbanization in socialist countries has been focused on underurbanization, that is, lower rates of urban growth than would be expected from industrial expansion alone. The roots of underurbanization can be found in the workings of the shortage economy under central planning, where administrative allocation of resources and a strong preference for industrial investment are given priority over housing construction. However…
Suburban Growth and Suburbanisation under Central Planning: The Case of Soviet Estonia
It may be something of a paradox, but the demise of central planning has been parallelled by a surge of work on urbanisation in socialist countries. This paper focuses on the topic of suburbanisation, taking Estonia as a case. To understand more neatly the processes at work, a conceptual distinction between the terms suburban growth, suburbanisation in a narrow (statistical) and wide (including mechanisms of population change) sense is proposed. …
The Ethnic Minorities of Estonia: Changing Size, Location, and Composition
Two European geographers survey the change in numbers, location, and composition of Estonia's non-titular population utilizing census returns for the period 1934-2000. Much attention is devoted to an investigation of return migration of non-Estonians to other FSU republics in the 1990s. Also covered are changes in the spatial distribution of Estonia's minorities and the dynamics of age structure as a result of its natural evolution, the sharp dec…
Urban and rural population change in Estonia: Patterns of differentiated and undifferentiated urbanisation
A main postulate of the concept of differential urbanisation is the similarity of the process of urbanisation across countries of different social contexts, with towns going through a three–stage growth cycle – urbanisation, polarisation reversal and counter–urbanisation. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether the claims of the model hold true in Estonia. The main results of the analyses show that towns of different sizes have followed a sim…
Urbanization, Suburbanization, and Counterurbanization in Estonia
A team of European geographers compares trends in urbanization, suburbanization, and counterurbanization in post-Soviet Estonia with those in other transition countries in the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe. The study employs data from the first post-Soviet Estonian census to analyze urban and rural population movements during 1989-2000, and contrasts trends in the national settlement system (increasing population concentratio…
Diverging views on integration in Estonia: Determinants of Estonian language skills among ethnic minorities
The restoration of independence in 1991 brought the topic of ethnic integration into the forefront of societal discussions in Estonia. Two diverging views emerged about the factors that shape the process. Demographic view stresses the long term (generations-related) perspective and factors that do not depend on people themselves. Sociological view emphasizes the importance of individual choices and values in the new political and economic context…
Suburbanisation, Employment Change, and Commuting in the Tallinn Metropolitan Area
The author's aim is to analyse the role of suburbanisation and employment change in commuting in the Tallinn metropolitan area, Estonia. The author analyses changes in commuting compared with the late Soviet period, and clarifies the compositional differences between commuters and noncommuters. Data analysis is based on anonymous, individual, 2000 Census records, and bivariate and multivariate methods are employed. The major conclusions are that …
Suburbanisation in relation to education in the Tallinn metropolitan area
Significant changes occur in the social stratification order and spatial redistribution of population in countries in transition. One of the important dimensions in the changing social stratification order is related to the increased importance of education. Dominance of suburbanisation is an important dimension in spatial population change. The aim of the current article is to study these two important dimensions of social and spatial change by …
Population Subgroups Responsible for New Urbanization and Suburbanization in Estonia
The results of this study indicate that during the 1990s urbanization was the dominant process in inter-regional migration, and residential suburbanization prevailed at the intra-metropolitan level.These tendencies are new and different from the trend existing during the Soviet era.These urbanization and suburbanization trends correspond closely with the expectations of the city life cycle and the differential urbanization models, indicating that…
Housing and Ethnicity in the Post-Soviet City: Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Despite egalitarian aims, considerable social and ethnic segregation existed in countries with central planning. To date, however, research on residential segregation in the former state socialist countries of east central Europe and the former Soviet Union has been limited and has focused mainly on major metropolitan or capital-city areas and on social segregation. The aim of this study is to analyse ethnic post-Soviet segregation in housing in …
Suburbanization in countries in transition: Destinations of suburbanizers in the tallinn metropolitan area
Suburbanization is one of the key phenomena of spatial population change in many countries in transition. Yet we know surprisingly little about the population carrying out the post‐socialist suburbanization process. The objective of this article is to improve on this situation by studying the Tallinn metropolis in Estonia. Our analysis, which covers the inter‐censal period 1989 to 2000, focuses on the differences between population subgroups with…
Population Composition in New Suburban Settlements of the Tallinn Metropolitan Area
Suburban settlements are in the process of quick change in the major metropolitan areas in central and eastern European transition countries, losing their agricultural character and developing into modern residential areas. New housing construction is the most visible manifestation of those changes. The aim of the current paper is to examine the characteristics of the inhabitants of new suburban settlements in the Tallinn metropolitan area, Eston…
From Priority‐led to Market‐led Suburbanisation in a Post‐communist Metropolis
Recently, Sjöberg and Gentile generalised the priority mechanisms that shaped the settlement systems and individual cities in countries that were formerly centrally planned. The paper adds the metropolitan level to those macro and microlevel approaches, and links the priority approach to a more general theory of the urban life cycle (Van den Berg and colleagues) in order to understand the processes of population change in this group of countries.…
Selectivity and destinations of ethnic minorities leaving the main gateway cities of Estonia
Changes in the spatial distribution of minority populations and factors responsible for such changes form an important research topic in the study of the contemporary immigrant societies of Europe and North America. This paper clarifies both the trends and determinants of the spatial redistribution of mainly Russian‐speaking ethnic minorities in Estonia by focusing on out‐migration from the gateway cities or the main minority concentration areas.…
Soviet Prefabricated Panel Housing Estates: Areas of Continued Social Mix or Decline? The Case of Tallinn
Cities in the formerly centrally planned countries in the Soviet Union and Central Eastern Europe have transformed rapidly since the political and economic restructuring started in the late 1980s. To date, the main focus of research has been on new urban phenomena, particularly inner-city change and suburbanisation. However, these changes affect only a minority of the population, because most people still live in pre-transition housing stock. Thi…
Learning through Contact? The Effects on Earnings of Immigrant Exposure to the Native Population
Factors influencing immigrant labour-market outcomes have received increased scholarly attention lately. A recent research focus has been the effects of residential setting on labour-market outcomes. This study brings a new dimension to this emerging body of research, introducing the role played by workplace composition, in addition to place of residence, in immigrant earnings. Based on Swedish longitudinal register data, ordinary least squares r…
The Formation and Development of the Estonian Diaspora
The Estonian diaspora was formed by two major, completed, waves of emigration and one further, emerging, wave of out-migration. The first mass emigration started in the mid-nineteenth century and lasted until World War I. During this period, demographic transition was taking place, yet there were limited options for urbanward migration within Estonia. This situation forced many Estonians to look for alternative destinations. Russia attracted migr…
Long-Term Unemployment in Economic Boom and Bust: The Case of Estonia; Pp. 215–234
Long-term unemployment is an increasing concern in Europe. This paper sheds new light on the development and determinants of long-term unemployment in Estonia over the last two decades, taking a particular focus on the years of economic boom and bust. The analysis is based on the individual level data of the Labour Force Survey. The results of regression analysis show that differences in the socio-demographic characteristics of long-term unemplo…
Ethnic Minority–Majority Unions in Estonia
Ethnic minority-majority unions-also referred to as mixed ethnic unions-are often seen as the ultimate evidence of the integration of ethnic minorities into their host societies. We investigated minority-majority unions in Estonia, where ethnic minorities account for one-third of the total population (Russians 26%, followed by Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Finns and other smaller groups). Using data from the 2000 Estonian census and regression model…
Ethnic differences in housing in post-Soviet Tartu, Estonia
Heteropolitanization: Social and spatial change in Central and East European Cities
Geography (65 works) · Sociology (60 works) · Economics (57 works) · Demographic economics (47 works) · Political science (45 works) · Economic geography (40 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (40 works) · Urbanization and City Planning (40 works) · Population (38 works) · Demography (37 works)