Joyce J Endendijk
Biographic Data
| ID | 160246 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Joyce J Endendijk |
| GIVEN NAMES | Joyce J |
| FAMILY NAME | Endendijk |
| SIGNATURE | ENDENDIJK J J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Utrecht University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8149-912X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 34 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 90 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 34 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2013 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Stability and change in mosaics of gender-typing from preschool to early school age: An integration of variable-centered and person-centered approaches
Although gender development is multifaceted, previous inquiries about the developmental stability of gender-typing has largely been piecemeal, heavily relying on variable-centered approaches. Using a more holistic approach, this study examined the stability of several gender-typing dimensions (i.e., appearance, toy play, activity preferences, gender expression) from preschool to early school age by integrating variable-centered and person-centere…
Center-based childcare during infancy: The relations with functional brain networks and self-regulation in young children
Given the substantial increase in children attending center-based childcare over the past decades, the consequences of center-based childcare for children’s development have gained more attention in developmental research. However, the relation between center-based childcare and children’s neurocognitive development remains relatively underexplored. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the relations between quantity of center-based chil…
Profiles of Sexual Double Standard Norms and Their Association with Sexual Pleasure in the Context of Sexual Intercourse among Dutch Adolescents: A Person-Centered Approach
Heroines: Limited Effects of an Educational Program With Counter-Stereotypical Female Role Models on Gender Schemas in Middle Childhood
Interventions in which people are exposed to counter-stereotypical role models are often used for breaking gender stereotypes. Most gender role-model interventions focus on adolescents and emerging adults. Yet, middle childhood might be a highly effective period for changing gender stereotypes because children are still learning about gender and gender roles. Therefore, this study examined the effects of a newly developed educational program with…
The Presence and Effects of the Sexual Double Standard Regarding Condom Use Among Chinese Adults: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Condom Use Power
Gender-Differentiated Emotion Socialization: Evoked by Child Behaviors, Parents’ Neural Responses Toward Gender-Stereotype Violations, or Both
SYNOPSIS: Objective. During early childhood, gender-specific trajectories of behavior and emotional development become more prominent. However, it remains unclear whether parents’ gender-differentiated socialization is evoked by children’s own behaviors and emotions, processes within parents, or both. This study examined whether parents’ gender labeling of emotional characters could be predicted by (1) their children’s behavior and emotional expr…
The Relative Importance of Paternal Versus Maternal Involvement for Chinese Adolescents’ Gender-Typed Traits
Gender-Typical Appearance in Early Childhood: Role of Parental Gender-Typical Appearance and Children’s Gender Similarity
The emergence of gender-typical appearance in childhood appears to have important implications not only for child and adolescent social-emotional functioning but also for later working life. In the current study, we examined how parents’ gender-typical appearance and children’s gender similarity (to same- and other-gender peers) were related to young children’s gender-typical appearance. We also explored differences in these associations between …
Psychosocial and biobehavioral processes underlying the association between prenatal risk factors and child self-regulation
Over the past few decades, there has been accumulating evidence that prenatal exposure to risk is negatively related to child self-regulation. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. The present study used a multimethod approach to simultaneously examine the mediating role of the developmental trajectories of observed parenting quality (support, stimulation, and structure) and children's functional brain networks (small-…
Associations Between Sexualized Media Consumption, Sexual Double Standards, and Sexual Coercion Perpetration and Victimization in Late Adolescent Sexually Active Boys and Girls from The Netherlands
This study examined associations between sexualized media consumption, sexual double standard (SDS) norms, and sexual coercion perpetration and victimization in late adolescence and whether these associations were moderated by gender. Participants were sexually active Dutch secondary school students aged 16–20 years ( N = 255, 58.4% girls). Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire at a single time-point. Overall, more sexualized medi…
A Person-Centered Approach toward Balanced Gender Identity in Emerging Adults: Associations with Self-Esteem and Attitudes about Education
Balanced identity theory (BIT) has played an important role in research examining women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Yet, BIT’s main balanced-congruity principle has not been tested specifically for gender-science cognitions. Additionally, BIT’s predictions have been tested primarily from a variable-centered approach. The current study therefore examined whether (1) gender-science cognitions f…
Associations between parental dispositional attributions, dismissing and coaching reactions to children’s emotions, and children’s problem behaviour moderated by child gender
This study examined whether parents' attribution of their child's emotions (internalizing, externalizing) to dispositional causes is associated with children's problem behaviour (internalizing, externalizing). The mediating roles of parents' emotion-dismissing and -coaching reactions and the moderating role of child's gender was also examined. Participants were 241 US parents with a child (43% girls) between the ages of 5 and 7. Parents were pres…
Dutch mothers’ and fathers’ differential attributions and parenting reactions to the misbehavior of sons and daughters
There is ample evidence that fathers and mothers react differently to misbehavior of sons and daughters. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying this differential treatment. This set of quasiexperimental studies examined whether parental attributions about child misbehavior mediate the association between child gender and negative parenting practices, and whether this is different for fathers and mothers. Dutch parents (Study 1…
Like Parent, like Child: General and Specific Associations Between Parents’ and Children’s Binary Gender Identity in a Gender Egalitarian Context
There is ample scientific evidence for the importance of parental gender socialization in children’s binary gender development. Surprisingly, little is known about the role of parents’ own gender identity in the binary gender identity development of their children. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between parents’ and children’s binary gender identity (i.e., similarity to same- and other-gender individuals) in a sample of…
Stability and change in maternal parenting profiles across infancy and toddlerhood
During infancy and toddlerhood, parents show large individual differences in the extent to which they are able to tailor their parenting behaviors to their children's swiftly changing developmental needs. The first aim of our study was, therefore, to distinguish parenting profiles at three time points during infancy and toddlerhood (i.e., 5, 10, and 36 months) based on mothers' supportive presence, structure and limit-setting, and quality of inst…
Sexual Double Standards: Contributions of Sexual Socialization by Parents, Peers, and the Media
(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. There is large variation in whether people endorse SDS in their expectations about the sexual behavior of women and men (i.e., SDS-norms). To explain these individual differences, we examined associations between SDS-norms of Dutch adolescents (aged 16–20 years, N = 566) and what parents, peers, and the media teach adolescents about app…
Psychological Distress During Pregnancy and the Development of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: A Prospective Study
OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is associated with serious complications in both the mother and the unborn child. We examined the possible association between trajectories of maternal psychological distress symptoms and PIH separately in primiparous and multiparous women. METHODS: Pregnancy-specific negative affect (P-NA) and depressive symptoms were assessed prospectively at each trimester using the Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Sca…
Stereotyping Yourself: Are Adolescents’ Stereotypes About the Sexual Double Standard Related to Their Own Sexual Behaviors
Understanding gender bias in teachers’ grading: The role of gender stereotypical beliefs
This study experimentally tested the influence of secondary school students' gender on Dutch language and math teachers' grading (n = 358) and examined the role of teachers' gender and gender stereotypes in gender grading bias. Results showed that grading, on average, was not gender biased. However, differences between teachers' gender grading bias were related to their gender stereotypes. Although we found no direct effect of teachers' gender on…
Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting
The normative developmental course of inhibitory control between 2.5 and 6.5 years, and associations with maternal and paternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were tested. The sample consisted of 383 children (52.5% boys). During four annual waves, mothers and fathers reported on their children’s inhibitory control using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. During the first wave, mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity and intrusiveness were observed …
He is a Stud, She is a Slut! A Meta-Analysis on the Continued Existence of Sexual Double Standards
(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. This meta-analysis ( k = 99; N = 123,343) tested predictions of evolutionary and biosocial theories regarding the existence of SDS in social cognitions. Databases were searched for studies examining attitudes or stereotypes regarding the sexual behaviors of men versus women. Studies assessing differences in evaluations, or expectations,…
Exploring effectiveness of psychotherapy options for sexually abused children and adolescents: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Risk and protective factors for pre‐ and postnatal bonding
Since disturbances in the mother–child bond increase the risk of negative consequences for child development, it is important to identify risk and protective factors for bonding as well as longitudinal associations. Previous research has used different bonding instruments during pregnancy and the postnatal phase, leading to inconsistent results. In the current study, the same instrument was used during the various phases. In a large, community‐ba…
The Gendered Family Process Model: An Integrative Framework of Gender in the Family
This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. Biological factors in the model are prenatal, postnatal, and pube…
Does Parenthood Change Implicit Gender-Role Stereotypes and Behaviors
This study examined whether parenthood changes gender-role behavior and implicit gender-role stereotypes as assessed with an Implicit Association Test in Dutch parents. In a cross-sectional sample, parents were found to have more traditional gender-role stereotypes than nonparents with a wish to have a child and nonparents without the wish to have a child. This suggests that gender-role stereotypes increase after the transition into parenthood. I…
Gender Stereotypes in the Family Context: Mothers, Fathers, and Siblings
Does Parenthood Change Implicit Gender-Role Stereotypes and Behaviors
This study examined whether parenthood changes gender-role behavior and implicit gender-role stereotypes as assessed with an Implicit Association Test in Dutch parents. In a cross-sectional sample, parents were found to have more traditional gender-role stereotypes than nonparents with a wish to have a child and nonparents without the wish to have a child. This suggests that gender-role stereotypes increase after the transition into parenthood. I…
The Gendered Family Process Model: An Integrative Framework of Gender in the Family
This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. Biological factors in the model are prenatal, postnatal, and pube…
Understanding gender bias in teachers’ grading: The role of gender stereotypical beliefs
This study experimentally tested the influence of secondary school students' gender on Dutch language and math teachers' grading (n = 358) and examined the role of teachers' gender and gender stereotypes in gender grading bias. Results showed that grading, on average, was not gender biased. However, differences between teachers' gender grading bias were related to their gender stereotypes. Although we found no direct effect of teachers' gender on…
Boys Don’t Play with Dolls: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Gender Talk during Picture Book Reading
SYNOPSISObjective. This study examines mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk with their daughters and sons and investigates the association between parental gender talk and parental implicit gender stereotypes. Design. Mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk was examined in 304 families with two children aged 2 and 4 years old, using the newly developed Gender Stereotypes Picture Book. Parental implicit gender stereotypes were assessed with the action infe…
Mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity with their two children: A longitudinal study from infancy to early childhood
To examine the effects of child age and birth order on sensitive parenting, 364 families with 2 children were visited when the second-born children were 12, 24, and 36 months old, and their older siblings were on average 2 years older. Mothers showed higher levels of sensitivity than fathers at all assessments. Parental sensitivity increased from infancy to toddlerhood, and then decreased into early childhood. The changes in parental sensitivity …
Wait Until Your Mother Gets Home! Mothers' and Fathers' Discipline Strategies
From a traditional viewpoint, fathers are seen as the main disciplinarian in the family. However, recent studies suggest that these traditional family role patterns may have changed. In this study, we observed discipline strategies of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. Participants included 242 families with two children (1 and 3 years of age). Findings revealed that parental discipline varied by the age of the children, but tha…
Stereotyping Yourself: Are Adolescents’ Stereotypes About the Sexual Double Standard Related to Their Own Sexual Behaviors
Risk and protective factors for pre‐ and postnatal bonding
Since disturbances in the mother–child bond increase the risk of negative consequences for child development, it is important to identify risk and protective factors for bonding as well as longitudinal associations. Previous research has used different bonding instruments during pregnancy and the postnatal phase, leading to inconsistent results. In the current study, the same instrument was used during the various phases. In a large, community‐ba…
Linking Prenatal Androgens to Gender-Related Attitudes, Identity, and Activities: Evidence From Girls With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Gender-Typical Appearance in Early Childhood: Role of Parental Gender-Typical Appearance and Children’s Gender Similarity
The emergence of gender-typical appearance in childhood appears to have important implications not only for child and adolescent social-emotional functioning but also for later working life. In the current study, we examined how parents’ gender-typical appearance and children’s gender similarity (to same- and other-gender peers) were related to young children’s gender-typical appearance. We also explored differences in these associations between …
Like Parent, like Child: General and Specific Associations Between Parents’ and Children’s Binary Gender Identity in a Gender Egalitarian Context
There is ample scientific evidence for the importance of parental gender socialization in children’s binary gender development. Surprisingly, little is known about the role of parents’ own gender identity in the binary gender identity development of their children. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between parents’ and children’s binary gender identity (i.e., similarity to same- and other-gender individuals) in a sample of…
Stability and change in maternal parenting profiles across infancy and toddlerhood
During infancy and toddlerhood, parents show large individual differences in the extent to which they are able to tailor their parenting behaviors to their children's swiftly changing developmental needs. The first aim of our study was, therefore, to distinguish parenting profiles at three time points during infancy and toddlerhood (i.e., 5, 10, and 36 months) based on mothers' supportive presence, structure and limit-setting, and quality of inst…
Sibling Gender Configuration and Family Processes
The current study focuses on the effects of sibling gender configuration on family processes during early childhood. In a sample of 369 two-parent families with two children (youngest 12 months, oldest about 2 years older), both siblings' noncompliant and oppositional behaviors and fathers' and mothers' sensitivity and discipline strategies were observed. Both siblings' aggressive behaviors and empathy of the oldest sibling were assessed with par…
Gender Stereotypes in the Family Context: Mothers, Fathers, and Siblings
Boys Don’t Play with Dolls: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Gender Talk during Picture Book Reading
SYNOPSISObjective. This study examines mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk with their daughters and sons and investigates the association between parental gender talk and parental implicit gender stereotypes. Design. Mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk was examined in 304 families with two children aged 2 and 4 years old, using the newly developed Gender Stereotypes Picture Book. Parental implicit gender stereotypes were assessed with the action infe…
Fathers’ and mothers’ emotion talk with their girls and boys from toddlerhood to preschool age
Goals of the current study were to examine fathers' and mothers' emotion talk from toddlerhood to preschool age, and to test whether parents socialize emotions differently in girls and boys. In a sample of 317 families, we observed both parents' emotion talk and their use of gender labels, while discussing a picture book with drawings of children displaying 4 basic emotions (anger, fear, sadness, and happiness), with their first- and second-born …
Wait Until Your Mother Gets Home! Mothers' and Fathers' Discipline Strategies
From a traditional viewpoint, fathers are seen as the main disciplinarian in the family. However, recent studies suggest that these traditional family role patterns may have changed. In this study, we observed discipline strategies of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. Participants included 242 families with two children (1 and 3 years of age). Findings revealed that parental discipline varied by the age of the children, but tha…
Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited: Meta-Analysis Reveals Very Few Differences in Parental Control of Boys and Girls
Although various theories describe mechanisms leading to differential parenting of boys and girls, there is no consensus about the extent to which parents do treat their sons and daughters differently. The last meta-analyses on the subject were conducted more than fifteen years ago, and changes in gender-specific child rearing in the past decade are quite plausible. In the current set of meta-analyses, based on 126 observational studies (15,034 f…
Linking Prenatal Androgens to Gender-Related Attitudes, Identity, and Activities: Evidence From Girls With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Sibling Gender Configuration and Family Processes
The current study focuses on the effects of sibling gender configuration on family processes during early childhood. In a sample of 369 two-parent families with two children (youngest 12 months, oldest about 2 years older), both siblings' noncompliant and oppositional behaviors and fathers' and mothers' sensitivity and discipline strategies were observed. Both siblings' aggressive behaviors and empathy of the oldest sibling were assessed with par…
Maternal Interaction Quality Moderates Effects of Prenatal Maternal Emotional Symptoms on Girls’ Internalizing Problems
The role of mother–infant interaction quality is studied in the relation between prenatal maternal emotional symptoms and child behavioral problems. Healthy pregnant, Dutch women ( N = 96, M = 31.6, SD = 3.3) were allocated to the “exposed group” ( n = 46), consisting of mothers with high levels of prenatal feelings of anxiety and depression, or the “low‐exposed group” ( n = 50), consisting of mothers with normal levels of depressive or anxious s…
Mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity with their two children: A longitudinal study from infancy to early childhood
To examine the effects of child age and birth order on sensitive parenting, 364 families with 2 children were visited when the second-born children were 12, 24, and 36 months old, and their older siblings were on average 2 years older. Mothers showed higher levels of sensitivity than fathers at all assessments. Parental sensitivity increased from infancy to toddlerhood, and then decreased into early childhood. The changes in parental sensitivity …
The Gendered Family Process Model: An Integrative Framework of Gender in the Family
This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. Biological factors in the model are prenatal, postnatal, and pube…
Does Parenthood Change Implicit Gender-Role Stereotypes and Behaviors
This study examined whether parenthood changes gender-role behavior and implicit gender-role stereotypes as assessed with an Implicit Association Test in Dutch parents. In a cross-sectional sample, parents were found to have more traditional gender-role stereotypes than nonparents with a wish to have a child and nonparents without the wish to have a child. This suggests that gender-role stereotypes increase after the transition into parenthood. I…
Risk and protective factors for pre‐ and postnatal bonding
Since disturbances in the mother–child bond increase the risk of negative consequences for child development, it is important to identify risk and protective factors for bonding as well as longitudinal associations. Previous research has used different bonding instruments during pregnancy and the postnatal phase, leading to inconsistent results. In the current study, the same instrument was used during the various phases. In a large, community‐ba…
He is a Stud, She is a Slut! A Meta-Analysis on the Continued Existence of Sexual Double Standards
(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. This meta-analysis ( k = 99; N = 123,343) tested predictions of evolutionary and biosocial theories regarding the existence of SDS in social cognitions. Databases were searched for studies examining attitudes or stereotypes regarding the sexual behaviors of men versus women. Studies assessing differences in evaluations, or expectations,…
Exploring effectiveness of psychotherapy options for sexually abused children and adolescents: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting
The normative developmental course of inhibitory control between 2.5 and 6.5 years, and associations with maternal and paternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were tested. The sample consisted of 383 children (52.5% boys). During four annual waves, mothers and fathers reported on their children’s inhibitory control using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. During the first wave, mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity and intrusiveness were observed …
Sexual Double Standards: Contributions of Sexual Socialization by Parents, Peers, and the Media
(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. There is large variation in whether people endorse SDS in their expectations about the sexual behavior of women and men (i.e., SDS-norms). To explain these individual differences, we examined associations between SDS-norms of Dutch adolescents (aged 16–20 years, N = 566) and what parents, peers, and the media teach adolescents about app…
Psychological Distress During Pregnancy and the Development of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: A Prospective Study
OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is associated with serious complications in both the mother and the unborn child. We examined the possible association between trajectories of maternal psychological distress symptoms and PIH separately in primiparous and multiparous women. METHODS: Pregnancy-specific negative affect (P-NA) and depressive symptoms were assessed prospectively at each trimester using the Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Sca…
Stereotyping Yourself: Are Adolescents’ Stereotypes About the Sexual Double Standard Related to Their Own Sexual Behaviors
Understanding gender bias in teachers’ grading: The role of gender stereotypical beliefs
This study experimentally tested the influence of secondary school students' gender on Dutch language and math teachers' grading (n = 358) and examined the role of teachers' gender and gender stereotypes in gender grading bias. Results showed that grading, on average, was not gender biased. However, differences between teachers' gender grading bias were related to their gender stereotypes. Although we found no direct effect of teachers' gender on…
A Person-Centered Approach toward Balanced Gender Identity in Emerging Adults: Associations with Self-Esteem and Attitudes about Education
Balanced identity theory (BIT) has played an important role in research examining women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Yet, BIT’s main balanced-congruity principle has not been tested specifically for gender-science cognitions. Additionally, BIT’s predictions have been tested primarily from a variable-centered approach. The current study therefore examined whether (1) gender-science cognitions f…
Associations between parental dispositional attributions, dismissing and coaching reactions to children’s emotions, and children’s problem behaviour moderated by child gender
This study examined whether parents' attribution of their child's emotions (internalizing, externalizing) to dispositional causes is associated with children's problem behaviour (internalizing, externalizing). The mediating roles of parents' emotion-dismissing and -coaching reactions and the moderating role of child's gender was also examined. Participants were 241 US parents with a child (43% girls) between the ages of 5 and 7. Parents were pres…
Dutch mothers’ and fathers’ differential attributions and parenting reactions to the misbehavior of sons and daughters
There is ample evidence that fathers and mothers react differently to misbehavior of sons and daughters. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying this differential treatment. This set of quasiexperimental studies examined whether parental attributions about child misbehavior mediate the association between child gender and negative parenting practices, and whether this is different for fathers and mothers. Dutch parents (Study 1…
Like Parent, like Child: General and Specific Associations Between Parents’ and Children’s Binary Gender Identity in a Gender Egalitarian Context
There is ample scientific evidence for the importance of parental gender socialization in children’s binary gender development. Surprisingly, little is known about the role of parents’ own gender identity in the binary gender identity development of their children. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between parents’ and children’s binary gender identity (i.e., similarity to same- and other-gender individuals) in a sample of…
Stability and change in maternal parenting profiles across infancy and toddlerhood
During infancy and toddlerhood, parents show large individual differences in the extent to which they are able to tailor their parenting behaviors to their children's swiftly changing developmental needs. The first aim of our study was, therefore, to distinguish parenting profiles at three time points during infancy and toddlerhood (i.e., 5, 10, and 36 months) based on mothers' supportive presence, structure and limit-setting, and quality of inst…
Gender-Differentiated Emotion Socialization: Evoked by Child Behaviors, Parents’ Neural Responses Toward Gender-Stereotype Violations, or Both
SYNOPSIS: Objective. During early childhood, gender-specific trajectories of behavior and emotional development become more prominent. However, it remains unclear whether parents’ gender-differentiated socialization is evoked by children’s own behaviors and emotions, processes within parents, or both. This study examined whether parents’ gender labeling of emotional characters could be predicted by (1) their children’s behavior and emotional expr…
Psychology (29 works) · Developmental psychology (28 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (12 works) · Gender Roles and Identity Studies (11 works) · Early Childhood Education and Development (8 works) · Gender role (8 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Medicine (7 works) · Clinical Psychology (6 works)