Francisco J Beltrán Tapia
Biographic Data
| ID | 160645 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Francisco J Beltrán Tapia |
| GIVEN NAMES | Francisco J Beltrán |
| FAMILY NAME | Tapia |
| SIGNATURE | TAPIA F J B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Norwegian University of Science and Technology |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7354-5699 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 125 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Society, economy and missing girls in 18th century Spain
Relying on local-level information in late-18th-century Spain (almost 17,500 locations), this article (1) shows that average child sex ratios were extremely high, a result that cannot be explained by female under-registration, (2) identifies which regions were more prone to suffer from ‘missing girls’, and (3) explores the factors that might be behind this phenomenon in 18th-century Spain. Our results show that, broadly speaking, Southern Spain e…
Life and death under son preference: Economic stress, fertility, and early-life mortality in rural Spain, 1800–1910
Based on longitudinal micro data from 13 Spanish rural villages between 1800 and 1910, this paper assesses whether discriminatory practices affected fertility and sex-specific mortality in infancy and childhood during economic crises. Our contribution is twofold. On the one hand, there is a connection between short-term economic stress, fertility, and sex ratios at baptism: high-price years were followed by a decline in the number of registered b…
Prenatal Care, Son Preference, and the Sex Ratio at Birth
The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in Spain jumped abruptly in the late 1970s and temporarily reached values of more than 109 boys per 100 girls in the early 1980s. This article shows that health care system expansion increased the likelihood of male births in Spain between 1975 and 1995. By facilitating the delivery of preterm and dystocic babies and improving overall maternal conditions, these developments increased the survival chances of male fetus…
Did Premodern Wars Impact Sex Ratios at Birth? The Case of 19th-Century Basque Country
This study examines the impact of pre-moder wars on sex ratios at birth. Specifically, it investigates whether wars involving premodern weaponry and more limited destruction increased stress for pregnant women such that the resulting hormonal changes in their bodies may have led to a decrease in the ratio of live-born boys to girls. To address this question, we analyzed all baptismal records from the Basque Country during the 19th century, encomp…
Economic development, female wages and missing female births in Spain, 1900–1930
Focusing on Spain between 1900 and 1930, a period characterised by significant structural transformations and rapid economic growth, this article shows that the sex ratio at birth (SRB) was abnormally high, at least until the 1920s. Apart from questioning whether female under-registration and different mortality environments alone can explain the results reported here, our analysis of regional information indicates that SRBs were higher in provin…
Missing girls in Liberal Italy, 1861-1921
By relying on the number of (surviving) boys per hundred girls observed in the population censuses as a cumulative measure of differential mortality during birth, infancy, and childhood, this paper shows that average Italian child sex ratios (aged 0-4) were abnormally high between 1861 and 1921. Our estimations indicate that unexplained excess female mortality resulted in around 2-3 per cent of 'missing girls' during this period. Likewise, by con…
Infant and child sex ratios in late Imperial Russia
This article analyses infant and child sex ratios in late Imperial Russia relying on district-level information obtained from the 1897 Russian census (489 districts). The article shows that child sex ratios were, on average, relatively low (around 98 boys per hundred girls) due to the biological female advantage: the extremely high infant and child mortality rates took a greater toll on boys and pushed sex ratios down. These figures, however, hid…
Missing girls’ in historical Europe: Reopening the debate
Recent research argues that discriminatory practices unduly inflated female excess mortality during infancy and childhood in historical Europe. This article reviews the existing evidence by (1) evaluating the sources that can be used to study this phenomenon; (2) providing a state-of-the-art account of the prevalence of these discriminatory practices, as well as the factors that explain them; and (3) outlining a research agenda that could fill in…
Assessing gender discrimination during infancy and childhood using twins: The case of rural Spain, 1750-1950
This article uncovers the existence of discriminatory practices in pre-industrial Spain by examining the fate of twins. The analysis of the complete parish registers of a small rural area (17 villages) shows that female twins were discriminated both at birth and during infancy and childhood. Not only the sex ratio of twins at baptism was extremely unbalanced, but discrimination continued throughout infancy and childhood and resulted in female exc…
Family patriarchy and child sex ratios in historical Europe
Although recent findings suggest that gender-discriminatory practices unduly increased female mortality rates during infancy and childhood in historical Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe, there is little research on the conditions that triggered these practices. Relying on child sex ratios (the number of boys per hundred girls in a particular age group) as a cumulative measure of sex-differential mortality around birth, infancy, a…
Two Stories, One Fate: Age-Heaping and Literacy in Spain, 1877-1930
This study looks at human capital in Spain during the early stages of modern economic growth. We have assembled a new dataset for age-heaping and literacy in Spain with information about men and women from six population censuses and forty-nine provinces between 1877 and 1930. Our results show that, although age-heaping was less prevalent during the second half of the 19 th century than previously thought, it did not decline until the early 20 th…
Inferring “missing girls” from child sex ratios in historical census data
The topic of “missing girls” in historical Europe has not only been mostly neglected, but previous research addressing this issue usually took the available information too lightly, either rejecting or accepting the claims that there was discrimination against female children, without assessing the possibility that the observed child sex ratios could be attributable to chance, mortality differentials, or registration quality. This article contrib…
Sex ratios and gender discrimination in Modern Greece
This paper argues that son preference resulted in gender-based discriminatory practices that unduly increased mortality rates for females at birth and throughout infancy and childhood in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Greece. The relative numbers of boys and girls at birth was extremely high and under-registration of females cannot on its own explain this result. The infanticide and/or mortal neglect of infant girls was therefore more co…
The uneven transition towards universal literacy in Spain, 1860–1930
This study provides new evidence on the advance of literacy in Spain during the period 1860–1930. A novel dataset, built with historical information from the Spanish population censuses (over 8000 municipalities), enables this process to be described in detail from the end of the Ancien Régime to the Second Republic. The study thus presents stylised facts at a very low level of geographic aggregation, thereby permitting a closer examination of th…
Son Preference, Gender Discrimination, and Missing Girls in Rural Spain, 1750-1950
Relying on longitudinal microdata from a Spanish rural region between 1750 and 1950 (almost 35,000 life courses), this article provides evidence that discriminatory practices affected sex-specific mortality during infancy and childhood. Although it is likely that families also discriminated against girls during the first year of life, female excess mortality was especially visible in the 1-5 age group. While breastfeeding seems to have temporaril…
Inequality and Growth in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Regional Data (Spain, 1860–1930)
This article measures inequality at the provincial level in Spain for different benchmark years between 1860 and 1930. It then empirically assesses the relationship between economic growth and inequality. The results confirm that, although growing incomes did not directly contribute to reducing inequality, at least during the early stages of modern economic growth, other processes associated with economic growth such as the rural exodus to urban …
What explains the missing girls in nineteenth-century Spain
Infant and childhood sex ratios in nineteenth-century Spain were abnormally high, thus pointing to some sort of unexplained excess female mortality. This article analyses internal regional variation and shows that certain economic and social factors mitigated gender discrimination against newborn and/or young girls. In particular, the presence of wage labour opportunities for women and the prevalence of extended families in which different genera…
Inequality and education in pre-industrial economies: Evidence from Spain
Tracing the Evolution of Agglomeration Economies: Spain, 1860-1991
Using district population in Spain between 1860 and 1991, recorded approximately every decade, this article examines whether initial population affects subsequent population growth. While such a relationship between these two variables hardly existed during the second half of the nineteenth century, this link increased significantly between 1910 and 1970, although this trend was abruptly interrupted by the Civil War and the autarkic period that f…
Where are the missing girls? Gender discrimination in 19th-century Spain
Migrants' self-selection in the early stages of modern economic growth, Spain (1880-1930)
Drawing on a large database from the register of inhabitants of Madrid, this article confirms that the literacy levels of internal migrants moving to the Spanish capital city in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century were higher than that of those who remained in their provinces of origin. This article also explores the different factors influencing the nature and intensity of the selection process. The empirical exercise stresses that t…
Common Lands and Economic Development in Spain
The impact of the privatisation of the commons remains a contested topic throughout the social sciences. Focusing on the Spanish case, this article reviews the literature and provides an overall assessment of this historical process based on recent research. Common lands appear to have been reasonably well managed and their dismantling did not foster agricultural productivity. Instead, the privatisation process negatively affected the economic si…
Commons and the standard of living debate in Spain, 1860–1930
Goths and Vandals” or “Civilized” Farmers? Common Lands and Agricultural Productivity in Early-Twentieth-Century Spain
By analyzing the different factors affecting labor agricultural productivity in early-twentieth-century Spain, this article shows that common lands were not detrimental to agricultural development. Even though privatization fostered output per worker by bringing more land into cultivation, the role of the commons as provider of pasture and fertilizing materials counteracted that effect, especially in humid regions. The supposed advantages of dism…
Social and Environmental Filters to Market Incentives: The Persistence of Common Land in Nineteenth-Century Spain
The regional diversity of communal persistence in nineteenth-century Spain has been well documented by historiographers. Although the explanation of this divergence has been attributed to the social and environmental context, together with the prevailing market incentives, that characterized the different rural societies of this period, there has been no clear assessment of the role played by each of these factors. Through a comparative study of …
Inequality and education in pre-industrial economies: Evidence from Spain
Where are the missing girls? Gender discrimination in 19th-century Spain
Son Preference, Gender Discrimination, and Missing Girls in Rural Spain, 1750-1950
Relying on longitudinal microdata from a Spanish rural region between 1750 and 1950 (almost 35,000 life courses), this article provides evidence that discriminatory practices affected sex-specific mortality during infancy and childhood. Although it is likely that families also discriminated against girls during the first year of life, female excess mortality was especially visible in the 1-5 age group. While breastfeeding seems to have temporaril…
What explains the missing girls in nineteenth-century Spain
Infant and childhood sex ratios in nineteenth-century Spain were abnormally high, thus pointing to some sort of unexplained excess female mortality. This article analyses internal regional variation and shows that certain economic and social factors mitigated gender discrimination against newborn and/or young girls. In particular, the presence of wage labour opportunities for women and the prevalence of extended families in which different genera…
Migrants' self-selection in the early stages of modern economic growth, Spain (1880-1930)
Drawing on a large database from the register of inhabitants of Madrid, this article confirms that the literacy levels of internal migrants moving to the Spanish capital city in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century were higher than that of those who remained in their provinces of origin. This article also explores the different factors influencing the nature and intensity of the selection process. The empirical exercise stresses that t…
Social and Environmental Filters to Market Incentives: The Persistence of Common Land in Nineteenth-Century Spain
The regional diversity of communal persistence in nineteenth-century Spain has been well documented by historiographers. Although the explanation of this divergence has been attributed to the social and environmental context, together with the prevailing market incentives, that characterized the different rural societies of this period, there has been no clear assessment of the role played by each of these factors. Through a comparative study of …
Missing girls’ in historical Europe: Reopening the debate
Recent research argues that discriminatory practices unduly inflated female excess mortality during infancy and childhood in historical Europe. This article reviews the existing evidence by (1) evaluating the sources that can be used to study this phenomenon; (2) providing a state-of-the-art account of the prevalence of these discriminatory practices, as well as the factors that explain them; and (3) outlining a research agenda that could fill in…
Missing girls in Liberal Italy, 1861-1921
By relying on the number of (surviving) boys per hundred girls observed in the population censuses as a cumulative measure of differential mortality during birth, infancy, and childhood, this paper shows that average Italian child sex ratios (aged 0-4) were abnormally high between 1861 and 1921. Our estimations indicate that unexplained excess female mortality resulted in around 2-3 per cent of 'missing girls' during this period. Likewise, by con…
Assessing gender discrimination during infancy and childhood using twins: The case of rural Spain, 1750-1950
This article uncovers the existence of discriminatory practices in pre-industrial Spain by examining the fate of twins. The analysis of the complete parish registers of a small rural area (17 villages) shows that female twins were discriminated both at birth and during infancy and childhood. Not only the sex ratio of twins at baptism was extremely unbalanced, but discrimination continued throughout infancy and childhood and resulted in female exc…
Family patriarchy and child sex ratios in historical Europe
Although recent findings suggest that gender-discriminatory practices unduly increased female mortality rates during infancy and childhood in historical Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe, there is little research on the conditions that triggered these practices. Relying on child sex ratios (the number of boys per hundred girls in a particular age group) as a cumulative measure of sex-differential mortality around birth, infancy, a…
Inferring “missing girls” from child sex ratios in historical census data
The topic of “missing girls” in historical Europe has not only been mostly neglected, but previous research addressing this issue usually took the available information too lightly, either rejecting or accepting the claims that there was discrimination against female children, without assessing the possibility that the observed child sex ratios could be attributable to chance, mortality differentials, or registration quality. This article contrib…
Tracing the Evolution of Agglomeration Economies: Spain, 1860-1991
Using district population in Spain between 1860 and 1991, recorded approximately every decade, this article examines whether initial population affects subsequent population growth. While such a relationship between these two variables hardly existed during the second half of the nineteenth century, this link increased significantly between 1910 and 1970, although this trend was abruptly interrupted by the Civil War and the autarkic period that f…
Sex ratios and gender discrimination in Modern Greece
This paper argues that son preference resulted in gender-based discriminatory practices that unduly increased mortality rates for females at birth and throughout infancy and childhood in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Greece. The relative numbers of boys and girls at birth was extremely high and under-registration of females cannot on its own explain this result. The infanticide and/or mortal neglect of infant girls was therefore more co…
Inequality and Growth in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Regional Data (Spain, 1860–1930)
This article measures inequality at the provincial level in Spain for different benchmark years between 1860 and 1930. It then empirically assesses the relationship between economic growth and inequality. The results confirm that, although growing incomes did not directly contribute to reducing inequality, at least during the early stages of modern economic growth, other processes associated with economic growth such as the rural exodus to urban …
Common Lands and Economic Development in Spain
The impact of the privatisation of the commons remains a contested topic throughout the social sciences. Focusing on the Spanish case, this article reviews the literature and provides an overall assessment of this historical process based on recent research. Common lands appear to have been reasonably well managed and their dismantling did not foster agricultural productivity. Instead, the privatisation process negatively affected the economic si…
Prenatal Care, Son Preference, and the Sex Ratio at Birth
The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in Spain jumped abruptly in the late 1970s and temporarily reached values of more than 109 boys per 100 girls in the early 1980s. This article shows that health care system expansion increased the likelihood of male births in Spain between 1975 and 1995. By facilitating the delivery of preterm and dystocic babies and improving overall maternal conditions, these developments increased the survival chances of male fetus…
Infant and child sex ratios in late Imperial Russia
This article analyses infant and child sex ratios in late Imperial Russia relying on district-level information obtained from the 1897 Russian census (489 districts). The article shows that child sex ratios were, on average, relatively low (around 98 boys per hundred girls) due to the biological female advantage: the extremely high infant and child mortality rates took a greater toll on boys and pushed sex ratios down. These figures, however, hid…
Two Stories, One Fate: Age-Heaping and Literacy in Spain, 1877-1930
This study looks at human capital in Spain during the early stages of modern economic growth. We have assembled a new dataset for age-heaping and literacy in Spain with information about men and women from six population censuses and forty-nine provinces between 1877 and 1930. Our results show that, although age-heaping was less prevalent during the second half of the 19 th century than previously thought, it did not decline until the early 20 th…
Goths and Vandals” or “Civilized” Farmers? Common Lands and Agricultural Productivity in Early-Twentieth-Century Spain
By analyzing the different factors affecting labor agricultural productivity in early-twentieth-century Spain, this article shows that common lands were not detrimental to agricultural development. Even though privatization fostered output per worker by bringing more land into cultivation, the role of the commons as provider of pasture and fertilizing materials counteracted that effect, especially in humid regions. The supposed advantages of dism…
Commons and the standard of living debate in Spain, 1860–1930
Goths and Vandals” or “Civilized” Farmers? Common Lands and Agricultural Productivity in Early-Twentieth-Century Spain
By analyzing the different factors affecting labor agricultural productivity in early-twentieth-century Spain, this article shows that common lands were not detrimental to agricultural development. Even though privatization fostered output per worker by bringing more land into cultivation, the role of the commons as provider of pasture and fertilizing materials counteracted that effect, especially in humid regions. The supposed advantages of dism…
Social and Environmental Filters to Market Incentives: The Persistence of Common Land in Nineteenth-Century Spain
The regional diversity of communal persistence in nineteenth-century Spain has been well documented by historiographers. Although the explanation of this divergence has been attributed to the social and environmental context, together with the prevailing market incentives, that characterized the different rural societies of this period, there has been no clear assessment of the role played by each of these factors. Through a comparative study of …
Common Lands and Economic Development in Spain
The impact of the privatisation of the commons remains a contested topic throughout the social sciences. Focusing on the Spanish case, this article reviews the literature and provides an overall assessment of this historical process based on recent research. Common lands appear to have been reasonably well managed and their dismantling did not foster agricultural productivity. Instead, the privatisation process negatively affected the economic si…
Where are the missing girls? Gender discrimination in 19th-century Spain
Migrants' self-selection in the early stages of modern economic growth, Spain (1880-1930)
Drawing on a large database from the register of inhabitants of Madrid, this article confirms that the literacy levels of internal migrants moving to the Spanish capital city in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century were higher than that of those who remained in their provinces of origin. This article also explores the different factors influencing the nature and intensity of the selection process. The empirical exercise stresses that t…
Inequality and education in pre-industrial economies: Evidence from Spain
Tracing the Evolution of Agglomeration Economies: Spain, 1860-1991
Using district population in Spain between 1860 and 1991, recorded approximately every decade, this article examines whether initial population affects subsequent population growth. While such a relationship between these two variables hardly existed during the second half of the nineteenth century, this link increased significantly between 1910 and 1970, although this trend was abruptly interrupted by the Civil War and the autarkic period that f…
Inequality and Growth in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Regional Data (Spain, 1860–1930)
This article measures inequality at the provincial level in Spain for different benchmark years between 1860 and 1930. It then empirically assesses the relationship between economic growth and inequality. The results confirm that, although growing incomes did not directly contribute to reducing inequality, at least during the early stages of modern economic growth, other processes associated with economic growth such as the rural exodus to urban …
What explains the missing girls in nineteenth-century Spain
Infant and childhood sex ratios in nineteenth-century Spain were abnormally high, thus pointing to some sort of unexplained excess female mortality. This article analyses internal regional variation and shows that certain economic and social factors mitigated gender discrimination against newborn and/or young girls. In particular, the presence of wage labour opportunities for women and the prevalence of extended families in which different genera…
The uneven transition towards universal literacy in Spain, 1860–1930
This study provides new evidence on the advance of literacy in Spain during the period 1860–1930. A novel dataset, built with historical information from the Spanish population censuses (over 8000 municipalities), enables this process to be described in detail from the end of the Ancien Régime to the Second Republic. The study thus presents stylised facts at a very low level of geographic aggregation, thereby permitting a closer examination of th…
Son Preference, Gender Discrimination, and Missing Girls in Rural Spain, 1750-1950
Relying on longitudinal microdata from a Spanish rural region between 1750 and 1950 (almost 35,000 life courses), this article provides evidence that discriminatory practices affected sex-specific mortality during infancy and childhood. Although it is likely that families also discriminated against girls during the first year of life, female excess mortality was especially visible in the 1-5 age group. While breastfeeding seems to have temporaril…
Infant and child sex ratios in late Imperial Russia
This article analyses infant and child sex ratios in late Imperial Russia relying on district-level information obtained from the 1897 Russian census (489 districts). The article shows that child sex ratios were, on average, relatively low (around 98 boys per hundred girls) due to the biological female advantage: the extremely high infant and child mortality rates took a greater toll on boys and pushed sex ratios down. These figures, however, hid…
Missing girls’ in historical Europe: Reopening the debate
Recent research argues that discriminatory practices unduly inflated female excess mortality during infancy and childhood in historical Europe. This article reviews the existing evidence by (1) evaluating the sources that can be used to study this phenomenon; (2) providing a state-of-the-art account of the prevalence of these discriminatory practices, as well as the factors that explain them; and (3) outlining a research agenda that could fill in…
Assessing gender discrimination during infancy and childhood using twins: The case of rural Spain, 1750-1950
This article uncovers the existence of discriminatory practices in pre-industrial Spain by examining the fate of twins. The analysis of the complete parish registers of a small rural area (17 villages) shows that female twins were discriminated both at birth and during infancy and childhood. Not only the sex ratio of twins at baptism was extremely unbalanced, but discrimination continued throughout infancy and childhood and resulted in female exc…
Family patriarchy and child sex ratios in historical Europe
Although recent findings suggest that gender-discriminatory practices unduly increased female mortality rates during infancy and childhood in historical Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe, there is little research on the conditions that triggered these practices. Relying on child sex ratios (the number of boys per hundred girls in a particular age group) as a cumulative measure of sex-differential mortality around birth, infancy, a…
Two Stories, One Fate: Age-Heaping and Literacy in Spain, 1877-1930
This study looks at human capital in Spain during the early stages of modern economic growth. We have assembled a new dataset for age-heaping and literacy in Spain with information about men and women from six population censuses and forty-nine provinces between 1877 and 1930. Our results show that, although age-heaping was less prevalent during the second half of the 19 th century than previously thought, it did not decline until the early 20 th…
Inferring “missing girls” from child sex ratios in historical census data
The topic of “missing girls” in historical Europe has not only been mostly neglected, but previous research addressing this issue usually took the available information too lightly, either rejecting or accepting the claims that there was discrimination against female children, without assessing the possibility that the observed child sex ratios could be attributable to chance, mortality differentials, or registration quality. This article contrib…
Sex ratios and gender discrimination in Modern Greece
This paper argues that son preference resulted in gender-based discriminatory practices that unduly increased mortality rates for females at birth and throughout infancy and childhood in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Greece. The relative numbers of boys and girls at birth was extremely high and under-registration of females cannot on its own explain this result. The infanticide and/or mortal neglect of infant girls was therefore more co…
Economic development, female wages and missing female births in Spain, 1900–1930
Focusing on Spain between 1900 and 1930, a period characterised by significant structural transformations and rapid economic growth, this article shows that the sex ratio at birth (SRB) was abnormally high, at least until the 1920s. Apart from questioning whether female under-registration and different mortality environments alone can explain the results reported here, our analysis of regional information indicates that SRBs were higher in provin…
Missing girls in Liberal Italy, 1861-1921
By relying on the number of (surviving) boys per hundred girls observed in the population censuses as a cumulative measure of differential mortality during birth, infancy, and childhood, this paper shows that average Italian child sex ratios (aged 0-4) were abnormally high between 1861 and 1921. Our estimations indicate that unexplained excess female mortality resulted in around 2-3 per cent of 'missing girls' during this period. Likewise, by con…
Life and death under son preference: Economic stress, fertility, and early-life mortality in rural Spain, 1800–1910
Based on longitudinal micro data from 13 Spanish rural villages between 1800 and 1910, this paper assesses whether discriminatory practices affected fertility and sex-specific mortality in infancy and childhood during economic crises. Our contribution is twofold. On the one hand, there is a connection between short-term economic stress, fertility, and sex ratios at baptism: high-price years were followed by a decline in the number of registered b…
Prenatal Care, Son Preference, and the Sex Ratio at Birth
The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in Spain jumped abruptly in the late 1970s and temporarily reached values of more than 109 boys per 100 girls in the early 1980s. This article shows that health care system expansion increased the likelihood of male births in Spain between 1975 and 1995. By facilitating the delivery of preterm and dystocic babies and improving overall maternal conditions, these developments increased the survival chances of male fetus…
Did Premodern Wars Impact Sex Ratios at Birth? The Case of 19th-Century Basque Country
This study examines the impact of pre-moder wars on sex ratios at birth. Specifically, it investigates whether wars involving premodern weaponry and more limited destruction increased stress for pregnant women such that the resulting hormonal changes in their bodies may have led to a decrease in the ratio of live-born boys to girls. To address this question, we analyzed all baptismal records from the Basque Country during the 19th century, encomp…
Society, economy and missing girls in 18th century Spain
Relying on local-level information in late-18th-century Spain (almost 17,500 locations), this article (1) shows that average child sex ratios were extremely high, a result that cannot be explained by female under-registration, (2) identifies which regions were more prone to suffer from ‘missing girls’, and (3) explores the factors that might be behind this phenomenon in 18th-century Spain. Our results show that, broadly speaking, Southern Spain e…
Sociology (20 works) · Demography (18 works) · Historical Economic and Social Studies (18 works) · Economics (17 works) · Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences (14 works) · Geography (14 works) · Population (14 works) · Demography (11 works) · Economic growth (9 works) · Political science (9 works)