Ellen Loots
Biographic Data
| ID | 1617350 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ellen Loots |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ellen |
| FAMILY NAME | Loots |
| SIGNATURE | LOOTS E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Erasmus University Rotterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1317-1477 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 32 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Between a rock and a hard place
Artists today are multiple job holders but also multiple grant seekers, piecing together diverse funding sources to realize their projects. Securing funding requires more than artistic merit: artists must balance artistic autonomy with the heteronomous demands of funders, who also emphasize accountability, efficiency, and measurable outcomes. This article examines how artists navigate these demands through a six-month study of ten artists, combin…
From peers to fans
This article examines how digital fundraising reconfigures cultural entrepreneurship among DIY musicians. Through interviews with Dutch DIY musicians who have successfully used crowdfunding and representatives from two platforms, we demonstrate how crowdfunding enables musicians to mobilize Bourdieu's alternative forms of capital and convert them into economic capital. While social capital remains a key driver of economic capital in crowdfunding,…
Passionately or reluctantly independent? Artistic and non-artistic self-employment compared
The stereotypical example of an intrinsically motivated person is an artist who creates art for art’s sake. In line with this, a frequently expressed argument is that many of these artists opt for self-employment to develop their artistic career and stay in control. Recently, in this journal, Feder and Woronkowicz in Journal of Cultural Economics 47 589–607, 2023, reported findings from a comprehensive study with US data in which they comparative…
Dynamics of platform-driven industry emergence
Artists as change agents in cross-sector partnerships
Hans Abbing
Entrepreneurial firm growth in creative industries
Firm growth in creative industries, which are characterized by craftmanship, imagination, artistic quality and innovativeness, is a conundrum. By means of a matched pair case study design of market leaders and followers in seven creative industries in the Netherlands, the present paper seeks to tackle this conundrum. It suggests that for entrepreneurial firms to develop (instead of stagnating or demising), founders need to fit in, or understand t…
Arts and culture in transformation
The understanding of resilience, and how the ability to respond or adjust to new situations can be implemented and evaluated, gained prominence in public policy. This study examines how European Union (EU) member states plan to support cultural and creative sectors (CCSs) within the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) of the NextGenerationEU Program and how they plan the CCSs to contribute to the grand challenges of our time. Using mixed metho…
At the juncture of funding, policy, and technology
Despite its ubiquity in arts and culture, crowdfunding has limitedly been instrumentalized in policy settings. Yet, with joint contributions by friends, fans, governments, and quasi-public institutions, match-funding of arts and culture through crowdfunding platforms may have benefits: increased revenues for makers and cultural fields, transparency in funding allocation, and stronger community engagement. Drawing upon interviews with regional and…
Welcome to the inner circle? Earnings and inequality in the creative industries
Do women and workers with a migration background earn relatively less in the core creative arts or in commercial creative sectors such as advertising? In this paper, we seek to (1) uncover to what extent workers' socio-demographic characteristics and the sub-sector of the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) in which they are active affect how much they earn, and (2) unravel to what extent the context of sub-sectors affects inequality in earni…
Emergency or emerging financing strategies of art museums in the context of a pandemic
Even if crises have the capacity to reveal the structural problems that underlie the various components of social systems, little systematic knowledge exists on how museums respond to these situations. Combining what is known about how museums reacted to previous crisis and empirical evidence of how museums recently adjusted their activities and strategies, the article highlights how art museums in Western Europe started to tackle the ambivalent …
New forms of finance and funding in the cultural and creative industries. Introduction to the special issue
Daring to disentangle
This conceptual paper focuses on understanding the interactions between art, science, and technology as forms of wide interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary collaboration. There is scarce knowledge about how the wide interdisciplinary interaction between artists, scientists, and technologists can be conceptualized through a shared framework for collaboration. The ecology of collaboration involves a complex set of social structures varying between…
The entrepreneurial ecosystem of cultural and creative industries in Porto
It is still a matter of dispute whether entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) frameworks can be confined to a single industry in isolation, let alone whether such a sub‐ecosystem approach can be employed in a domain that is distinct from the high‐growth industries usually scrutinised in the literature. This article seeks to apply a systemic and dynamic EE perspective to the development of cultural and creative industries (CCIs) within an urban context, …
Measures for the betterment of the labor market position of non-standard working regimes in the cultural and creative sector in the Netherlands
This article reflects on possible effects on income and earning capacity of creative workers of three measures that were recently introduced or that are being discussed to combat the vulnerability of non-standard working conditions in the cultural and creative sector in the Netherlands: the Balanced Labor Market Act, the Fair Practice Code for Culture, and a call for certain unified agreements, for instance in the form of minimum tariffs for self…
Designed for the job? An empirical study on the determinants of design graduates’ work choices
While there is a rich tradition of research into the labour market for artists, studies of the labour market for designers have only recently come on stream. This paper examines the factors affecting design graduates’ work choices, and specifically the proportion of time they are able or willing to spend working in the field they were educated. Based on a survey of design graduates in the Netherlands, we explore the relative importance of three t…
The intern economy in the cultural industry
Internships are work-based learning experiences, but when they are unpaid and become the standard after formal education, they imply an opportunity cost and could add to the formation of obstacles to the socio-economic mobility that (public) education should seek to attenuate. The present study consists of an evaluation of the intern economy in the French-speaking part of Belgium. Based on data of over 900 available positions in the cultural indu…
Co-Creative Action Research Experiments—A Careful Method for Causal Inference and Societal Impact
The rigor-versus-relevance debate in the world of academia is, by now, an old-time classic that does not seem to go away so easily. The grassroots movement Responsible Research in Business and Management, for instance, is a very active and prominent advocate of the need to change current research practices in the management domain, broadly defined. One of its main critiques is that current research practices are not apt to address day-to-day mana…
Micro-foundations of small business internationalization
Purpose We introduce and summarize the selected papers of the Special Section on the “Micro-Foundations of Small Business Internationalization and briefly summarize the state-of-the-art of this literature stream. Design/methodology/approach We briefly summarize the state-of-the-art of the literature regarding the micro-foundations of small business internationalization. Then, we summarize the selected papers of the Special Section, highlighting t…
Covid-19 and the arts and cultural sectors
The present study entails an analysis of the early measures and policies developed by five smaller and medium-sized European countries (the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Switzerland) in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic. In order to enable such a comparison, data was collected and categorised on government measures that could affect cultural and creative organizations and workers, issued by departments as diverse as …
Strings Attached to Arts Funding
Agency Theory deliberates the relationship between principals and agents, and the agency problems that originate in information asymmetries and goal conflicts. Through the lens of Agency Theory, with mixed methods, I investigate the decisions about funding of theatre organizations by governments, based on assessments by third parties. In two settings “artistic quality” is the major determinant of public support, to the detriment of criteria as pa…
Individual motivation among entrepreneurs in the creative and cultural industries
We aim to shed light on the deep mechanisms that keep individual entrepreneurs in the creative and cultural industries motivated in this insecure and fast‐paced environment. We collect data through a survey of entrepreneurs working in the Dutch creative and cultural industries (CCI) and examine what motivates these professionals to work in an environment characterized by tough competition. Specifically, we analyse our respondents' self‐perceived …
Creative economy, cultural economics and entrepreneurship – Questions for a masters programme in its adolescence. An Interview with Mariangela Lavanga and Ellen Loots
The purpose of this interview is to discuss the aims, objectives and achievements of a pioneering European masters degree – in the context of the politics of higher education and the economics of the creative industries
The growth puzzle in the creative industries
Les industries culturelles et créatives (ICC) sont considérées par les décideurs politiques comme un moteur important de la croissance économique. Cependant, la croissance des entreprises créatives reste encore une énigme. Cet essai théorique passe en revue ce qui est connu dans la littérature et explique pourquoi les créatifs et leurs industries sont un cas très particulier. Spécifiquement, nous soutenons que la motivation au niveau micro et la …
Young musicians’ career identities
One of the most-discussed tensions in the cultural and creative industries is that between art and commerce, creativity and business, the artistic and the economic logic. This paper investigates in how far this discrepancy manifests itself in young musicians' career identities. Based on extant qualitative research, we distinguish between bohemian and entrepreneurial career identities. The goal of our study is to understand whether the two compete…
Covid-19 and the arts and cultural sectors
The present study entails an analysis of the early measures and policies developed by five smaller and medium-sized European countries (the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Switzerland) in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic. In order to enable such a comparison, data was collected and categorised on government measures that could affect cultural and creative organizations and workers, issued by departments as diverse as …
Welcome to the inner circle? Earnings and inequality in the creative industries
Do women and workers with a migration background earn relatively less in the core creative arts or in commercial creative sectors such as advertising? In this paper, we seek to (1) uncover to what extent workers' socio-demographic characteristics and the sub-sector of the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) in which they are active affect how much they earn, and (2) unravel to what extent the context of sub-sectors affects inequality in earni…
Arts and culture in transformation
The understanding of resilience, and how the ability to respond or adjust to new situations can be implemented and evaluated, gained prominence in public policy. This study examines how European Union (EU) member states plan to support cultural and creative sectors (CCSs) within the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) of the NextGenerationEU Program and how they plan the CCSs to contribute to the grand challenges of our time. Using mixed metho…
Daring to disentangle
This conceptual paper focuses on understanding the interactions between art, science, and technology as forms of wide interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary collaboration. There is scarce knowledge about how the wide interdisciplinary interaction between artists, scientists, and technologists can be conceptualized through a shared framework for collaboration. The ecology of collaboration involves a complex set of social structures varying between…
Measures for the betterment of the labor market position of non-standard working regimes in the cultural and creative sector in the Netherlands
This article reflects on possible effects on income and earning capacity of creative workers of three measures that were recently introduced or that are being discussed to combat the vulnerability of non-standard working conditions in the cultural and creative sector in the Netherlands: the Balanced Labor Market Act, the Fair Practice Code for Culture, and a call for certain unified agreements, for instance in the form of minimum tariffs for self…
Emergency or emerging financing strategies of art museums in the context of a pandemic
Even if crises have the capacity to reveal the structural problems that underlie the various components of social systems, little systematic knowledge exists on how museums respond to these situations. Combining what is known about how museums reacted to previous crisis and empirical evidence of how museums recently adjusted their activities and strategies, the article highlights how art museums in Western Europe started to tackle the ambivalent …
At the juncture of funding, policy, and technology
Despite its ubiquity in arts and culture, crowdfunding has limitedly been instrumentalized in policy settings. Yet, with joint contributions by friends, fans, governments, and quasi-public institutions, match-funding of arts and culture through crowdfunding platforms may have benefits: increased revenues for makers and cultural fields, transparency in funding allocation, and stronger community engagement. Drawing upon interviews with regional and…
Designed for the job? An empirical study on the determinants of design graduates’ work choices
While there is a rich tradition of research into the labour market for artists, studies of the labour market for designers have only recently come on stream. This paper examines the factors affecting design graduates’ work choices, and specifically the proportion of time they are able or willing to spend working in the field they were educated. Based on a survey of design graduates in the Netherlands, we explore the relative importance of three t…
The growth puzzle in the creative industries
Les industries culturelles et créatives (ICC) sont considérées par les décideurs politiques comme un moteur important de la croissance économique. Cependant, la croissance des entreprises créatives reste encore une énigme. Cet essai théorique passe en revue ce qui est connu dans la littérature et explique pourquoi les créatifs et leurs industries sont un cas très particulier. Spécifiquement, nous soutenons que la motivation au niveau micro et la …
Young musicians’ career identities
One of the most-discussed tensions in the cultural and creative industries is that between art and commerce, creativity and business, the artistic and the economic logic. This paper investigates in how far this discrepancy manifests itself in young musicians' career identities. Based on extant qualitative research, we distinguish between bohemian and entrepreneurial career identities. The goal of our study is to understand whether the two compete…
Strings Attached to Arts Funding
Agency Theory deliberates the relationship between principals and agents, and the agency problems that originate in information asymmetries and goal conflicts. Through the lens of Agency Theory, with mixed methods, I investigate the decisions about funding of theatre organizations by governments, based on assessments by third parties. In two settings “artistic quality” is the major determinant of public support, to the detriment of criteria as pa…
Individual motivation among entrepreneurs in the creative and cultural industries
We aim to shed light on the deep mechanisms that keep individual entrepreneurs in the creative and cultural industries motivated in this insecure and fast‐paced environment. We collect data through a survey of entrepreneurs working in the Dutch creative and cultural industries (CCI) and examine what motivates these professionals to work in an environment characterized by tough competition. Specifically, we analyse our respondents' self‐perceived …
Creative economy, cultural economics and entrepreneurship – Questions for a masters programme in its adolescence. An Interview with Mariangela Lavanga and Ellen Loots
The purpose of this interview is to discuss the aims, objectives and achievements of a pioneering European masters degree – in the context of the politics of higher education and the economics of the creative industries
The intern economy in the cultural industry
Internships are work-based learning experiences, but when they are unpaid and become the standard after formal education, they imply an opportunity cost and could add to the formation of obstacles to the socio-economic mobility that (public) education should seek to attenuate. The present study consists of an evaluation of the intern economy in the French-speaking part of Belgium. Based on data of over 900 available positions in the cultural indu…
Co-Creative Action Research Experiments—A Careful Method for Causal Inference and Societal Impact
The rigor-versus-relevance debate in the world of academia is, by now, an old-time classic that does not seem to go away so easily. The grassroots movement Responsible Research in Business and Management, for instance, is a very active and prominent advocate of the need to change current research practices in the management domain, broadly defined. One of its main critiques is that current research practices are not apt to address day-to-day mana…
Micro-foundations of small business internationalization
Purpose We introduce and summarize the selected papers of the Special Section on the “Micro-Foundations of Small Business Internationalization and briefly summarize the state-of-the-art of this literature stream. Design/methodology/approach We briefly summarize the state-of-the-art of the literature regarding the micro-foundations of small business internationalization. Then, we summarize the selected papers of the Special Section, highlighting t…
Covid-19 and the arts and cultural sectors
The present study entails an analysis of the early measures and policies developed by five smaller and medium-sized European countries (the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Switzerland) in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic. In order to enable such a comparison, data was collected and categorised on government measures that could affect cultural and creative organizations and workers, issued by departments as diverse as …
The entrepreneurial ecosystem of cultural and creative industries in Porto
It is still a matter of dispute whether entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) frameworks can be confined to a single industry in isolation, let alone whether such a sub‐ecosystem approach can be employed in a domain that is distinct from the high‐growth industries usually scrutinised in the literature. This article seeks to apply a systemic and dynamic EE perspective to the development of cultural and creative industries (CCIs) within an urban context, …
Measures for the betterment of the labor market position of non-standard working regimes in the cultural and creative sector in the Netherlands
This article reflects on possible effects on income and earning capacity of creative workers of three measures that were recently introduced or that are being discussed to combat the vulnerability of non-standard working conditions in the cultural and creative sector in the Netherlands: the Balanced Labor Market Act, the Fair Practice Code for Culture, and a call for certain unified agreements, for instance in the form of minimum tariffs for self…
Designed for the job? An empirical study on the determinants of design graduates’ work choices
While there is a rich tradition of research into the labour market for artists, studies of the labour market for designers have only recently come on stream. This paper examines the factors affecting design graduates’ work choices, and specifically the proportion of time they are able or willing to spend working in the field they were educated. Based on a survey of design graduates in the Netherlands, we explore the relative importance of three t…
New forms of finance and funding in the cultural and creative industries. Introduction to the special issue
Daring to disentangle
This conceptual paper focuses on understanding the interactions between art, science, and technology as forms of wide interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary collaboration. There is scarce knowledge about how the wide interdisciplinary interaction between artists, scientists, and technologists can be conceptualized through a shared framework for collaboration. The ecology of collaboration involves a complex set of social structures varying between…
Hans Abbing
Entrepreneurial firm growth in creative industries
Firm growth in creative industries, which are characterized by craftmanship, imagination, artistic quality and innovativeness, is a conundrum. By means of a matched pair case study design of market leaders and followers in seven creative industries in the Netherlands, the present paper seeks to tackle this conundrum. It suggests that for entrepreneurial firms to develop (instead of stagnating or demising), founders need to fit in, or understand t…
Arts and culture in transformation
The understanding of resilience, and how the ability to respond or adjust to new situations can be implemented and evaluated, gained prominence in public policy. This study examines how European Union (EU) member states plan to support cultural and creative sectors (CCSs) within the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) of the NextGenerationEU Program and how they plan the CCSs to contribute to the grand challenges of our time. Using mixed metho…
At the juncture of funding, policy, and technology
Despite its ubiquity in arts and culture, crowdfunding has limitedly been instrumentalized in policy settings. Yet, with joint contributions by friends, fans, governments, and quasi-public institutions, match-funding of arts and culture through crowdfunding platforms may have benefits: increased revenues for makers and cultural fields, transparency in funding allocation, and stronger community engagement. Drawing upon interviews with regional and…
Welcome to the inner circle? Earnings and inequality in the creative industries
Do women and workers with a migration background earn relatively less in the core creative arts or in commercial creative sectors such as advertising? In this paper, we seek to (1) uncover to what extent workers' socio-demographic characteristics and the sub-sector of the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) in which they are active affect how much they earn, and (2) unravel to what extent the context of sub-sectors affects inequality in earni…
Emergency or emerging financing strategies of art museums in the context of a pandemic
Even if crises have the capacity to reveal the structural problems that underlie the various components of social systems, little systematic knowledge exists on how museums respond to these situations. Combining what is known about how museums reacted to previous crisis and empirical evidence of how museums recently adjusted their activities and strategies, the article highlights how art museums in Western Europe started to tackle the ambivalent …
Passionately or reluctantly independent? Artistic and non-artistic self-employment compared
The stereotypical example of an intrinsically motivated person is an artist who creates art for art’s sake. In line with this, a frequently expressed argument is that many of these artists opt for self-employment to develop their artistic career and stay in control. Recently, in this journal, Feder and Woronkowicz in Journal of Cultural Economics 47 589–607, 2023, reported findings from a comprehensive study with US data in which they comparative…
Dynamics of platform-driven industry emergence
Artists as change agents in cross-sector partnerships
Between a rock and a hard place
Artists today are multiple job holders but also multiple grant seekers, piecing together diverse funding sources to realize their projects. Securing funding requires more than artistic merit: artists must balance artistic autonomy with the heteronomous demands of funders, who also emphasize accountability, efficiency, and measurable outcomes. This article examines how artists navigate these demands through a six-month study of ten artists, combin…
From peers to fans
This article examines how digital fundraising reconfigures cultural entrepreneurship among DIY musicians. Through interviews with Dutch DIY musicians who have successfully used crowdfunding and representatives from two platforms, we demonstrate how crowdfunding enables musicians to mobilize Bourdieu's alternative forms of capital and convert them into economic capital. While social capital remains a key driver of economic capital in crowdfunding,…
Cultural Industries and Urban Development (18 works) · Political science (16 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Business (12 works) · Economics (12 works) · Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences (8 works) · Psychology (8 works) · Creative industries (6 works) · Engineering (6 works) · Social Psychology (6 works)