Rosemary Ricciardelli
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 163033 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Rosemary Ricciardelli |
| NOMBRES | Rosemary |
| APELLIDO | Ricciardelli |
| FIRMA | RICCIARDELLI R |
| AFILIACIONES | Memorial University of Newfoundland |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0905-8968 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 173 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 274 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 172 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2008 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
“We have a lot of intergenerational trauma ourselves, but we bring it to the table”
Canada's federal correctional service has, since the 1970s, undertaken a variety of initiatives intended to redress the overrepresentation of people who identify as Indigenous within the criminal justice system. While researchers examine such policies and programs, the voices of those responsible for delivering “on-the-ground” interventions are largely absent. The current article addresses this gap by analyzing the occupational experience of Indi…
Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) Employees
The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) is an unstudied public safety service responsible for protecting national security and thus the safety of all people in Canada. In the current study, we interviewed CSIS employees ( N = 38) to understand their mental health, the implications of their work, and the degree of stigma around mental health in their organization. Findings suggest 61% of interviewees reported being diagnosed with or havi…
Ambivalent Sexism in Policing
Is It Who You Know? A Qualitative Exploration of Informal Relationships in Policing
How police leaders provide development opportunities, promote, and recognize achievements have discernible effects on employees’ commitment and police culture, which can be damaged through negative perceptions. This qualitative case study of one Canadian police organization explores sworn police officers’ ( n = 17) understandings of informal relationships and its effects on officers and their organization. Semistructured interviews were conducted…
“It Was a Very Pleasant Surprise”
OBJECTIVES: Mental health service users are responsible and autonomous individuals who can comprehend their own illness and recovery and therefore engage healthcare professionals in their care. Studies have demonstrated how service users feel more dignified, safe, and respected during mental health treatment when they are listened to by their caregivers and included in treatment decision-making. The physical space and design of mental health faci…
Beliefs, referrals, and mental healthcare pathways in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Although the primary healthcare (PHC) system gatekeeps early access to mental healthcare services, little is known about the factors influencing the use of these services by people with mental disorders living in conflict zones of Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The current study describes the patterns and factors associated with pathways to mental healthcare, with an emphasis on how religious beliefs and referral patterns are associated wi…
The agricultural prison industry
Prison farms are common programs within correctional services; however, knowledge is limited regarding the agricultural prison industry. As a starting point for further study and policy development, we conducted a scoping review to map knowledge on the industry. The results show many publications focused on the agricultural prison industry were outdated, United States-based, and/or non-original research. Findings reveal agricultural positions ten…
From Military Service to Correctional Work
Building on prior research into the military-to-civilian transition and employment pathways within correctional services, this study examines the experiences of former military personnel employed in the Canadian prison system. While previous research has suggested prison work may be a common career route for Armed Forces leavers, the lived experiences of veterans working as correctional staff remain underexplored. This study provides the first em…
Correctional Services Canada Recruits
Correctional officers (COs) in Canada experience a high prevalence of mental disorders, suicidal behaviors, and trauma exposure. However, recruits entering the Correctional Service of Canada tend to show lower prevalence than the general population, likely influenced by mandatory pre-employment mental health screening. We report self-report survey data from 792 CO recruits between 2018 and 2024, assessing mental health, suicidal behaviors, and tr…
The First Year Behind Bars
This study explores how correctional officer (CO) orientations evolve during the first year of employment and the role of trauma in shaping these shifts. Drawing on interviews with 47 Canadian federal recruits from the Correctional Workers Well-Being, Organizations, Roles, and Knowledge (CCWORK) project, we thematically coded narratives and analyzed orientation trajectories with descriptive statistics, Sankey diagrams, and chi-square tests. Resul…
Occupational Challenges for Physical Fitness in Canadian Federal Correctional Services
Effective service delivery by correctional officers (COs) requires timely responses to critical incidents, making physical fitness essential. Research across public safety sectors links regular exercise to improved mental well-being, job satisfaction, and self-esteem. However, little qualitative research has examined how fitness shapes COs’ experiences, addresses the occupational barriers tied to exercising, and assesses its impact on officer men…
“It’s imperative. We can’t do it, without it”
The police tactical armored vehicle (TAV) has become the beacon for criticism underpinning police spending, overreach, and police militarization. Consistent with how patrol cruisers indicate police presence, the TAV shows police tactical (TAC) team presence. Missing among contested arguments surrounding police TAVs is an understanding from practitioners as to why the police need the TAV and how it is used to maintain human safety during rapidly u…
Correctional Officers’ Perspectives on Canada’s Correctional Training Program
Mentally, I will never be what I was’
On any given day, tens of thousands of people are in custody in Canada’s correctional systems. Serving time in prison affects the person incarcerated and their family and/or loved ones psychologically and emotionally. To explore how, we interviewed 15 adults residing in Ontario with family members incarcerated in Canada. Our focus was on the adult family members’ experiences and the effects of having a family member in prison on their well-being.…
Federal Correctional Officers
We study how Canadian federal correctional officer recruits identifying as men interpret and experience their masculinities during training. We recognize the correctional officer occupation remains male dominated, despite widespread efforts by governments, organizations, and stakeholders to increase equity, diversity, and inclusion in employment practices—and the need to recruit more women given the recruitment crisis in correctional services int…
Guarding the Stigmatized
Stigma toward individuals convicted of sexual offenses has long been a focus of prison research, particularly given the crucial role correctional officers play in maintaining prisoner safety and rehabilitation. A Weberian-inspired typology captures the core meaning structures organizing officers’ attitudes toward sex offenders through three constructs: purposeful blindness, disgust, and security cautiousness. By distinguishing these attitudinal t…
Provincial correctional workers in Ontario
Despite growing attention to the diverse mental health challenges within correctional work, minimal research has focused on the experiences of institutional managers and leaders. The current study analyzed survey responses from institutional managers and leaders in Ontario, Canada ( n = 97), focusing on mental health disorder prevalence, stress exposures, and support seeking practices. Results indicated a high prevalence of mental health disorder…
“We're not worth it”
In this article, we explore the social environment of Canadian federal parole officers (POs) through a study on seven self-worth contingencies (i.e., recognition, images, comparisons, ideology, kinship, competence, and virtue) adopted for public safety contexts. We qualitatively investigate 28 POs' perceptions, taking a semi-grounded constructivist approach to interview data, and learn how parole officers experience esteem at work. We demonstrate…
“It gets your foot in the door”
The psychological strain inherent to the policing profession and the effect of psychological strain on sworn and civilian members are increasingly recognized. The effects of stress can be wide-ranging, including an increased risk for occupational or posttraumatic stress injuries. Police services have implemented a variety of wellness programs; however, little is known about the benefits and challenges of these programs. In the current study, we e…
Identity work and stigma
This study examines how 22 male parolees navigate the job search process using adaptive identity strategies. Anticipating stigma tied to their criminal records, they reconcile identity meanings and construct possible professional selves to manage employer bias and appear as viable candidates. Findings show that the visibility and perceived relevance of a criminal record require deliberate identity work. For parolees, seeking employment involves e…
Parole work in Canada
Analyzing interview data ( n = 150) collected from Canadian federal parole officers (POs), we unpack potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs) concerning experiences supervising and supporting re-entry of people convicted of sex-related crimes (PCSCs). We find heterogeneity in the broad range of sex-crime behavior and potential psychological trauma that POs negotiate regarding their own gender and familial circumstances. We further obs…
How practical is tactical? Political sociology, militarization, and police tactical teams in Canada
Emergency Response Teams (ERT), commonly referred to as Special Weapons And Tactics (SWAT) teams, are the specialized police unit responsible for mitigating violent and dangerous conflict beyond the capacity of general duty to handle effectively. Debates surrounding the application and effectiveness of ERTs in policing highlight a need to keep ERT members safe due to adequacy and occupational health and safety standards while concurrently managin…
Occupational Experiences of Public Safety Communicators During the Covid-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented global crisis as the virus affected many, and lives were restricted by public health measures. Public Safety Communicators (PSCs; e.g., 9-1-1 operators, call-takers, dispatchers) faced unique challenges in their work as the pandemic progressed with shifting workloads as well as requirements to continue to work and to work in-person. Moreover, PSCs were the person to call when there was a medical or p…
Exposures to potentially psychologically traumatic events
We discuss our results in the context of correctional worker wellness and conclude with recommendations for policies to address mental health treatment and resource gaps in correctional services. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Exploring how Canadian Correctional Workers Understand their Adverse Childhood Experiences
Investigating Hegemonic Masculinity
Strategic masculinities
Expressions of masculinity in prison are most often characterized as being structured in response to an environment that encourages displays of stoicism, bravery, physical prowess and violence/aggression. However, we found that the antagonistic, precarious and risk-prone environment of the prison shapes prisoners’ behaviours and the constitution of ‘normative’ and hegemonic masculinities in more nuanced ways than prior research suggests. Drawing …
Are You Man Enough to be a Nurse? The Impact of Ambivalent Sexism and Role Congruity on Perceptions of Men and Women in Nursing Advertisements
Shaping the online fat acceptance movement
Over the past decade, in Canada and the United States, blogs have become a popular and important space for fat women and their allies to create and further develop discursive strategies to contest the gendered anti-fat discourses perpetuated by the media, governments and the field of medicine and institutions of public health (e.g., Elliot, C. (2007). Journal of Canadian Studies, 41, 134–149. Gimlin, D. (2002). Body work: Beauty and self-image in…
If a girl's photo gets sent around, that's a way bigger deal than if a guy's photo gets sent around
Youth, particularly female teens, are encouraged to self-monitor and be responsible for their actions online in order to avoid harm from cyberbullying, ‘sexting,’ and other forms of cyber-risk. Highlighting findings from 35 focus groups with Canadian teens regarding sexting, we show the continued saliency of a gendered double standard applied to the online distribution of nudes. Our sample of male and female teens (n = 115) from urban and rural r…
They’re a very sick group of individuals’
In this article, we analyze the politics of emotions within the occupational culture of correctional officers by focusing attention on how sex offenders are constituted as objects of fear and disgust. We draw on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 100 Canadian men and women with experience working as correctional officers in provincial prisons (e.g. New Brunswick, Ontario, Alberta, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island) to understand how sex offende…
Smartphone and social media addiction
Addiction" to internet-connected technology continues to dominate media discourses of young people. Researchers have identified negative outcomes, including decreased mental health, resulting from anxieties related to technology, e.g., a fear of missing out and social connectivity related to online technologies. Not enough is known, however, regarding young people's own responses to these ideas. This paper highlights discussions with teenagers ar…
Canadian Provincial Correctional Officers
Prison environments are structured by hierarchical relations of power and real, or perceived, risk. I use data derived from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 44 male correctional officers (COs) employed or previously employed in Canadian provincial prisons to reveal how their work environment shapes their masculinities and understandings of vulnerabilities—risk perceptions, insecurities, and uncertainties. I argue that the processes of sel…
I’ve Had Cases That Have Gone in the Wrong Direction and That Has Affected Me”
Parole officers are central actors in the penal system as their decisions can affect the timing of a person’s release from prison and also restrict or enable their freedoms in the community upon release. Existing research on parole examines how parole officers think about and govern ex-prisoners via techniques of surveillance, regulation, and support. Few studies, however, provide qualitative insight into how parole officers experience their occu…
Society Wants to See a True Victim”
Despite attempts to rectify the injustices experienced by victims of sexual violence within the criminal justice system, unfounded rates for sexual violence remain high and many victims continue to feel disempowered and voiceless. In this context, police officers wrestle with how to support victims, while protecting those who may be falsely accused and grappling with deeply imbedded cultural beliefs about who constitutes a “true” victim. In the c…
Playing the system
There are growing concerns about the impact of public safety work on the mental health of public safety personnel; as such, we explored systemic and individual factors that might dissuade public safety personnel from seeking care. Public safety personnel barriers to care-seeking include the stigma associated with mental disorders and frequent reports of insufficient access to care. To better understand barriers to care-seeking, we thematically an…
The prisoner’s dilemma
Drawing on interview data with 56 former prisoners in Canada, we examine how male prisoners understand, experience, and respond to threat while incarcerated. We show that prisoners face a variety of different and often competing threats, resulting from prisoner interactions (e.g. threat of physical violence for being a “snitch”) on the one side, and institutional powers and procedures on the other side (e.g. threat of delayed release from prison)…
Establishing and asserting masculinity in Canadian penitentiaries
Prisons housing adult men have been identified as hypermasculine environments. As a gender process, masculinities are influenced by a multitude of factors. Although presentations of masculinities vary across men and over time, researchers have identified some shared masculine ideals many men try to embody. As a subset, the hegemonic or dominant form of masculinity includes elements that ensure a level of domination is held by those who embody cer…
The Tender Cut
The Floating Signifier of ‘Safety’
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect prisons internationally. Existing research focuses on infection data, meaning we do not fully understand how COVID-19 shapes frontline prison dynamics. We draw on qualitative interviews with 21 Canadian federal correctional officers, exploring how the pandemic impacted prison management. Officers suggested inconsistent messaging around COVID-19 protocols reduced institutional and officers’ self-legitimacy…
A New Privacy Paradox? Youth Agentic Practices of Privacy Management Despite “Nothing to Hide” Online
Focus groups conducted with Canadian teenagers examining their perceptions and experiences with cyber risk, center on various privacy strategies geared for impression management across popular social network sites (SNS). We highlight privacy concerns as a primary reason for a gravitation away from Facebook toward newer, more popular sites such as Instagram and Snapchat, as well as debates about the permeability of privacy on Snapchat in particula…
Correctional Officer Reflections on How to Address Incarcerated People’s Unmet Needs in Canadian Prisons
Although incarcerated people best understand their needs and rehabilitative processes, the current study explores how correctional officers (COs) understand the needs of people in their custody and care to support their reentry and incarceration experience. Given COs are the lifeline of incarcerated people, penal scholarship should value their input as an essential resource for recognizing what incarcerated people need to desist and prepare for r…
Ethnographic experiences of participating in a correctional officer training program
In the current article, I reflect on data from an ethnographic study at the National Training Academy of the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC), where I participated in the correctional officer training program (CTP) with the objective to gain appreciation for the many realities of the training process and content. Reflecting on experiences as a uniformed participant in the 14-week in-person component of the program, I describe the challenges t…
Invisible ghosts of care and penality
Much correctional work is generally misunderstood by the mainstream media and many public circles as solely punitive and authoritative, which has fueled many politicized outcomes for correctional policy, practice and intervention. Reasonably, critical criminological discourse is steered primarily by the perspectives and voices of prisoners and victims. Yet this privileging leaves many questions remaining about how correctional workers in the cont…
Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Factors
Correctional services are plagued by poor staff retention, shortages, and high rates of turnover, which represent costly challenges for recruitment, training, and administration. Central to addressing challenges of correctional officer retention and staffing shortages is insight into what motivates individuals to pursue a career in correctional services. Although researchers have looked at the motivations of correctional officers entering the Can…
Suffering in Silence
In the course of their duties, correctional employees face exposure to a variety of potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs). Recent research points to an array of consequences of work experiences on the psychological well-being of correctional staff, including the development of mental health disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, general anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder. Drawing on an open-ended survey respo…
Prison didn’t change me, I have changed”
Drawing on interview data with over 50 male former prisoners in Ontario, Canada, we examine male ex-prisoners' narratives of change within prison settings. Specifically, we focus on how ex-prisoners talk about change to self and their persona, as they reflect back on both their pre-prison selves and the ways they believe prison changed them. We find that these ex-prisoners described prison as a time where they developed a more general sense of po…
Employment after incarceration
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the social stigmatization of the formerly incarcerated identity and how this affects employment post-release. The authors consider the characteristics of this identity and the identity management strategies that individuals draw from as they navigate employment. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 men at various stages of release from federal institut…
Exposing ‘Sex’ Offenders
Masculinity, Consumerism, and Appearance
Historically, being concerned about appearance was stereotypically associated with women. Now masculinities too have become embedded in appearance norms. Consequently men too are increasingly concerned about their appearance. Via interviews with 14 Canadian men, the role of hair in self-identification and both satisfaction and dissatisfaction with appearance is examined. Emergent themes suggest that masculinity and appearance are increasingly int…
Causes of Wrongful Conviction
The current study investigates the impact of a criminal justice education on student knowledge about wrongful conviction. Past research has found fallibility of hard evidence (e.g., eyewitness misidentification), police and lawyer behaviors (e.g., tunnel vision), and social group discrimination to be underlying causes of wrongful conviction. We developed a survey to investigate student knowledge of these underlying causes, comparing participants …
Men, appearance, and cosmetic surgery
Recent research has suggested that perceptions of the body are important to men's sense of confidence and that men see the body as a vehicle for personal improvement. To build on this research, an online survey investigated Canadian men's perspectives on their appearance and their attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. Low self-esteem, lack of confidence, and comfort with one's body uniquely predicted different aspects of men's experiences, including…
Investigating Hegemonic Masculinity
The Impact of an Exonoree’s Guest Lecture on Students’ Attitudes toward Wrongly Convicted Persons
Although research has addressed factors underlying wrongful conviction, relatively little research investigates how people who have been wrongly convicted are perceived by others. In particular, we examined the impact of an exonoree speaking about his experiences on attitudes and perceptions of wrongful conviction. To contribute to this understudied area, we surveyed two groups of students before and after hearing a guest lecture—either a guest l…
Masculinity, Consumerism, and Appearance
Historically, being concerned about appearance was stereotypically associated with women. Now masculinities too have become embedded in appearance norms. Consequently men too are increasingly concerned about their appearance. Via interviews with 14 Canadian men, the role of hair in self-identification and both satisfaction and dissatisfaction with appearance is examined. Emergent themes suggest that masculinity and appearance are increasingly int…
Women and Men in Conflicting Social Roles
Despite legislation for gender equality in many nations, gender discrimination continues to be a problem. Psychological research from social role theory, the stereotype content model, and ambivalent sexism provide insights into the motivations behind gender inequality. This article reviews key research findings from these theoretical perspectives in the realm of gendered occupational inequalities and segregation. The emphasis of the article is on…
The Tender Cut
The Portrayal of Elements Historically Associated with Masculine and Feminine Domains in Lad and Metrosexual Men’s Lifestyle Magazines
Differing presentations of masculinity exist that appear to differentially embody elements historically associated with masculine and feminine domains. Metrosexuality, for instance, has been associated with more feminine characteristics and lifestyle choices (Simpson, 1994a) while laddist masculinity was presumed to be more traditionally masculine given its focus on bachelorhood and hedonistic consumption. The present research investigated repres…
Investigating Threat Perception Among Correctional Officers in the Canadian Provincial Correctional System
This paper presents findings regarding the perception and experience of threat among correctional officers in the Canadian provincial correctional system. Men employed in provincial remand centers or corrections institutions in diverse provinces across Canada, who interact daily with prisoners, voluntarily participated in detailed 60- to 180-minute in-depth interviews. Analysis of interview transcripts reveals that violence is prevalent and men e…
Rebecca Trammell, Enforcing the Convict Code
Surviving Incarceration
This book outlines the modern "inmate code" that governs prisoner behaviours, the formal controls put forth by the administration, the dynamics that shape sex-offender experiences of incarceration, and the personal growth experiences of many prisoners as they cope with incarceration
Modifying the Body
In postmodern scholarship there has been a temporal shift to thinking of the body as malleable rather than fixed, which has opened space for the remaking of the self via the remaking of the body (Featherstone, 1991; Giddens, 1991). Among men, this process is thought to interact with shifting understandings of masculinity. In this study, 14 interviews were conducted to investigate experiences of masculinity, physical appearance and cosmetic surger…
Are You Man Enough to be a Nurse? The Impact of Ambivalent Sexism and Role Congruity on Perceptions of Men and Women in Nursing Advertisements
Exposing ‘Sex’ Offenders
Strategic masculinities
Expressions of masculinity in prison are most often characterized as being structured in response to an environment that encourages displays of stoicism, bravery, physical prowess and violence/aggression. However, we found that the antagonistic, precarious and risk-prone environment of the prison shapes prisoners’ behaviours and the constitution of ‘normative’ and hegemonic masculinities in more nuanced ways than prior research suggests. Drawing …
Public Perceptions of the Stigmatization of Wrongly Convicted Individuals
Many exonerees report stigmatizing experiences and difficulties securing gainful employment post-incarceration. Although researchers have begun to investigate public perceptions of wrongful conviction, there remains a dearth of knowledge about public perceptions of exonerees. To provide insight into how the public perceives exonerees, face-to-face interviews were conducted with members (n=30) of a suburban city in South Central Ontario. Data anal…
Shaping the online fat acceptance movement
Over the past decade, in Canada and the United States, blogs have become a popular and important space for fat women and their allies to create and further develop discursive strategies to contest the gendered anti-fat discourses perpetuated by the media, governments and the field of medicine and institutions of public health (e.g., Elliot, C. (2007). Journal of Canadian Studies, 41, 134–149. Gimlin, D. (2002). Body work: Beauty and self-image in…
Establishing and asserting masculinity in Canadian penitentiaries
Prisons housing adult men have been identified as hypermasculine environments. As a gender process, masculinities are influenced by a multitude of factors. Although presentations of masculinities vary across men and over time, researchers have identified some shared masculine ideals many men try to embody. As a subset, the hegemonic or dominant form of masculinity includes elements that ensure a level of domination is held by those who embody cer…
They’re a very sick group of individuals’
In this article, we analyze the politics of emotions within the occupational culture of correctional officers by focusing attention on how sex offenders are constituted as objects of fear and disgust. We draw on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 100 Canadian men and women with experience working as correctional officers in provincial prisons (e.g. New Brunswick, Ontario, Alberta, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island) to understand how sex offende…
Canadian Provincial Correctional Officers
Prison environments are structured by hierarchical relations of power and real, or perceived, risk. I use data derived from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 44 male correctional officers (COs) employed or previously employed in Canadian provincial prisons to reveal how their work environment shapes their masculinities and understandings of vulnerabilities—risk perceptions, insecurities, and uncertainties. I argue that the processes of sel…
Constructions and Negotiations of Sexuality in Canadian Federal Men's Prisons
Nuances lacing the organization of sexuality across cultures and contexts shape sexual behavior and identity. In this article, the culture and understandings of sexual identity and behavior in Canadian men's federal prisons are examined to reveal how prisoners construct and interpret their own sexuality, as well as that of others, within the heteronormative prison space. Drawing from interviews with formerly incarcerated men, we explore how sexua…
North of 49
Canada has a number of unique features that distinguish it from other international jurisdictions, including its close neighbor the United States. In 2016, the country’s population was approximatel
From knowledge to action? The Youth Criminal Justice Act and use of extrajudicial measures in youth policing
Since its implementation, several studies have asserted that the Youth Criminal Justice Act [YCJA] (2003) has been successful in lessening the number of Canadian youth sent to court and later incarcerated. However, earlier work has not addressed the limitations of the YCJA in provinces where its provisions have only been partially implemented due to limited resources. Analyses of quantitative data derived from a survey of police officers in an At…
Youth perceptions of police in rural Atlantic Canada
Canadian research on public perceptions of police is limited, especially studies examining rural youth. Most research examining youth perceptions and experiences of police, both within and outside of Canada, has been conducted in urban areas. In this article, we highlight findings from a case study of rural youth that explores how youth in remote, rural areas perceive the police and the factors that shape their perceptions. We examine the influen…
Policing “Domestic Disturbances” in Small Towns and Rural Communities
Drawing on Canadian police data on homicide involving domestic dispute calls from 1960 to the present ( n = 20), as well as on in‐depth interviews with police officers ( n = 33) working in rural and remote communities, the authors reexamine the argument that police attendance at domestic disturbance calls can pose a special threat to officer safety. Although some scholarship suggests that purported risks have been overstated, the authors argue th…
Psychology (124 obras) · Political science (93 obras) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (83 obras) · Sociology (81 obras) · Criminology (67 obras) · Medicine (62 obras) · Social Psychology (58 obras) · Law (48 obras) · Mental health (41 obras) · Prison (39 obras)