William H Dow
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 163571 |
|---|---|
| NOME | William H Dow |
| PRENOMES | William H |
| SOBRENOME | Dow |
| ASSINATURA | DOW W H |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of California, Berkeley |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4080-1668 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 58 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 90 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 58 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2002 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
How do repeated financial incentives affect HIV care-seeking behaviours over time? Evidence from a cluster-randomised controlled trial
BACKGROUND: A more nuanced understanding of behavioural responses to incentives over time, particularly after they are removed, could guide more effective interventions. In this study, we build on the primary trial evaluation to explore the dynamic effectiveness of small, short-term monthly financial incentives on HIV care-seeking behaviours during and after incentive removal. METHODS: We conducted a 32-site cluster-randomised controlled trial (N…
Impact of Financial Incentives on Intimate Partner Violence for Women Living with HIV Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy
Financial incentives have demonstrated effectiveness in improving outcomes for people living with HIV; however, little is known about their impact on intimate partner violence (IPV) in this vulnerable population. A cluster-randomized trial investigating financial incentives and viral suppression was conducted in the Lake Zone of Tanzania (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT0420135). Between May 2021-March 2022, 32 clinics were randomized 1:1 to receive the s…
Effects of a Lottery Incentive on STI/HIV Incidence Among Female Sex Workers in Tanzania
Female sex workers (FSW) are a key population who experience a disproportionately high burden of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A growing body of evidence suggests that financial incentives can reduce risky sexual behavior and reduce HIV/STI incidence, however few studies have examined a lottery-based incentive mechanism or been conducted with FSW. We examined the effect of a lottery intervention on combined HIV/HSV2 incidence am…
Reducing Bias Among Health Care Providers
Bias among health care providers can lead to poor-quality care and poor health outcomes, and it can exacerbate disparities. We use a randomised controlled trial to evaluate an intervention to reduce family planning provider bias towards young women in 227 clinics in Tanzania, Burkina Faso and Pakistan. The intervention educated providers about bias towards young women, facilitated communication about bias with other providers and offered non-fina…
Do conditional cash transfers reduce hypertension
Progresa, an anti-poverty conditional cash transfer program, has been a model for similar programs in more than 60 countries. Numerous studies have found positive impacts on schooling, the nutritional and health status of children and adolescents, and household consumption. However, the effects on the health of older adult beneficiaries have been particularly understudied. In this paper we analyze the effects of Progresa on middle-aged and older …
Barriers to Accessing Paid Parental Leave Among Birthing Parents With Perinatal Health Complications
Effect of a Lottery Intervention on Gender-Based Violence among Female Sex Workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Financial incentives are a promising approach for HIV prevention. Some studies have shown that financial incentive interventions aimed to promote positive health and social behaviors have mixed or harmful effects on gender-based violence, and little is known about their effects among higher risk groups such as female sex workers. To address this gap, this study investigated the relationship between a lottery-based incentive and gender-based viole…
Effects of a Lottery Incentive on Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV Incidence among Female Sex Workers in Tanzania
Female sex workers are a key population who experience a disproportionately high burden of HIV and sexually transmitted infections. A growing body of evidence suggests that financial incentives can reduce risky sexual behavior and the incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections; however, few studies have examined a lottery-based incentive mechanism or been conducted with female sex workers. This paper examines the effect of a lottery int…
Influence of Covid-19 on Female Sex Workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
This study investigates how the landscape of sex work in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, evolved in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic. Using a mixed-methods approach, the analysis triangulates data from quantitative and qualitative sources to quantify shifts in income, demand, and client frequency and describe female sex workers’ perspectives on their work environment. The COVID-19 restrictions introduced in early 2020 resulted in dramatic decreases …
A guaranteed income intervention to improve the health and financial well-being of low-income black emerging adults
Background: Economic inequity systematically affects Black emerging adults (BEA), aged 18-24, and their healthy trajectory into adulthood. Guaranteed income (GI)-temporary, unconditional cash payments-is gaining traction as a policy solution to address the inequitable distribution of resources sewn by decades of structural racism and disinvestment. GI provides recipients with security, time, and support to enable their transition into adulthood a…
Financial incentives to improve re-engagement in HIV care
Objective Determine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of financial incentives to motivate re-engagement in HIV care in Shinyanga, Tanzania.Methods Out-of-care people living with HIV (PLHIV) were identified from medical records in four clinics and home-based care providers (HBCs) from April 13, 2018 to March 3, 2020. Shinyanga Region residents, ≥18 years, who were disengaged from care were randomized 1:1 to a financial …
Does educational attainment modify the causal relationship between adiposity and cardiovascular disease? A Mendelian randomization study
A greater risk of cardiovascular disease is associated with low educational attainment and high adiposity. Despite the correlation between low educational attainment and high adiposity, whether educational attainment modifies the risk of CVD caused by high adiposity remains poorly understood. We investigated the effect of adiposity (body mass index [BMI] and waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI [WHRadjBMI]) on incident CVD among individuals with v…
Risks of Intimate Partner Violence for Women Living with HIV Receiving Cash Transfers
Cash transfers are increasingly used to motivate adherence to HIV care. However, evidence on cash transfers and intimate partner violence (IPV) is mixed and little is known about their safety for women living with HIV. We conducted in-depth interviews with women living with HIV who participated in a randomized trial providing 6 months of cash transfers (~$4.5 or $11 USD) conditional on HIV clinic attendance in Shinyanga, Tanzania to assess how re…
Inequities in paid parental leave across industry and occupational class
We observed substantial inequities in access to paid leave by industry sector and occupational class. These findings underscore the potential importance of universal PFL programs with universal benefits to reduce clear inequities that persist within the labor market today
Evaluating the Effect of San Francisco’s Paid Parental Leave Ordinance on Birth Outcomes
Since 2017, San Francisco's Paid Parental Leave Ordinance (PPLO) has allowed parents who work for private-sector employers to take 6 weeks of fully paid postnatal parental leave. Previous studies have linked paid parental leave with health improvements for birthing people and babies, although evidence for birth outcomes is limited. We hypothesized that the PPLO may have improved birth outcomes via reduced stress during pregnancy due to anticipati…
Race/Ethnic Differences, Skin Tone, and Memory Among Older Latinos in the United States
Findings support the importance of examining self-identified race and skin tone in Latino aging research. Further investigation is needed to understand the stubborn intra-Latino racial disparities in memory performance and surprising adverse cognitive performance among "white"-toned relative to darker-toned Puerto Ricans in Boston
Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Paid Family and Medical Leave
Objectives. To examine racial and ethnic inequities in paid family and medical leave (PFML) access and the extent to which these inequities are mediated by employment characteristics. Methods. We used data from the 2011 and 2017–2018 American Time Use Survey in the United States to describe paid leave access by race/ethnicity. We present unadjusted models, models stratified by policy-targetable employment characteristics, and adjusted regression …
Durability of effects from short-term economic incentives for clinic attendance among HIV positive adults in Tanzania
INTRODUCTION: Conditional economic incentives are shown to promote medication adherence across a range of health conditions and settings; however, any long-term harms or benefits from these time-limited interventions remain largely unevaluated. We assessed 2-3 years outcomes from a 6-month incentive programme in Tanzania that originally improved short-term retention in HIV care and medication possession. METHODS: We traced former participants in …
Racial/Ethnic Inequities in Paid Parental Leave Access
Inequitable access to paid parental leave through both employers and government programs exacerbates racial inequities at birth. This form of structural racism could be addressed by policies expanding access to paid leave
Color disparities in cognitive aging among Puerto Ricans on the archipelago
This research seeks to contribute new understanding of color disparities and gender in cognitive aging among older adults residing in Puerto Rico. We use the island-representative Puerto Rican Elderly Health Conditions (PREHCO) longitudinal study that measures cognitive health at baseline and cognitive decline between waves. In pooled models, we discern little or no color disparities in cognition at baseline. Sex-stratified models of baseline cog…
Measuring Family Planning Provider Bias
The unmet need for modern contraception remains high around the world, particularly for youth. While some of this unmet need is driven by limited health infrastructure and method mix availability, many adolescents who visit family planning providers still do not receive methods that fit their needs. This suggests that providers may be biased against youth and that interventions to change provider behavior could help close this gap. However, it is…
A randomized trial of cash incentives for sexual behavior change among female sex workers in Dar es Salaam
Employer-Reported Access to Paid Parental Leave
A growing body of research finds that paid leave policies have significant population health benefits for workers and their families, but the lack of a national paid leave policy in the United States leaves most workers without access to any paid leave. In 2017 San Francisco implemented the nation's first fully paid leave policy, mandating that covered employers provide up to six weeks of leave to care for a new child. The objective of our study …
Peer effects in smoking cessation
While smoking is widely acknowledged to be a social activity, limited evidence exists on the extent to which friends influence each other during worksite-based tobacco cessation interventions. Drawing on data from adult smokers (N = 1823) in a large, cluster randomized controlled trial in worksites in Thailand, this study examines the presence of social spillovers in the decision to abstain from smoking. We leverage a unique aspect of social netw…
Education and adult mortality in middle-income countries
We find that adult mortality and risk factor gradients in MICs can be much different than the established patterns seen in modern HICs. Our results highlight that adult mortality gradients are not an inevitability and are not found in all populations. Understanding what factors give rise to inequalities in adult mortality and what can be done to minimize gradients while still ensuring continued mortality improvements in MICs is a crucial focus fo…
Surprising SES Gradients in Mortality, Health, and Biomarkers in a Latin American Population of Adults
Negative modern behaviors among high-SES groups may be reversing cardiovascular risks across SES groups, hence reversing mortality risks. But negative SES gradients in healthy years of life persist
Changes in access to health care in China, 1989–1997
The post-1979 period in China has seen the implementation of reforms that dismantled much of the Maoist era social welfare system and permitted a significant reallocation of society's resources. The result has been rapid but uneven economic development that has profoundly altered the environment within which consumers make health investment decisions. Many studies report significant and apparently non-random reductions in health care utilization …
Early Effects of the San Francisco Paid Sick Leave Policy
Objectives. We examined employers’ responses to San Francisco, California’s 2007 Paid Sick Leave Ordinance. Methods. We used the 2009 Bay Area Employer Health Benefits Survey to describe sick leave policy changes and the policy’s effects on firm (n = 699) operations. Results. The proportion of firms offering paid sick leave in San Francisco grew from 73% in 2006 to 91% in 2009, with large firms (99%) more likely to offer sick leave than are small…
Education Gains Attributable to Fertility Decline
We investigate the heterogeneity across countries and time in the relationship between mother’s fertility and children’s educational attainment—the quantity-quality (Q-Q) trade-off—by using census data from 17 countries in Asia and Latin America, with data from each country spanning multiple census years. For each country-year, we estimate micro-level instrumental variables models predicting secondary school attainment using number of siblings of…
Did the distribution of health insurance in China continue to grow less equitable in the nineties? Results from a longitudinal survey
Health insurance and child mortality in Costa Rica
Measuring Family Planning Provider Bias
The unmet need for modern contraception remains high around the world, particularly for youth. While some of this unmet need is driven by limited health infrastructure and method mix availability, many adolescents who visit family planning providers still do not receive methods that fit their needs. This suggests that providers may be biased against youth and that interventions to change provider behavior could help close this gap. However, it is…
Differences in the association of cardiovascular risk factors with education
BACKGROUND: Despite different levels of economic development, Costa Rica and the USA have similar mortalities among adults. However, in the USA there are substantial differences in mortality by educational attainment, and in Costa Rica there are only minor differences. This contrast motivates an examination of behavioural and biological correlates underlying this difference. METHODS: The authors used data on adults aged 60 and above from the Cost…
Long-term association of economic inequality and mortality in adult Costa Ricans
Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Paid Family and Medical Leave
Objectives. To examine racial and ethnic inequities in paid family and medical leave (PFML) access and the extent to which these inequities are mediated by employment characteristics. Methods. We used data from the 2011 and 2017–2018 American Time Use Survey in the United States to describe paid leave access by race/ethnicity. We present unadjusted models, models stratified by policy-targetable employment characteristics, and adjusted regression …
A randomized trial of cash incentives for sexual behavior change among female sex workers in Dar es Salaam
Parenting quality at two developmental periods in early childhood and their association with child development
The declining effect of sibling size on children's education in Costa Rica
Costa Rica experienced a dramatic fertility decline in the 1960s and 1970s. The same period saw substantial improvement in childrenâ s educational attainment in Costa Rica. This correlation is consistent with household-level quantity-quality tradeoffs, but
Race/Ethnic Differences, Skin Tone, and Memory Among Older Latinos in the United States
Findings support the importance of examining self-identified race and skin tone in Latino aging research. Further investigation is needed to understand the stubborn intra-Latino racial disparities in memory performance and surprising adverse cognitive performance among "white"-toned relative to darker-toned Puerto Ricans in Boston
Female sex workers use power over their day-to-day lives to meet the condition of a conditional cash transfer intervention to incentivize safe sex
Stressors Over the Life Course and Neuroendocrine System Dysregulation in Costa Rica
More work is needed, in order to establish the connection between stressors experienced over the life course and resting levels of the neuroendocrine markers
Longitudinal study of child immunization determinants in China
Do remittances alleviate negative impacts of disaster on mental health? A case of the 2015 Nepal earthquake
"Always Your Heart"
want art. This means I want design. Jean Toomer, Open Letter to Gorham Munson Given the present emphasis on issues surrounding identity politics and the representational logic of cultural studies, it is perhaps not surprising that in the reams of criticism on Jean Toomer's Cane there is remarkably little concerning the issues of direct address and narrative authority. Yet in Cane, Toomer's use of direct address, going against interpretations that…
Exclusion of International Medical Graduates From Federal Health-Care Programs
BACKGROUND: The professional standards of international medical graduates have been the subject of controversy, but empirical research on this topic has been limited. OBJECTIVES: This report considers whether international medical graduates are at greater risk than US medical graduates for exclusion by the federal government from federally funded programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid. RESEARCH DESIGN: The list of excluded physicians was merged …
Health insurance and child mortality in Costa Rica
Did the distribution of health insurance in China continue to grow less equitable in the nineties? Results from a longitudinal survey
Insurance and Other Socioeconomic Determinants of Elderly Longevity in a Costa Rican Panel
Official figures show that life expectancy in Costa Rica is longer than in the United States (US), in spite of the fact that per capita health expenditure is only one-tenth that of the US. To check whether this is for real and to explore some of its determinants, 900 Costa Ricans aged 60+ were followed from 1984 to 2001. Follow-up household visits were made, deaths were tracked in the national death registry, and survival status in the voting reg…
Changes in access to health care in China, 1989–1997
The post-1979 period in China has seen the implementation of reforms that dismantled much of the Maoist era social welfare system and permitted a significant reallocation of society's resources. The result has been rapid but uneven economic development that has profoundly altered the environment within which consumers make health investment decisions. Many studies report significant and apparently non-random reductions in health care utilization …
Longitudinal study of child immunization determinants in China
Conclusion
Conceiving of the term “class” as it works within the terrain of culture, this study has asserted its essentially discursive nature and how this term might be used to organize texts and to articulate the social relations between texts and readers. From Whitman’s incarnational epistemology to London’s and Le Sueur’s valorizations of real experience as the legitimating source of narrative authority, all of the writers in this book were concerned wi…
Risk Selection and Risk Adjustment
Insurance market reforms face the key challenge of addressing the threat that risk selection poses to the availability of stable, high-value insurance policies that provide long-term risk protection. Many of the strategies in use today fail to address this breakdown in risk pooling, and some even exacerbate it. Flexible risk adjustment schemes are a promising avenue for promoting market stability and limiting insurer cream-skimming, potentially p…
Surprising SES Gradients in Mortality, Health, and Biomarkers in a Latin American Population of Adults
Negative modern behaviors among high-SES groups may be reversing cardiovascular risks across SES groups, hence reversing mortality risks. But negative SES gradients in healthy years of life persist
Money, schooling, and health
An association between higher educational attainment and better health status has been repeatedly reported in the literature. Similarly, thousands of studies have found a relationship between higher income and better health. However, whether these repeated observations amount to causality remains a challenge, not least because of the practical limitations of randomizing people to receive different amounts of money or schooling. In this essay, we …
Stressors Over the Life Course and Neuroendocrine System Dysregulation in Costa Rica
More work is needed, in order to establish the connection between stressors experienced over the life course and resting levels of the neuroendocrine markers
Differences in the association of cardiovascular risk factors with education
BACKGROUND: Despite different levels of economic development, Costa Rica and the USA have similar mortalities among adults. However, in the USA there are substantial differences in mortality by educational attainment, and in Costa Rica there are only minor differences. This contrast motivates an examination of behavioural and biological correlates underlying this difference. METHODS: The authors used data on adults aged 60 and above from the Cost…
Incentivising safe sex
OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the use of conditional cash transfers as an HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention strategy to incentivise safe sex. DESIGN: An unblinded, individually randomised and controlled trial. SETTING: 10 villages within the Kilombero/Ulanga districts of the Ifakara Health and Demographic Surveillance System in rural south-west Tanzania. PARTICIPANTS: The authors enrolled 2399 participants, aged 18-30 years, in…
Long-term association of economic inequality and mortality in adult Costa Ricans
Adverse Clinical Events Among Medicare Beneficiaries Using Antipsychotic Drugs
OBJECTIVE: Medicare Part D provides formulary protections for antipsychotics but does not exempt these drugs from cost-sharing. We investigated the impact of Part D coverage on antipsychotic drug spending, adherence, and clinical outcomes among beneficiaries with varying indications for use. METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study of Medicare Advantage beneficiaries who received antipsychotic drugs, with diagnoses of schizophrenia or bipo…
When Mandates Work
Starting in the 1990s, San Francisco launched a series of bold but relatively unknown public policy experiments to improve wages and benefits for thousands of local workers. Since then, scholars have documented the effects of those policies on compensation, productivity, job creation, and health coverage. Opponents predicted a range of negative impacts, but the evidence tells a decidedly different tale. This book brings together that evidence for…
Coping with Risk
Transactional sex is believed to be an important risk-coping mechanism for women in Sub-Saharan Africa and a leading contributor to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This paper uses data from a panel of women in rural Tanzania whose primary occupation is agriculture. The analysis finds that following a negative shock (such as food insecurity), unmarried women are about three times more likely to have been paid for sex. Regardless of marital status, after a …
Seasonal variation of peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length in Costa Rica
There are two possible explanations of our findings. First, there could be relatively rapid month-to-month changes in LTL. This conclusion would have implications for understanding the natural population dynamics of telomere length. Second, there could be seasonal differences in constituent cell populations. This conclusion would suggest that future studies of LTL use methods to account for the potential impact of constituent cell type
Social Network Recruitment for Yo Puedo
Early Effects of the San Francisco Paid Sick Leave Policy
Objectives. We examined employers’ responses to San Francisco, California’s 2007 Paid Sick Leave Ordinance. Methods. We used the 2009 Bay Area Employer Health Benefits Survey to describe sick leave policy changes and the policy’s effects on firm (n = 699) operations. Results. The proportion of firms offering paid sick leave in San Francisco grew from 73% in 2006 to 91% in 2009, with large firms (99%) more likely to offer sick leave than are small…
The declining effect of sibling size on children's education in Costa Rica
Costa Rica experienced a dramatic fertility decline in the 1960s and 1970s. The same period saw substantial improvement in childrenâ s educational attainment in Costa Rica. This correlation is consistent with household-level quantity-quality tradeoffs, but
Colla et al. Respond
AffiliationsCarrie H. Colla is with the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH. William H. Dow is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Arindrajit Dube is with the Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
The Impact of Positive Income Shocks on Risky Sexual Behavior
Stimulating Parenting Practices in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Mexican Communities
Parenting may be influenced by ethnicity; marginalization; education; and poverty. A critical but unexamined question is how these factors may interact to compromise or support parenting practices in ethnic minority communities. This analysis examined associations between mothers' stimulating parenting practices and a range of child-level (age; sex; and cognitive and socio-emotional development); household-level (indigenous ethnicity; poverty; an…
Medicine (47 obras) · Demography (29 obras) · Economics (26 obras) · Environmental health (21 obras) · Demography (20 obras) · Population (19 obras) · Psychology (19 obras) · Sociology (17 obras) · Tanzania (16 obras) · Political science (15 obras)