Willem Koomen
Biographic Data
| ID | 164019 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Willem Koomen |
| GIVEN NAMES | Willem |
| FAMILY NAME | Koomen |
| SIGNATURE | KOOMEN W |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Amsterdam |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 41 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 383 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism
Terrorism and radicalization have a long history, but in recent years their prominence has been a particularly conspicuous and influential feature of the global political landscape. This important book presents an overview of the processes involved in radicalization and terrorism, and introduces a systematic framework which captures the most crucial individual and social factors involved in determining these processes. The authors begin by consid…
The Influence of Prejudice and Stereotypes on Anticipated Affect: Feelings about a Potentially Negative Interaction with Another Ethnic Group
In this research we investigated whether feelings about an imagined potentially negative interaction with a member of another ethnic group was affected more by valence than content of stereotypes, and whether the differential influence of perception and meta-perception was similar for dominant and dominated groups within a given society. Prejudice, cultural stereotypes and meta-stereotypes were measured for both the dominant and the subordinate g…
Retracted: The flexible unconscious: Investigating the judgmental impact of varieties of unaware perception
Competition, Cooperation, and the Effects of Others on Me
Four studies were conducted to test the notion that whether one competes against or cooperates with a comparison target can serve as an important determinant of the direction (contrast or assimilation) of self-evaluative social comparison effects. In Study 1, cooperative-competitive orientation was treated as an individual difference variable, and it was shown that social comparison led to contrast for individuals with a more competitive orientat…
The effects of diffuse and distinct affect
In a series of suboptimal priming studies, it was shown that both affective and nonaffective reactions to a stimulus may occur without awareness. Moreover, it was demonstrated that affective information is detected earlier than nonaffective information. Therefore, early reactions to an affect-laden stimulus (e.g., a smiling man) are cognitively unappraised and thus diffuse (e.g., "positive"), whereas later affective reactions can be more specific…
Level of Prejudice in Relation to Knowledge of Cultural Stereotypes
The Impact of Interpretation versus Comparison Mindsets on Knowledge Accessibility Effects
I, we, and the effects of others on me: How self-construal level moderates social comparison effects
The Impact of Opposites: Implications of Trait Inferences and Their Antonyms for Person Judgment
How far do we go beyond the information given? The impact of knowledge activation on interpretation and inference
In a series of 4 studies, the inferential scope of assimilative knowledge accessibility effects was investigated. Evidence was found for the hypothesis that both the breadth and evaluative extremity of activated knowledge affect the range of evaluative inferences made during the interpretation of ambiguous targets. The scope of knowledge accessibility effects was larger when broad and extreme traits were primed than when narrow and moderate trait…
Distinctiveness of others, mutability of selves: Their impact on self-evaluations
The authors postulate that the outcome of social comparison processes is determined by the role social comparison information serves during the self-evaluation process. Assimilation is more likely in situations that instigate the inclusion of social comparison information in self-representations. Contrast is the more probable outcome when information about another person is used as a reference point for self-judgments. Whether comparison informat…
Perceived Group Variability in Intergroup Relations: The Distinctive Role of Social Identity
Research on perceptions of group variability has traditionally focused on the explanation of the so-called outgroup homogeneity effect. More recently, the conditions under which the opposite effect may occur, perceptions of relative ingroup homogeneity, have also received attention. The present article is not directly concerned with either outgroup or ingroup homogeneity per se, but examines the contextual and identity-based determinants of both …
Framed and misfortuned: Identity salience and the whiff of scandal
In this study a questionnaire was administered via e-mail to Dutch social psychologists. We asked to what extent respondents felt that a widely published plagiarism scandal involving a Dutch psychologist affected themselves and the image of their profession. As predicted, findings indicate that the impact of the scandal was dependent on the salient identity of both the perceiver (‘social psychologist’ or ‘psychologist’) and the stimulus target (‘…
The effect of comparative context on central tendency and variability judgements and the evaluation of group characteristics
A study is reported that examines the effects of comparative context on central tendency and variability judgements of groups, and the evaluation of group characteristics. The central assumption is that these social judgements are not absolute, but depend on the social context in which they are grounded. It is demonstrated that people vary their description of the ingroup in terms of central tendency and group variability as a function of the pos…
Priming and timing: A test of two perspectives
Supporting a ‘stage’ perspective of assimilation and contrast effects, and in contrast to an ‘extremity’ conceptualization, this study demonstrated that priming moderate person exemplars before the behaviour of an ambiguous target person had been encoded results in assimilation, whereas priming such exemplars after encoding results in a small contrast effect. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priming and timing: A test of two perspectives
Seeing one thing and doing another: Contrast effects in automatic behavior
Research on automatic behavior demonstrates the ability of stereotypes to elicit stereotype-consistent behavior. Social judgment research proposes that whereas traits and stereotypes elicit assimilation, priming of exemplars can elicit judgmental contrast by evoking social comparisons. This research extends these findings by showing that priming exemplars can elicit behavioral contrast by evoking a social comparison. In Study 1, priming professor…
When Stereotype Activation Results in (Counter)Stereotypical Judgments: Priming Stereotype-Relevant Traits and Exemplars
The impact of accuracy motivation on interpretation, comparison, and correction processes: Accuracy × knowledge accessibility effects
Short Note: Using primed exemplars during impression formation: interpretation or comparison
Two studies demonstrate that when priming stimuli consist of (1) trait concepts and person exemplars, (2) trait concepts and non-person exemplars, (3) only non-person exemplars, assimilation in judgments of an ambiguous person follows. However, when priming stimuli consist of (4) only person exemplars, contrast in judgments of both ambiguous and well-known persons ensues. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ingroup and outgroup stereotypes and selective processing
The main concern of the two studies presented here is to investigate whether the different nature of ingroup and outgroup stereotypes is reflected in different selective processing of ingroup and outgroup information. It was predicted that when processing ingroup information people will preferentially encode stereotype-inconsistent information as compared to stereotype-consistent information, whereas the reverse pattern will hold when people proc…
Categories of Category Accessibility: The Impact of Trait Concept versus Exemplar Priming on Person Judgments
Social categorization and perceptual judgment of size: When perception is social
Social knowledge may affect not only people's thoughts and judgments but also their actual perceptions of physical magnitude. The physical magnitude of a stimulus is perceived in a relative way, comparing the magnitude of the target with surrounding context stimuli. Because similar objects invite comparison processes more easily than dissimilar objects ("similarity breeds comparability"), social knowledge can affect judgments of physical magnitud…
Stereotyping and attitudinal effects under time pressure
This paper reports an experiment in which the influence of time pressure, the social category of the target person, and emotional responses on impression formation and recognition memory was studied. It was hypothesized that under time pressure, subjects using their stereotype would process information about an outgroup target more easily than information about an ingroup target, would judge these targets more differentially, and would base their…
Differential consequences of trait inferences: A direct test of the trait-referent hypothesis
The hypothesis was investigated that when trait inferences refer to abstract behaviour labels (i.e. ‘conceited’) they act as a general interpretation frame and lead to assimilation in subsequent judgments of an ambiguous target, whereas when they refer to specific actor—trait links (i.e. ‘Peter is conceited’) the activated information is likely to be used as a scale anchor and contrast effects are more likely. Compared to previous studies investi…
Seeing one thing and doing another: Contrast effects in automatic behavior
Research on automatic behavior demonstrates the ability of stereotypes to elicit stereotype-consistent behavior. Social judgment research proposes that whereas traits and stereotypes elicit assimilation, priming of exemplars can elicit judgmental contrast by evoking social comparisons. This research extends these findings by showing that priming exemplars can elicit behavioral contrast by evoking a social comparison. In Study 1, priming professor…
I, we, and the effects of others on me: How self-construal level moderates social comparison effects
Categories of Category Accessibility: The Impact of Trait Concept versus Exemplar Priming on Person Judgments
When bad isn't all bad: Strategic use of sample information in generalization and stereotyping
The influence of the reliability and valence of sample information on generalization to in-group and out-group target populations was investigated in 2 studies. In both studies the valence of the information was either favorable (i.e., a positive in-group sample and a negative out-group sample) or unfavorable. The reliability of sample information was manipulated in terms of sample variability (Study 1) and sample size (Study 2). In both studies …
Level of Prejudice in Relation to Knowledge of Cultural Stereotypes
The Impact of Interpretation versus Comparison Mindsets on Knowledge Accessibility Effects
Distinctiveness of others, mutability of selves: Their impact on self-evaluations
The authors postulate that the outcome of social comparison processes is determined by the role social comparison information serves during the self-evaluation process. Assimilation is more likely in situations that instigate the inclusion of social comparison information in self-representations. Contrast is the more probable outcome when information about another person is used as a reference point for self-judgments. Whether comparison informat…
The referents of trait inferences: The impact of trait concepts versus actor–trait links on subsequent judgments
The authors investigated the hypothesis that when trait inferences refer to abstract behavior labels they act as a general interpretation frame and lead to assimilation in subsequent judgments of an ambiguous target, whereas when they refer to a specific actor-trait link they will be used as a scale anchor and lead to contrast. Similar to G. B. Moskowitz and R. J. Roman's (see record 79:31124) study, participants who were instructed to memorize t…
The effects of diffuse and distinct affect
In a series of suboptimal priming studies, it was shown that both affective and nonaffective reactions to a stimulus may occur without awareness. Moreover, it was demonstrated that affective information is detected earlier than nonaffective information. Therefore, early reactions to an affect-laden stimulus (e.g., a smiling man) are cognitively unappraised and thus diffuse (e.g., "positive"), whereas later affective reactions can be more specific…
The impact of accuracy motivation on interpretation, comparison, and correction processes: Accuracy × knowledge accessibility effects
Effects of experienced discrimination and different forms of relative deprivation among Surinamese, a Dutch ethnic minority group
In a study among 81 Surinamese, members of a Dutch ethnic minority group, we found that experienced discrimination led to both fratenalistic and egoistic relative deprivation (RD). Fraternalistic RD results from a comparison between ingroup and outgroup, and egoistic RD results from a comparison between self and ingroup. In addition, we investigated two specific hypotheses. Fraternalistic RD would be more strongly related to group militancy than …
Competition, Cooperation, and the Effects of Others on Me
Four studies were conducted to test the notion that whether one competes against or cooperates with a comparison target can serve as an important determinant of the direction (contrast or assimilation) of self-evaluative social comparison effects. In Study 1, cooperative-competitive orientation was treated as an individual difference variable, and it was shown that social comparison led to contrast for individuals with a more competitive orientat…
How far do we go beyond the information given? The impact of knowledge activation on interpretation and inference
In a series of 4 studies, the inferential scope of assimilative knowledge accessibility effects was investigated. Evidence was found for the hypothesis that both the breadth and evaluative extremity of activated knowledge affect the range of evaluative inferences made during the interpretation of ambiguous targets. The scope of knowledge accessibility effects was larger when broad and extreme traits were primed than when narrow and moderate trait…
When Stereotype Activation Results in (Counter)Stereotypical Judgments: Priming Stereotype-Relevant Traits and Exemplars
Social categorization and perceptual judgment of size: When perception is social
Social knowledge may affect not only people's thoughts and judgments but also their actual perceptions of physical magnitude. The physical magnitude of a stimulus is perceived in a relative way, comparing the magnitude of the target with surrounding context stimuli. Because similar objects invite comparison processes more easily than dissimilar objects ("similarity breeds comparability"), social knowledge can affect judgments of physical magnitud…
The Influence of Prejudice and Stereotypes on Anticipated Affect: Feelings about a Potentially Negative Interaction with Another Ethnic Group
In this research we investigated whether feelings about an imagined potentially negative interaction with a member of another ethnic group was affected more by valence than content of stereotypes, and whether the differential influence of perception and meta-perception was similar for dominant and dominated groups within a given society. Prejudice, cultural stereotypes and meta-stereotypes were measured for both the dominant and the subordinate g…
A note on the analysis of group data
The Prediction of Participation in Two-Person Groups
Determinants of Premarital Sexual Permissiveness: A Secondary Analysis
Differential Construal as an Explanation for False Consensus and False Uniqueness Effects
Retracted: The flexible unconscious: Investigating the judgmental impact of varieties of unaware perception
The Impact of Opposites: Implications of Trait Inferences and Their Antonyms for Person Judgment
A Note on the Authoritarian German Family
Several writers have assumed that the German family before World War II was more authoritarian with regard to parental control than was its American counterpart. Later research has demonstrated this difference between the two countries for the period after the war. Secondary analysis of data concerning periods before and after the war also showed differences between the two periods. Before the war, only differences in parental control with regard…
Structure of causes for success and failure: A multidimensional scaling analysis of preference judgments
Cultural differences in the use of psychological and social characteristics in children's self‐understanding
Western societies can be characterized as individualistic: the person is seen as a situation‐free distinct agent, relatively autonomous from contextual influences. By contrast, many Eastern societies are collectivistic with a more ‘holistic’ view of the person: people are conceptualized in terms of their relation to the environment and their actions are primarily understood in terms of this relation. This difference implies that in Western cultur…
Determinants of Premarital Sexual Permissiveness: A Secondary Analysis
A Note on the Authoritarian German Family
Several writers have assumed that the German family before World War II was more authoritarian with regard to parental control than was its American counterpart. Later research has demonstrated this difference between the two countries for the period after the war. Secondary analysis of data concerning periods before and after the war also showed differences between the two periods. Before the war, only differences in parental control with regard…
Effects of question length on verbal behavior in a bias‐reduced interview situation
The Prediction of Participation in Two-Person Groups
A note on the analysis of group data
Effects of hypothesis and assigned task on question selection strategies
Semin and Strack (1980) demonstrated that the findings obtained by Snyder and Swann (1978) with respect to an hypothesis‐confirming strategy in social interaction were due to the assigned task, and not to a person's hypothesis. In our first experiment we replicated Semin and Strack's results. In a second experiment, employing a more effective manipulation of the subject's hypothesis, support was obtained for an effect of the hypothesis factor. It…
Structure of causes for success and failure: A multidimensional scaling analysis of preference judgments
Effects of experienced discrimination and different forms of relative deprivation among Surinamese, a Dutch ethnic minority group
In a study among 81 Surinamese, members of a Dutch ethnic minority group, we found that experienced discrimination led to both fratenalistic and egoistic relative deprivation (RD). Fraternalistic RD results from a comparison between ingroup and outgroup, and egoistic RD results from a comparison between self and ingroup. In addition, we investigated two specific hypotheses. Fraternalistic RD would be more strongly related to group militancy than …
Cultural differences in the use of psychological and social characteristics in children's self‐understanding
Western societies can be characterized as individualistic: the person is seen as a situation‐free distinct agent, relatively autonomous from contextual influences. By contrast, many Eastern societies are collectivistic with a more ‘holistic’ view of the person: people are conceptualized in terms of their relation to the environment and their actions are primarily understood in terms of this relation. This difference implies that in Western cultur…
Differential Construal as an Explanation for False Consensus and False Uniqueness Effects
When bad isn't all bad: Strategic use of sample information in generalization and stereotyping
The influence of the reliability and valence of sample information on generalization to in-group and out-group target populations was investigated in 2 studies. In both studies the valence of the information was either favorable (i.e., a positive in-group sample and a negative out-group sample) or unfavorable. The reliability of sample information was manipulated in terms of sample variability (Study 1) and sample size (Study 2). In both studies …
Stereotyping and attitudinal effects under time pressure
This paper reports an experiment in which the influence of time pressure, the social category of the target person, and emotional responses on impression formation and recognition memory was studied. It was hypothesized that under time pressure, subjects using their stereotype would process information about an outgroup target more easily than information about an ingroup target, would judge these targets more differentially, and would base their…
Differential consequences of trait inferences: A direct test of the trait-referent hypothesis
The hypothesis was investigated that when trait inferences refer to abstract behaviour labels (i.e. ‘conceited’) they act as a general interpretation frame and lead to assimilation in subsequent judgments of an ambiguous target, whereas when they refer to specific actor—trait links (i.e. ‘Peter is conceited’) the activated information is likely to be used as a scale anchor and contrast effects are more likely. Compared to previous studies investi…
National stereotypes: Common representations and ingroup favouritism
Issues studied by Peabody (1985) in a study of national stereotypes were investigated again in a secondary analysis of public opinion data from the general public in a number of European countries. A convergence in stereotyping among perceiver groups was shown. In contrast with Peabody's results, strong ingroup favouritism was found.
Estimating group size: Effects of category membership, differential construal and selective exposure
The present study investigates the role of category membership, differential construal and selective exposure in consensus estimation concerning a relatively involving social categorization, namely religion. Christians, differing in their degree of religious involvement, and non-believers were asked to estimate the percentage of Christians in the general population. Respondents were expected to construe the general category of Christians differen…
Are we going into town? Differential construal and group-based expectations mediating popularity ratings
In the present study it was predicted that men and women may differentially construe an ambiguous activity (going into town). Further, it was predicted that subjects would judge the popularity of the ambiguous activity among men and women on the basis of this differential construal and differential expectations about men and women. Results confirmed these predictions.
The referents of trait inferences: The impact of trait concepts versus actor-trait links on subsequent judgments
The referents of trait inferences: The impact of trait concepts versus actor–trait links on subsequent judgments
The authors investigated the hypothesis that when trait inferences refer to abstract behavior labels they act as a general interpretation frame and lead to assimilation in subsequent judgments of an ambiguous target, whereas when they refer to a specific actor-trait link they will be used as a scale anchor and lead to contrast. Similar to G. B. Moskowitz and R. J. Roman's (see record 79:31124) study, participants who were instructed to memorize t…
Short Note: Using primed exemplars during impression formation: interpretation or comparison
Two studies demonstrate that when priming stimuli consist of (1) trait concepts and person exemplars, (2) trait concepts and non-person exemplars, (3) only non-person exemplars, assimilation in judgments of an ambiguous person follows. However, when priming stimuli consist of (4) only person exemplars, contrast in judgments of both ambiguous and well-known persons ensues. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ingroup and outgroup stereotypes and selective processing
The main concern of the two studies presented here is to investigate whether the different nature of ingroup and outgroup stereotypes is reflected in different selective processing of ingroup and outgroup information. It was predicted that when processing ingroup information people will preferentially encode stereotype-inconsistent information as compared to stereotype-consistent information, whereas the reverse pattern will hold when people proc…
Categories of Category Accessibility: The Impact of Trait Concept versus Exemplar Priming on Person Judgments
Social categorization and perceptual judgment of size: When perception is social
Social knowledge may affect not only people's thoughts and judgments but also their actual perceptions of physical magnitude. The physical magnitude of a stimulus is perceived in a relative way, comparing the magnitude of the target with surrounding context stimuli. Because similar objects invite comparison processes more easily than dissimilar objects ("similarity breeds comparability"), social knowledge can affect judgments of physical magnitud…
The effect of comparative context on central tendency and variability judgements and the evaluation of group characteristics
A study is reported that examines the effects of comparative context on central tendency and variability judgements of groups, and the evaluation of group characteristics. The central assumption is that these social judgements are not absolute, but depend on the social context in which they are grounded. It is demonstrated that people vary their description of the ingroup in terms of central tendency and group variability as a function of the pos…
Priming and timing: A test of two perspectives
Supporting a ‘stage’ perspective of assimilation and contrast effects, and in contrast to an ‘extremity’ conceptualization, this study demonstrated that priming moderate person exemplars before the behaviour of an ambiguous target person had been encoded results in assimilation, whereas priming such exemplars after encoding results in a small contrast effect. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priming and timing: A test of two perspectives
Psychology (40 works) · Social Psychology (38 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (32 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (24 works) · Cognitive psychology (18 works) · Social Psychology (17 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (14 works) · Perception (14 works) · Social perception (10 works) · Developmental psychology (8 works)