Bethany L Brand
Biographic Data
| ID | 1660320 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Bethany L Brand |
| GIVEN NAMES | Bethany L |
| FAMILY NAME | Brand |
| SIGNATURE | BRAND B L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Towson University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0377-2770 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 12 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 23 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1998 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Multivariable utility of the test of memory malingering and miller forensic assessment of symptoms test in distinguishing clinical and simulated dissociative identity disorder symptoms
Findings suggest that using the well-established TOMM-1 cutoff of ≤41 and M-FAST cutoff of ≥6 together versus independently can help detect feigned DID symptoms. Chaining multiple validity tests may therefore be a useful way to improve the detection of feigned symptoms in DID evaluations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved)
A Phase-Oriented Framework for Emotion Regulation in Traumatized Individuals With Dissociation: A Narrative Review
Symptoms of emotion dysregulation and dissociation are common among people with a history of psychological trauma, and can complicate treatment effectiveness. Phase-based approaches to treatments, which begin with a stabilization and skills phase before moving to trauma-oriented interventions allow for flexible, integrable, and effective approaches that can be applied across various therapeutic modalities and delivery contexts. This narrative rev…
A randomized controlled trial assists individuals with complex trauma and dissociation in Finding Solid Ground
This randomized controlled trial demonstrates that adding FSG to psychotherapy of individuals with TRD results in improvements in emotion regulation, PTSD symptoms, self-compassion, and adaptive functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissociation-informed assessment: Process-related guidance
We make a case for the vital importance of considering process-related issues not only in the treatment of dissociation but also in assessment. We argue that for best clinical assessment and treatment, training should emphasize collaborative rapport-building, professional reflexivity, and cultural responsiveness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
“They thought I was just making it up”: Dissociative individuals’ understandings of their dissociation, perceptions of their clinicians’ conceptualizations of dissociation, and discrepancies between t…
Given the perceived discrepancies between clients' and clinicians' understandings of dissociation, clinicians should engage in discussions with their clients about their dissociation-related lived experiences with awareness that they may have been misunderstood by previous providers. Client-clinician discrepancies should be addressed, as failure to do so could lead to misunderstandings and ruptures in the therapeutic relationship. (PsycInfo Datab…
Inpatient outcomes following admission to stabilization-focused complex trauma- and dissociation-specific unit
Our findings suggest that inpatient treatment modeled after expert consensus treatment guidelines is associated with significant improvements in adaptive functioning and emotion regulation and reduced dissociative absorption in individuals experiencing severe and acute complex posttraumatic and dissociative symptoms. Appropriate screening and symptom-specific treatment of complex posttraumatic and dissociative symptoms are recommended to improve …
Coverage of child maltreatment in undergraduate psychopathology textbooks
Undergraduate psychopathology textbooks need to improve their scholarly coverage of CM and its mental health consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Distinguishing genuine from simulated dissociative identity disorder using the Morel Emotional Numbing Test
Findings provide preliminary evidence for the MENT as a validity test for DID populations. Although the commonly used cutoff of ≥ 8 errors on the MENT demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, we recommend using a cutoff of ≥ 10 errors for individuals with DID to minimize the risk of false positives while maintaining strong sensitivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 in differentiating genuine from feigned dissociative identity disorder
Genuine DID patients can be differentiated from simulators. Simulators appear to overweight symptoms of paranoia and alienation relative to mood and somatic symptoms. Further research is needed to generalize these findings to male and non-White populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Distinguishing clinical and simulated dissociative identity disorder using the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test
The M-FAST shows promise in distinguishing genuine DID when the cut-off score is increased to seven. This study adds to the growing body of literature identifying tests that can adequately distinguish clinical from simulated DID. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
Coverage of child maltreatment and adult trauma in graduate psychopathology textbooks
Graduate textbooks would benefit from increased attention to, and more balanced coverage of, CM and AT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
The need for trauma training: Clinicians’ reactions to training on complex trauma
The majority of participants felt inadequately trained to treat clients who have experienced complex trauma and experienced dissociation. They reported the trauma training as beneficial in that it increased their sense of knowledge and competence about treating trauma-exposed individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
Detecting clinical and simulated dissociative identity disorder with the Test of Memory Malingering
The TOMM shows promise as useful in clinical and forensic contexts to detect memory malingering among DID simulators without sacrificing specificity. Accurate distinction between genuine and feigned complex trauma-related symptoms, including dissociative memory, is integral to the accurate diagnosis of traumatized populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Can the Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 distinguish coached simulators from dissociative disorder patients
It is important to understand how CDD individuals score on the TSI-2 so that their results can be recognized and meaningfully interpreted. The TSI-2 may not be a useful measure for distinguishing feigned CDD from CDD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Distinguishing simulated from genuine dissociative identity disorder on the MMPI-2
Due to high elevations on validity and clinical scales on personality and forensic measures, it is challenging to determine if individuals presenting with symptoms of dissociative identity disorder (DID) are genuine or not. Little research has focused on malingering DID, or on the broader issue of the profiles these patients obtain on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), despite increasing awareness of dissociation. This stud…
Utility of the Sirs-2 in distinguishing genuine from simulated dissociative identity disorder
Reality versus fantasy: Reply to Lynn et al. (2014)
We respond to Lynn et al.'s (2014) comments on our review (Dalenberg et al., 2012) demonstrating the superiority of the trauma model (TM) over the fantasy model (FM) in explaining the trauma-dissociation relationship. Lynn et al. conceded that our meta-analytic results support the TM hypothesis that trauma exposure is a causal risk factor for the development of dissociation. Although Lynn et al. suggested that our meta-analyses were selective, we…
A longitudinal naturalistic study of patients with dissociative disorders treated by community clinicians
Severe dissociative disorders (DD) are associated with high levels of impairment, treatment utilization, and treatment costs, yet relatively little systematic research has focused on treatment for these challenging patients. The goal of this naturalistic observational 30-month follow-up study of an international sample of patients with dissociative disorders was to determine if treatment provided by community providers was associated with improve…
Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation
The relationship between a reported history of trauma and dissociative symptoms has been explained in 2 conflicting ways. Pathological dissociation has been conceptualized as a response to antecedent traumatic stress and/or severe psychological adversity. Others have proposed that dissociation makes individuals prone to fantasy, thereby engendering confabulated memories of trauma. We examine data related to a series of 8 contrasting predictions b…
A survey of practices and recommended treatment interventions among expert therapists treating patients with dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified
Personality differences on the Rorschach of dissociative identity disorder, borderline personality disorder, and psychotic inpatients
Patients with dissociative identity disorder (DID) are often diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and misdiagnosed with psychotic illnesses. This study is designed to determine whether the Rorschach protocols of 67 patients with DID differ from those of 40 patients with BPD and 43 patients with psychotic disorder (PSD) in variables reflecting capacity for working alliance, complexity of experience, and ability to reason despite tr…
A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians
The goals of this naturalistic, cross-sectional study were to describe the patient, therapist, and therapeutic conditions of an international sample of dissociative disorder (DD) patients treated by community therapists and to determine if community treatment for DD appears to be as effective as treatment for chronic PTSD and conditions comorbid with DD. Analyses found that across both patient (N 280) and therapist (N 292) reports, patients in th…
Adult attachment and longterm effects in survivors of incest
Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation
The relationship between a reported history of trauma and dissociative symptoms has been explained in 2 conflicting ways. Pathological dissociation has been conceptualized as a response to antecedent traumatic stress and/or severe psychological adversity. Others have proposed that dissociation makes individuals prone to fantasy, thereby engendering confabulated memories of trauma. We examine data related to a series of 8 contrasting predictions b…
Adult attachment and longterm effects in survivors of incest
Adult attachment and longterm effects in survivors of incest
Personality differences on the Rorschach of dissociative identity disorder, borderline personality disorder, and psychotic inpatients
Patients with dissociative identity disorder (DID) are often diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and misdiagnosed with psychotic illnesses. This study is designed to determine whether the Rorschach protocols of 67 patients with DID differ from those of 40 patients with BPD and 43 patients with psychotic disorder (PSD) in variables reflecting capacity for working alliance, complexity of experience, and ability to reason despite tr…
A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians
The goals of this naturalistic, cross-sectional study were to describe the patient, therapist, and therapeutic conditions of an international sample of dissociative disorder (DD) patients treated by community therapists and to determine if community treatment for DD appears to be as effective as treatment for chronic PTSD and conditions comorbid with DD. Analyses found that across both patient (N 280) and therapist (N 292) reports, patients in th…
A survey of practices and recommended treatment interventions among expert therapists treating patients with dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified
A longitudinal naturalistic study of patients with dissociative disorders treated by community clinicians
Severe dissociative disorders (DD) are associated with high levels of impairment, treatment utilization, and treatment costs, yet relatively little systematic research has focused on treatment for these challenging patients. The goal of this naturalistic observational 30-month follow-up study of an international sample of patients with dissociative disorders was to determine if treatment provided by community providers was associated with improve…
Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation
The relationship between a reported history of trauma and dissociative symptoms has been explained in 2 conflicting ways. Pathological dissociation has been conceptualized as a response to antecedent traumatic stress and/or severe psychological adversity. Others have proposed that dissociation makes individuals prone to fantasy, thereby engendering confabulated memories of trauma. We examine data related to a series of 8 contrasting predictions b…
Distinguishing simulated from genuine dissociative identity disorder on the MMPI-2
Due to high elevations on validity and clinical scales on personality and forensic measures, it is challenging to determine if individuals presenting with symptoms of dissociative identity disorder (DID) are genuine or not. Little research has focused on malingering DID, or on the broader issue of the profiles these patients obtain on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), despite increasing awareness of dissociation. This stud…
Utility of the Sirs-2 in distinguishing genuine from simulated dissociative identity disorder
Reality versus fantasy: Reply to Lynn et al. (2014)
We respond to Lynn et al.'s (2014) comments on our review (Dalenberg et al., 2012) demonstrating the superiority of the trauma model (TM) over the fantasy model (FM) in explaining the trauma-dissociation relationship. Lynn et al. conceded that our meta-analytic results support the TM hypothesis that trauma exposure is a causal risk factor for the development of dissociation. Although Lynn et al. suggested that our meta-analyses were selective, we…
Detecting clinical and simulated dissociative identity disorder with the Test of Memory Malingering
The TOMM shows promise as useful in clinical and forensic contexts to detect memory malingering among DID simulators without sacrificing specificity. Accurate distinction between genuine and feigned complex trauma-related symptoms, including dissociative memory, is integral to the accurate diagnosis of traumatized populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Can the Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 distinguish coached simulators from dissociative disorder patients
It is important to understand how CDD individuals score on the TSI-2 so that their results can be recognized and meaningfully interpreted. The TSI-2 may not be a useful measure for distinguishing feigned CDD from CDD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Coverage of child maltreatment and adult trauma in graduate psychopathology textbooks
Graduate textbooks would benefit from increased attention to, and more balanced coverage of, CM and AT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
The need for trauma training: Clinicians’ reactions to training on complex trauma
The majority of participants felt inadequately trained to treat clients who have experienced complex trauma and experienced dissociation. They reported the trauma training as beneficial in that it increased their sense of knowledge and competence about treating trauma-exposed individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
Utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 in differentiating genuine from feigned dissociative identity disorder
Genuine DID patients can be differentiated from simulators. Simulators appear to overweight symptoms of paranoia and alienation relative to mood and somatic symptoms. Further research is needed to generalize these findings to male and non-White populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Distinguishing clinical and simulated dissociative identity disorder using the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test
The M-FAST shows promise in distinguishing genuine DID when the cut-off score is increased to seven. This study adds to the growing body of literature identifying tests that can adequately distinguish clinical from simulated DID. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
“They thought I was just making it up”: Dissociative individuals’ understandings of their dissociation, perceptions of their clinicians’ conceptualizations of dissociation, and discrepancies between t…
Given the perceived discrepancies between clients' and clinicians' understandings of dissociation, clinicians should engage in discussions with their clients about their dissociation-related lived experiences with awareness that they may have been misunderstood by previous providers. Client-clinician discrepancies should be addressed, as failure to do so could lead to misunderstandings and ruptures in the therapeutic relationship. (PsycInfo Datab…
Inpatient outcomes following admission to stabilization-focused complex trauma- and dissociation-specific unit
Our findings suggest that inpatient treatment modeled after expert consensus treatment guidelines is associated with significant improvements in adaptive functioning and emotion regulation and reduced dissociative absorption in individuals experiencing severe and acute complex posttraumatic and dissociative symptoms. Appropriate screening and symptom-specific treatment of complex posttraumatic and dissociative symptoms are recommended to improve …
Coverage of child maltreatment in undergraduate psychopathology textbooks
Undergraduate psychopathology textbooks need to improve their scholarly coverage of CM and its mental health consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Distinguishing genuine from simulated dissociative identity disorder using the Morel Emotional Numbing Test
Findings provide preliminary evidence for the MENT as a validity test for DID populations. Although the commonly used cutoff of ≥ 8 errors on the MENT demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, we recommend using a cutoff of ≥ 10 errors for individuals with DID to minimize the risk of false positives while maintaining strong sensitivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
A randomized controlled trial assists individuals with complex trauma and dissociation in Finding Solid Ground
This randomized controlled trial demonstrates that adding FSG to psychotherapy of individuals with TRD results in improvements in emotion regulation, PTSD symptoms, self-compassion, and adaptive functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Dissociation-informed assessment: Process-related guidance
We make a case for the vital importance of considering process-related issues not only in the treatment of dissociation but also in assessment. We argue that for best clinical assessment and treatment, training should emphasize collaborative rapport-building, professional reflexivity, and cultural responsiveness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Multivariable utility of the test of memory malingering and miller forensic assessment of symptoms test in distinguishing clinical and simulated dissociative identity disorder symptoms
Findings suggest that using the well-established TOMM-1 cutoff of ≤41 and M-FAST cutoff of ≥6 together versus independently can help detect feigned DID symptoms. Chaining multiple validity tests may therefore be a useful way to improve the detection of feigned symptoms in DID evaluations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved)
A Phase-Oriented Framework for Emotion Regulation in Traumatized Individuals With Dissociation: A Narrative Review
Symptoms of emotion dysregulation and dissociation are common among people with a history of psychological trauma, and can complicate treatment effectiveness. Phase-based approaches to treatments, which begin with a stabilization and skills phase before moving to trauma-oriented interventions allow for flexible, integrable, and effective approaches that can be applied across various therapeutic modalities and delivery contexts. This narrative rev…
Psychology (19 works) · Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments (18 works) · Clinical Psychology (17 works) · Clinical Psychology (13 works) · Dissociative (13 works) · Psychiatry (12 works) · Personality Disorders and Psychopathology (11 works) · Dissociative identity disorder (10 works) · Traumatic Brain Injury Research (10 works) · Dissociative disorders (9 works)