Thomas M Ostrom
Biographic Data
| ID | 1661445 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Thomas M Ostrom |
| GIVEN NAMES | Thomas M |
| FAMILY NAME | Ostrom |
| SIGNATURE | OSTROM T M |
| AFFILIATIONS | The Ohio State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 33 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 338 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1966 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2014 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Cognitive Responses in Persuasion
How Meaning Is Given to Rating Scales: The Effects of Response Language on Category Activation
Case-Based, Model-Based, and Explanation-Based Styles of Reasoning in Foreign Policy
This article uses two types of experiments to examine the kinds of reasoning people use when thinking about foreign policy. Case-based, explanation-based, and model-based reasoning are offered as an appropriate taxonomy of reasoning styles, and laboratory experiments are the vehicle for empirical analysis. The first experiment uses a thought checking methodology. When combining over all subjects and scenarios in that experiment, explanation-based…
Differential processing of in-group and out-group information
People have a more differentiated cognitive representation of in-groups than of out-groups. This has led to the prediction that memory should be better for in-group information than for out-group information. However, past research has provided equivocal support for that prediction. This article advances a differential processing hypothesis that offers a solution to this paradox. The hypothesis suggests that whereas in-group information is organi…
Out-group homogeneity effects in natural and minimal groups
This article reviews literature relevant to the out-group homogeneity effect. The review assesses whether the effect emerges in both natural- and minimal-group contexts. Data relevant to the out-group homogeneity effect are examined for 3 types of dependent measures
Computer simulation: The third symbol system
John Walter Thibaut
Effects of personal involvement: Thought-provoking implications for social loafing
In 1979, Latane, Williams, and Harkins observed that individuals working together put out less effort than when they work alone, an effect these researchers termed social loafing. Subsequent research (Williams, Harkins, & Latane, 1981) has suggested that this effect arises, at least in part, because when participants work with others on these tasks their individual outputs are lost in the crowd, and, thus, they can receive neither credit nor blam…
Cognitive mediation of inconsistency discounting
Les auteurs ont imagine deux experiences pour examiner les effets de l'inconsistance et de la credibilite d'une information dans un jugement criminel (N=144)
Effects of pictures on the organization and recall of social information
The role of visual stimuli in the organization and recall of social information was investigated in a study that presented photographs of stimulus persons along with verbal trait descriptors. Paired with four trait descriptors of each stimulus person, subjects saw either no picture, one trait-unrelated picture, four trait-unrelated pictures, or four trait-related pictures. These conditions permitted a test of several competing explanations for th…
Person perception in heterogeneous groups
Preintegrative categorization of social information: The role of persons as organizing categories
Accessing information in memory-based impression judgments: Incongruity versus negativity in retrieval selectivity
The nature of selective cognitive search for information in memory-based person judgments is explored by examining an incongruity hypothesis and a negativity hypothesis. The incongruity hypothesis predicts that people search memory for incongruent or disconfirming information; the negativity hypothesis posits that they selectivity search for negative information. Two studies are reported that use decision time to determine the types of informatio…
The cognitive organization of social information: A converging-operations approach
A neglected topic in social perception deals with how people organize the flow of information about the many individuals in their social environment. This flow of social information typically involves several items of information about each of several persons. The items about different persons are often arbitrarily intermixed in their temporal order of appearance. This paper questions the assumption that social information is automatically organi…
Idiosyncratic weighting of trait information in impression formation
An analysis is offered of the role of unequal weighting in the averaging model of information integration. A distinction is made between unequal weighting at the normative level (which has been referred to as differential weighting) and unequal weighting at the level of the individual subject (which we refer to as weighting). Two studies are reported that examine the prevalence of idiosyncratic weighting in the trait-judgment impression formation…
Retrieval selectivity in memory-based impression judgments
Thematic effects of person judgments on impression organization
An integration theory analysis of jurors' presumptions of guilt or innocence
Between-theory and within-theory conflict in explaining context effects in impression formation
Contrast effects in impression formation
Effect of snap and thoughtful judgments on person impressions
Judgment type (snap and thoughtful) and valence of stimulus person (from likable to unlikable) were varied as within‐subjects factors in four studies to test whether situational and motivational variables (as opposed to the perceptual variable of unit formation) would interfere with integrative activity in forming first impressions. If such variables are influential, both the averaging and meaning shift formulations would expect that snap judgmen…
Perspective-mediated attitude change: When is indirect persuasion more effective than direct persuasion
Amount of information and interpersonal judgment
Political heckling: Who really loses
Anonymity in Letters to the Editor
Journal Article ANONYMITY IN LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Get access MICHAEL J. SAKS, MICHAEL J. SAKS University Fellow, Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar THOMAS M. OSTROM THOMAS M. OSTROM Professor Department of Psychology, Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 37, Issue 3, FALL 1973, Pages 417–422, http…
Out-group homogeneity effects in natural and minimal groups
This article reviews literature relevant to the out-group homogeneity effect. The review assesses whether the effect emerges in both natural- and minimal-group contexts. Data relevant to the out-group homogeneity effect are examined for 3 types of dependent measures
The relationship between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitude
Retrieval selectivity in memory-based impression judgments
Differential processing of in-group and out-group information
People have a more differentiated cognitive representation of in-groups than of out-groups. This has led to the prediction that memory should be better for in-group information than for out-group information. However, past research has provided equivocal support for that prediction. This article advances a differential processing hypothesis that offers a solution to this paradox. The hypothesis suggests that whereas in-group information is organi…
Thematic effects of person judgments on impression organization
Case-Based, Model-Based, and Explanation-Based Styles of Reasoning in Foreign Policy
This article uses two types of experiments to examine the kinds of reasoning people use when thinking about foreign policy. Case-based, explanation-based, and model-based reasoning are offered as an appropriate taxonomy of reasoning styles, and laboratory experiments are the vehicle for empirical analysis. The first experiment uses a thought checking methodology. When combining over all subjects and scenarios in that experiment, explanation-based…
Computer simulation: The third symbol system
The cognitive organization of social information: A converging-operations approach
A neglected topic in social perception deals with how people organize the flow of information about the many individuals in their social environment. This flow of social information typically involves several items of information about each of several persons. The items about different persons are often arbitrarily intermixed in their temporal order of appearance. This paper questions the assumption that social information is automatically organi…
Between-theory and within-theory conflict in explaining context effects in impression formation
Perspective as a determinant of attitude change
Effects of personal involvement: Thought-provoking implications for social loafing
In 1979, Latane, Williams, and Harkins observed that individuals working together put out less effort than when they work alone, an effect these researchers termed social loafing. Subsequent research (Williams, Harkins, & Latane, 1981) has suggested that this effect arises, at least in part, because when participants work with others on these tasks their individual outputs are lost in the crowd, and, thus, they can receive neither credit nor blam…
Accessing information in memory-based impression judgments: Incongruity versus negativity in retrieval selectivity
The nature of selective cognitive search for information in memory-based person judgments is explored by examining an incongruity hypothesis and a negativity hypothesis. The incongruity hypothesis predicts that people search memory for incongruent or disconfirming information; the negativity hypothesis posits that they selectivity search for negative information. Two studies are reported that use decision time to determine the types of informatio…
An integration theory analysis of jurors' presumptions of guilt or innocence
Content versus self-rating in attitude research
Perspective as an intervening construct in the judgment of attitude statements
Contrast effects in impression formation
The bogus pipeline: A new ignis fatuus
Idiosyncratic weighting of trait information in impression formation
An analysis is offered of the role of unequal weighting in the averaging model of information integration. A distinction is made between unequal weighting at the normative level (which has been referred to as differential weighting) and unequal weighting at the level of the individual subject (which we refer to as weighting). Two studies are reported that examine the prevalence of idiosyncratic weighting in the trait-judgment impression formation…
Amount of information and interpersonal judgment
How Meaning Is Given to Rating Scales: The Effects of Response Language on Category Activation
Person perception in heterogeneous groups
Effect of snap and thoughtful judgments on person impressions
Judgment type (snap and thoughtful) and valence of stimulus person (from likable to unlikable) were varied as within‐subjects factors in four studies to test whether situational and motivational variables (as opposed to the perceptual variable of unit formation) would interfere with integrative activity in forming first impressions. If such variables are influential, both the averaging and meaning shift formulations would expect that snap judgmen…
Cognitive structure of neutral attitudes
Cognitive mediation of inconsistency discounting
Les auteurs ont imagine deux experiences pour examiner les effets de l'inconsistance et de la credibilite d'une information dans un jugement criminel (N=144)
Political heckling: Who really loses
Perspective as an intervening construct in the judgment of attitude statements
The relationship between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitude
Race differences in the judgment of attitude statements over a thirty-five year period1
Race differences in the judgment of statements of attitude toward the Negro were examined to assess comparative reference scale shifts over a 35-year period Reference scale origin became more pro-Negro for both races over tune, with whites shifting more than Negroes In 1929 Negroes judged the items as being more anti-Negro than did whites, this race difference was reversed for the 1962 and 1964 samples Reference scale unit was smaller for Negroes…
Perspective as a determinant of attitude change
Content versus self-rating in attitude research
Cognitive structure of neutral attitudes
Item Construction in Attitude Measurement
Generalizations based on verbal attitude measures are dependent on the universe of content from which the item sample is drawn. Inadequate recognition of the need to coordinate item content to the intended realm of generalization has led traditional and current discussions of attitude measurement to an inappropriate emphasis on the assessment of global attitudinal responses. The implications of restricting the domain of content either to a specif…
Anonymity in Letters to the Editor
Journal Article ANONYMITY IN LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Get access MICHAEL J. SAKS, MICHAEL J. SAKS University Fellow, Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar THOMAS M. OSTROM THOMAS M. OSTROM Professor Department of Psychology, Ohio State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 37, Issue 3, FALL 1973, Pages 417–422, http…
The bogus pipeline: A new ignis fatuus
Perspective-mediated attitude change: When is indirect persuasion more effective than direct persuasion
Amount of information and interpersonal judgment
Political heckling: Who really loses
Effect of snap and thoughtful judgments on person impressions
Judgment type (snap and thoughtful) and valence of stimulus person (from likable to unlikable) were varied as within‐subjects factors in four studies to test whether situational and motivational variables (as opposed to the perceptual variable of unit formation) would interfere with integrative activity in forming first impressions. If such variables are influential, both the averaging and meaning shift formulations would expect that snap judgmen…
Contrast effects in impression formation
Between-theory and within-theory conflict in explaining context effects in impression formation
An integration theory analysis of jurors' presumptions of guilt or innocence
Idiosyncratic weighting of trait information in impression formation
An analysis is offered of the role of unequal weighting in the averaging model of information integration. A distinction is made between unequal weighting at the normative level (which has been referred to as differential weighting) and unequal weighting at the level of the individual subject (which we refer to as weighting). Two studies are reported that examine the prevalence of idiosyncratic weighting in the trait-judgment impression formation…
Retrieval selectivity in memory-based impression judgments
Thematic effects of person judgments on impression organization
The cognitive organization of social information: A converging-operations approach
A neglected topic in social perception deals with how people organize the flow of information about the many individuals in their social environment. This flow of social information typically involves several items of information about each of several persons. The items about different persons are often arbitrarily intermixed in their temporal order of appearance. This paper questions the assumption that social information is automatically organi…
Preintegrative categorization of social information: The role of persons as organizing categories
Accessing information in memory-based impression judgments: Incongruity versus negativity in retrieval selectivity
The nature of selective cognitive search for information in memory-based person judgments is explored by examining an incongruity hypothesis and a negativity hypothesis. The incongruity hypothesis predicts that people search memory for incongruent or disconfirming information; the negativity hypothesis posits that they selectivity search for negative information. Two studies are reported that use decision time to determine the types of informatio…
Cognitive mediation of inconsistency discounting
Les auteurs ont imagine deux experiences pour examiner les effets de l'inconsistance et de la credibilite d'une information dans un jugement criminel (N=144)
Effects of pictures on the organization and recall of social information
The role of visual stimuli in the organization and recall of social information was investigated in a study that presented photographs of stimulus persons along with verbal trait descriptors. Paired with four trait descriptors of each stimulus person, subjects saw either no picture, one trait-unrelated picture, four trait-unrelated pictures, or four trait-related pictures. These conditions permitted a test of several competing explanations for th…
Person perception in heterogeneous groups
Psychology (32 works) · Social Psychology (30 works) · Social Psychology (25 works) · Cognitive psychology (14 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (12 works) · Perception (11 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · Social perception (10 works) · Impression formation (8 works) · Cognition (7 works)