Patrick Rabbitt
Biographic Data
| ID | 1662575 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Patrick Rabbitt |
| GIVEN NAMES | Patrick |
| FAMILY NAME | Rabbitt |
| SIGNATURE | RABBITT P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Manchester |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 29 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 31 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1964 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2017 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Speed of Visual Search in Old Age
OBJECTIVES: To review work on the effects of old age on speed of visual search and of discriminations between signals and choices of responses between 1950 and 2016. METHODS: Literature review and Brain Google. RESULTS: Mild existential despondency. DISCUSSION: Models for age changes in discrimination between signals and choices of responses have been based on comparisons of speed. The concept of speed has been used in four distinct ways: as a di…
Broadbent, Donald Eric (1926–93)
Between-individual variability and interpretation of associations between neurophysiological and behavioral measures in aging populations
Salthouse (2011) argued that (a) variance between individuals on cognitive test scores remains constant between 20 and 90 years of age and (b) widely recognized problems of deducing functional relationships from patterns of correlations between measurements become especially severe for neuropsychological indices, especially for gross indices of age-related brain changes (e.g., losses of brain volume or increases in white matter lesions). I argue …
Terminal Pathologies Affect Rates of Decline to Different Extents and Age Accelerates the Effects of Terminal Pathology on Cognitive Decline
After sex, age, and demographics have also been considered, different terminal pathologies are associated with markedly different rates of decline. Age accelerates pathology-related decline. This raises the further question as to whether any, or how much of, age-related cognitive decline is brought about by other causes than an increasing burden of pathologies
Age and Ability Affect Practice Gains in Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Change
During a 20-year longitudinal study, 5,842 participants aged 49 to 93 years significantly improved over two to four successive experiences of the Heim AH4-1 intelligence test (first published in 1970), even with between-test intervals of 4 years and longer. After we considered significant attrition by death and dropout and the effects of gender, socioeconomic advantage, and recruitment cohort, we found that participants with high intelligence tes…
Death, Dropout, and Longitudinal Measurements of Cognitive Change in Old Age
During a 20-year longitudinal study of cognitive change in old age 2,342 of 5,842 participants died and 3,204 dropped out. To study cognitive change as death approaches, we grouped participants by survival, death, dropout, or dropout followed by death. Linear mixed-effects pattern-mixture models compared rates of cognitive change before death and dropout from four quadrennial administrations of tests of fluid intelligence, vocabulary, and verbal …
Sudden Declines in Intelligence in Old Age Predict Death and Dropout From Longitudinal Studies
It is well known that approaching death accelerates cognitive decline. The converse issue, that is, the question of whether rapid declines in cognitive ability are risk factors for imminent death, has not been investigated. Every 4 years between 1983 and 2003, we gave 1,414 healthy community residents who were aged between 49 and 93 years the Heim AH4-1 test of fluid intelligence. A modified Andersen-Gill model evaluated AH4-1 scores at entry to …
Neglect of Dropout Underestimates Effects of Death in Longitudinal Studies
Investigations of terminal declines in mental abilities have assessed cognitive performance at a single time point and retrospectively compared survivors and decedents at a single later census date. Neglect of outcomes other than death, such as dropout, causes a loss of information on the relative frailty of survivors and deceased persons before the census date and on incidence of mortality and frailty among survivors after the census date. This …
Practice and Drop-Out Effects During a 17-Year Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Aging
Interpretations of longitudinal studies of cognitive aging are misleading unless effects of practice and selective drop-out are considered. A random effects model taking practice and drop-out into account analyzed data from four successive presentations of each of two intelligence tests, two vocabulary tests, and two verbal memory tests during a 17-year longitudinal study of 5,899 community residents whose ages ranged from 49 to 92 years. On inte…
Do clever brains age more slowly? Further exploration of a nun result
Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that individuals who have higher levels of mental ability in youth experience a slower cognitive decline as they grow old. In a sample of 3,263 Newcastle residents, average scores on a vocabulary test (Raven's 1965 ‘Mill Hill A') did not vary, while average scores on a test of fluid mental ability (the Heim, 1970, AH 4 (1) group intelligence test) sharply declined with age from 49 to 92 years. In young adu…
Confidence and the older driver
A sample of 555 drivers aged 50 or more were assessed in terms of their confidence in a range of driving situations, self-ratings of their driving ability, self-reported driving behaviour, and personality as measured by Eysenck's EPQ. Levels of nervousness when driving were surprisingly low, although there was no evidence of unrealistic self-ratings of driving ability. Female drivers reported significantly fewer errors and intentional violations …
Smoking, drinking, and other life style factors and cognitive function in men in the Caerphilly cohort
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the cognitive function in a large, ongoing cohort study of older men, and to identify associations with social and lifestyle factors. DESIGN: A cross sectional study of cognitive function was conducted within the Caerphilly Prospective Study of Heart Disease and stroke. SETTING: The Caerphilly Study was originally set up in 1979-83 when the men were 45-59 years of age. Extensive data are available on a wide range of l…
Intelligence is not just mental speed
It has long been known that people who have high scores on intelligence tests are also relatively fast at simple laboratory tests of ‘mental speed’ (Woodrow, cited in Woodworth, 1946). When first observed these correlations attracted little interest because, though ubiquitous, they are very modest, accounting for only 3–9% of variance between individuals (Sternberg, R. J., 1977). Correlations between intelligence test scores (TSs) and speed of pe…
Uncoupling learning from initial recall
Nettelbeck & Rabbitt (1992) found that measures of speed of performance with low knowledge requirements (four‐choice reaction time, inspection time and coding‐substitution) accounted substantially for age‐related changes among 104 persons aged from 54 to 85 years in a number of more complex cognitive measures reflecting general fluid ability. However, the numbers of words recalled from a list after either a single brief viewing of each word, or f…
Speed and Accuracy of Memory Decisions in Older Adults
An experiment examined the speed and accuracy with which older individuals made decisions about the contents of their memory. 63 volunteers aged between 50 and 80 years made speeded decisions about whether they knew the meaning of rare words presented to them on a computer screen followed by a forced-choice recognition test to assess the veracity of the memory decisions. Subjects were required to select 3 targets from a list of 10 that together c…
Conceptions of Intelligence
Robert Sternberg's earlier studies have shown that both expert psychometricians and lay people agree surprisingly well in their definitions of 'intelligence'. Very few follow recent suggestions by Most people and psychologists define ' intelligence' pragmatically as the ability to solve the problems encountered in everyday life. Zoologists tend towards similar definitions and have difficulty comparing the 'intelligence' of species of different an…
Alcohol, reaction time and memory
Moderate doses of alcohol impair performance on a variety of information processing tasks. Two separate meta-analyses were conducted on the results of (1) reaction time studies, and (2) recognition memory studies, representing 25 and 16 different task conditions, respectively. In both cases, performance with alcohol (either 0.8 or 1.0 ml/kg body weight) was plotted as a function of performance with no alcohol. For reaction time, a linear fit acco…
Cognitive Psychology
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
Do older people know how good they are
Information and procedures that have been overlearned during a lifetime form a body of ‘crystallized’ intelligence that is relatively unaffected by ageing. Thus in spite of marked decrements in their ‘fluid’ memory abilities it is possible that older people may retain knowledge about the limitations and characteristics of their own memory (‘metamemory’). To test whether efficiency of metamemory is, indeed, independent of age‐related decline in fl…
Investigating models of human performance
In Decision and Stress , Broadbent (1971) highlighted the deficiencies of steady‐state information‐processing systems and recommended a methodology for studying change and individual variability in human performance. Some implications of his approach are considered here by reviewing studies of the ways in which performance in choice reaction time, visual search and simple memory tasks is affected by individual differences in age and intelligence,…
Ageing memory
An uncued recall technique was used to compare recall of autobiographical events by two groups of elderly volunteers of equivalent general intelligence (assessed by unadjusted scores on the AH4 intelligence test). One group lived in residential care, and the other led independent lives. Residential care subjects recalled and spontaneously rehearsed more memories from their early than their recent lives, whereas the reverse was true for the indepe…
Lost and Found’
Laboratory tests show a decline in memory efficiency with age, but may not reflect highly practised everyday memory skills. Self‐rating questionnaires probe memory efficiency in everyday life, but seven logical and methodological problems ambiguate interpretation of the data they yield. To explore these problems, 442 volunteers aged from 50 to 85 years were given the AH 4 IQ tests, Mill Hill Vocabulary Tests, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Broa…
Comparing the effects of alcohol and intelligence on text recall and recognition
Forty male subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of their scores on a computerized intelligence test administered in a preliminary session. They then participated in a text recall and recognition experiment in which they received alcohol (1.0 ml/kg body weight) in one session and no alcohol in another session (the order being counterbalanced). Subjects were required to read a short passage, immediately recall as much of it as possibl…
Cognitive Psychology of Old Age
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
Effects of age and raw IQ test scores on mean correct and mean error reaction times in serial choice tasks
Practice and Drop-Out Effects During a 17-Year Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Aging
Interpretations of longitudinal studies of cognitive aging are misleading unless effects of practice and selective drop-out are considered. A random effects model taking practice and drop-out into account analyzed data from four successive presentations of each of two intelligence tests, two vocabulary tests, and two verbal memory tests during a 17-year longitudinal study of 5,899 community residents whose ages ranged from 49 to 92 years. On inte…
Smoking, drinking, and other life style factors and cognitive function in men in the Caerphilly cohort
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the cognitive function in a large, ongoing cohort study of older men, and to identify associations with social and lifestyle factors. DESIGN: A cross sectional study of cognitive function was conducted within the Caerphilly Prospective Study of Heart Disease and stroke. SETTING: The Caerphilly Study was originally set up in 1979-83 when the men were 45-59 years of age. Extensive data are available on a wide range of l…
Neglect of Dropout Underestimates Effects of Death in Longitudinal Studies
Investigations of terminal declines in mental abilities have assessed cognitive performance at a single time point and retrospectively compared survivors and decedents at a single later census date. Neglect of outcomes other than death, such as dropout, causes a loss of information on the relative frailty of survivors and deceased persons before the census date and on incidence of mortality and frailty among survivors after the census date. This …
Confidence and the older driver
A sample of 555 drivers aged 50 or more were assessed in terms of their confidence in a range of driving situations, self-ratings of their driving ability, self-reported driving behaviour, and personality as measured by Eysenck's EPQ. Levels of nervousness when driving were surprisingly low, although there was no evidence of unrealistic self-ratings of driving ability. Female drivers reported significantly fewer errors and intentional violations …
Lost and Found’
Laboratory tests show a decline in memory efficiency with age, but may not reflect highly practised everyday memory skills. Self‐rating questionnaires probe memory efficiency in everyday life, but seven logical and methodological problems ambiguate interpretation of the data they yield. To explore these problems, 442 volunteers aged from 50 to 85 years were given the AH 4 IQ tests, Mill Hill Vocabulary Tests, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Broa…
Age and Ability Affect Practice Gains in Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Change
During a 20-year longitudinal study, 5,842 participants aged 49 to 93 years significantly improved over two to four successive experiences of the Heim AH4-1 intelligence test (first published in 1970), even with between-test intervals of 4 years and longer. After we considered significant attrition by death and dropout and the effects of gender, socioeconomic advantage, and recruitment cohort, we found that participants with high intelligence tes…
Death, Dropout, and Longitudinal Measurements of Cognitive Change in Old Age
During a 20-year longitudinal study of cognitive change in old age 2,342 of 5,842 participants died and 3,204 dropped out. To study cognitive change as death approaches, we grouped participants by survival, death, dropout, or dropout followed by death. Linear mixed-effects pattern-mixture models compared rates of cognitive change before death and dropout from four quadrennial administrations of tests of fluid intelligence, vocabulary, and verbal …
Sudden Declines in Intelligence in Old Age Predict Death and Dropout From Longitudinal Studies
It is well known that approaching death accelerates cognitive decline. The converse issue, that is, the question of whether rapid declines in cognitive ability are risk factors for imminent death, has not been investigated. Every 4 years between 1983 and 2003, we gave 1,414 healthy community residents who were aged between 49 and 93 years the Heim AH4-1 test of fluid intelligence. A modified Andersen-Gill model evaluated AH4-1 scores at entry to …
Do clever brains age more slowly? Further exploration of a nun result
Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that individuals who have higher levels of mental ability in youth experience a slower cognitive decline as they grow old. In a sample of 3,263 Newcastle residents, average scores on a vocabulary test (Raven's 1965 ‘Mill Hill A') did not vary, while average scores on a test of fluid mental ability (the Heim, 1970, AH 4 (1) group intelligence test) sharply declined with age from 49 to 92 years. In young adu…
Do older people know how good they are
Information and procedures that have been overlearned during a lifetime form a body of ‘crystallized’ intelligence that is relatively unaffected by ageing. Thus in spite of marked decrements in their ‘fluid’ memory abilities it is possible that older people may retain knowledge about the limitations and characteristics of their own memory (‘metamemory’). To test whether efficiency of metamemory is, indeed, independent of age‐related decline in fl…
Ageing memory
An uncued recall technique was used to compare recall of autobiographical events by two groups of elderly volunteers of equivalent general intelligence (assessed by unadjusted scores on the AH4 intelligence test). One group lived in residential care, and the other led independent lives. Residential care subjects recalled and spontaneously rehearsed more memories from their early than their recent lives, whereas the reverse was true for the indepe…
How old and young subjects monitor and control responses for accuracy and speed
It is well known that old people respond more slowly than young but it is not known whether these changes occur because some elements in control processes which are responsible for choice and execution of responses are impaired more than others by advancing age. In order to control response speed and accuracy human beings must be able to exercise control of three parameters: (1) they must detect errors when they occur; (2) they must be able to mo…
Ignoring Irrelevant Information
The task of scanning a visual display to identify certain symbols may involve ignoring the presence of others, and so may be compared with Donders's 1862 study of the ‘ c ‐reaction’, in which a response was required to only one of a set of five possible phonemes presented to a subject in random succession. For visual displays of letters of the alphabet the time required to ignore a symbol as irrelevant is shown to depend upon the vocabulary of it…
Response‐facilitation on Repetition of a Limb Movement
Response times to stimuli of increasing complexity as a function of ageing
Twelve elderly and 12 young subjects were tested on a series of experiments with increasing complexity of perceptual‐response mapping. As task complexity increased the differential slowing in performance between young and old increased and an age × task complexity interaction was observed. However, with practice this phenomenon disappeared leaving an apparent age lag constant. This slowing was due to increased central processing time rather than …
How old and young subjects monitor and control responses for accuracy and speed
It is well known that old people respond more slowly than young but it is not known whether these changes occur because some elements in control processes which are responsible for choice and execution of responses are impaired more than others by advancing age. In order to control response speed and accuracy human beings must be able to exercise control of three parameters: (1) they must detect errors when they occur; (2) they must be able to mo…
Effects of age and raw IQ test scores on mean correct and mean error reaction times in serial choice tasks
Cognitive Psychology of Old Age
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
Lost and Found’
Laboratory tests show a decline in memory efficiency with age, but may not reflect highly practised everyday memory skills. Self‐rating questionnaires probe memory efficiency in everyday life, but seven logical and methodological problems ambiguate interpretation of the data they yield. To explore these problems, 442 volunteers aged from 50 to 85 years were given the AH 4 IQ tests, Mill Hill Vocabulary Tests, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Broa…
Comparing the effects of alcohol and intelligence on text recall and recognition
Forty male subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of their scores on a computerized intelligence test administered in a preliminary session. They then participated in a text recall and recognition experiment in which they received alcohol (1.0 ml/kg body weight) in one session and no alcohol in another session (the order being counterbalanced). Subjects were required to read a short passage, immediately recall as much of it as possibl…
Do older people know how good they are
Information and procedures that have been overlearned during a lifetime form a body of ‘crystallized’ intelligence that is relatively unaffected by ageing. Thus in spite of marked decrements in their ‘fluid’ memory abilities it is possible that older people may retain knowledge about the limitations and characteristics of their own memory (‘metamemory’). To test whether efficiency of metamemory is, indeed, independent of age‐related decline in fl…
Investigating models of human performance
In Decision and Stress , Broadbent (1971) highlighted the deficiencies of steady‐state information‐processing systems and recommended a methodology for studying change and individual variability in human performance. Some implications of his approach are considered here by reviewing studies of the ways in which performance in choice reaction time, visual search and simple memory tasks is affected by individual differences in age and intelligence,…
Ageing memory
An uncued recall technique was used to compare recall of autobiographical events by two groups of elderly volunteers of equivalent general intelligence (assessed by unadjusted scores on the AH4 intelligence test). One group lived in residential care, and the other led independent lives. Residential care subjects recalled and spontaneously rehearsed more memories from their early than their recent lives, whereas the reverse was true for the indepe…
Cognitive Psychology
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
Speed and Accuracy of Memory Decisions in Older Adults
An experiment examined the speed and accuracy with which older individuals made decisions about the contents of their memory. 63 volunteers aged between 50 and 80 years made speeded decisions about whether they knew the meaning of rare words presented to them on a computer screen followed by a forced-choice recognition test to assess the veracity of the memory decisions. Subjects were required to select 3 targets from a list of 10 that together c…
Conceptions of Intelligence
Robert Sternberg's earlier studies have shown that both expert psychometricians and lay people agree surprisingly well in their definitions of 'intelligence'. Very few follow recent suggestions by Most people and psychologists define ' intelligence' pragmatically as the ability to solve the problems encountered in everyday life. Zoologists tend towards similar definitions and have difficulty comparing the 'intelligence' of species of different an…
Alcohol, reaction time and memory
Moderate doses of alcohol impair performance on a variety of information processing tasks. Two separate meta-analyses were conducted on the results of (1) reaction time studies, and (2) recognition memory studies, representing 25 and 16 different task conditions, respectively. In both cases, performance with alcohol (either 0.8 or 1.0 ml/kg body weight) was plotted as a function of performance with no alcohol. For reaction time, a linear fit acco…
Intelligence is not just mental speed
It has long been known that people who have high scores on intelligence tests are also relatively fast at simple laboratory tests of ‘mental speed’ (Woodrow, cited in Woodworth, 1946). When first observed these correlations attracted little interest because, though ubiquitous, they are very modest, accounting for only 3–9% of variance between individuals (Sternberg, R. J., 1977). Correlations between intelligence test scores (TSs) and speed of pe…
Uncoupling learning from initial recall
Nettelbeck & Rabbitt (1992) found that measures of speed of performance with low knowledge requirements (four‐choice reaction time, inspection time and coding‐substitution) accounted substantially for age‐related changes among 104 persons aged from 54 to 85 years in a number of more complex cognitive measures reflecting general fluid ability. However, the numbers of words recalled from a list after either a single brief viewing of each word, or f…
Smoking, drinking, and other life style factors and cognitive function in men in the Caerphilly cohort
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the cognitive function in a large, ongoing cohort study of older men, and to identify associations with social and lifestyle factors. DESIGN: A cross sectional study of cognitive function was conducted within the Caerphilly Prospective Study of Heart Disease and stroke. SETTING: The Caerphilly Study was originally set up in 1979-83 when the men were 45-59 years of age. Extensive data are available on a wide range of l…
Confidence and the older driver
A sample of 555 drivers aged 50 or more were assessed in terms of their confidence in a range of driving situations, self-ratings of their driving ability, self-reported driving behaviour, and personality as measured by Eysenck's EPQ. Levels of nervousness when driving were surprisingly low, although there was no evidence of unrealistic self-ratings of driving ability. Female drivers reported significantly fewer errors and intentional violations …
Do clever brains age more slowly? Further exploration of a nun result
Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that individuals who have higher levels of mental ability in youth experience a slower cognitive decline as they grow old. In a sample of 3,263 Newcastle residents, average scores on a vocabulary test (Raven's 1965 ‘Mill Hill A') did not vary, while average scores on a test of fluid mental ability (the Heim, 1970, AH 4 (1) group intelligence test) sharply declined with age from 49 to 92 years. In young adu…
Practice and Drop-Out Effects During a 17-Year Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Aging
Interpretations of longitudinal studies of cognitive aging are misleading unless effects of practice and selective drop-out are considered. A random effects model taking practice and drop-out into account analyzed data from four successive presentations of each of two intelligence tests, two vocabulary tests, and two verbal memory tests during a 17-year longitudinal study of 5,899 community residents whose ages ranged from 49 to 92 years. On inte…
Neglect of Dropout Underestimates Effects of Death in Longitudinal Studies
Investigations of terminal declines in mental abilities have assessed cognitive performance at a single time point and retrospectively compared survivors and decedents at a single later census date. Neglect of outcomes other than death, such as dropout, causes a loss of information on the relative frailty of survivors and deceased persons before the census date and on incidence of mortality and frailty among survivors after the census date. This …
Age and Ability Affect Practice Gains in Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Change
During a 20-year longitudinal study, 5,842 participants aged 49 to 93 years significantly improved over two to four successive experiences of the Heim AH4-1 intelligence test (first published in 1970), even with between-test intervals of 4 years and longer. After we considered significant attrition by death and dropout and the effects of gender, socioeconomic advantage, and recruitment cohort, we found that participants with high intelligence tes…
Death, Dropout, and Longitudinal Measurements of Cognitive Change in Old Age
During a 20-year longitudinal study of cognitive change in old age 2,342 of 5,842 participants died and 3,204 dropped out. To study cognitive change as death approaches, we grouped participants by survival, death, dropout, or dropout followed by death. Linear mixed-effects pattern-mixture models compared rates of cognitive change before death and dropout from four quadrennial administrations of tests of fluid intelligence, vocabulary, and verbal …
Sudden Declines in Intelligence in Old Age Predict Death and Dropout From Longitudinal Studies
It is well known that approaching death accelerates cognitive decline. The converse issue, that is, the question of whether rapid declines in cognitive ability are risk factors for imminent death, has not been investigated. Every 4 years between 1983 and 2003, we gave 1,414 healthy community residents who were aged between 49 and 93 years the Heim AH4-1 test of fluid intelligence. A modified Andersen-Gill model evaluated AH4-1 scores at entry to …
Psychology (28 works) · Cognition (18 works) · Cognitive psychology (16 works) · Developmental psychology (15 works) · Medicine (13 works) · Psychiatry (10 works) · Computer Science (9 works) · Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research (9 works) · Mathematics (8 works) · Cognitive Abilities and Testing (7 works)