Clifford Ando
Biographic Data
| ID | 169854 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Clifford Ando |
| GIVEN NAMES | Clifford |
| FAMILY NAME | Ando |
| SIGNATURE | ANDO C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Chicago |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5147-6912 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 63 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 90 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 58 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 5 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
The Cambridge History of Rights
The ancient world existed before the modern conceptual and linguistic apparatus of rights, and any attempts to understand its place in history must be undertaken with care. This volume covers not only Greco-Roman antiquity, but ranges from the ancient Near East to early Confucian China; Deuteronomic Judaism to Ptolemaic Egypt; and rabbinic Judaism to Sasanian law. It describes ancient normative conceptions of personhood and practices of law in a …
Cambridge History of Rights: Volume 1, the Ancient World
The Rise of the Indigenous Jurists
Numerous Roman grants to local communities of the right to use local law survive in contemporaneous copies starting in the second century BCE. Contemporaneous with these grants of autonomy, Rome urged institutional changes that reconstituted local elites as aristocracies of office. By contrast, evidence that individuals identified themselves as experts in local law survives in bulk only starting in the second century CE. The paper urges that the …
Empire, Status, and the Law
One phase in the long history of Roman citizenship ended in 212 ce, when the emperor Caracalla granted citizenship to all free-born residents of the empire. This moment subsequently came to be understood as inevitable, as though the juridical unification of the world had been the project of empire all along—and virtually all subsequent European empires have been implicated in the legacy of that tradition. But the history of Roman citizenship is n…
Roman and Local Citizenship in the Long Second Century CE
This volume offers a radical new history of Roman citizenship in the long century before Caracalla’s universal grant of citizenship in 212 CE. Earlier work portrayed the privileges of citizen status in this period as eroded by its wide diffusion. Building on recent scholarship that has revised downward estimates for the spread of citizenship, this work investigates the continuing significance of Roman citizenship in the domains of law, economics,…
The Ambitions of Government: Sovereignty and Control in the Ancient Countryside
The chapter sketches an approach to a great challenge of contemporary ancient history, namely, the history whereby state power was extended into the ancient countryside. It commences with consideration of the operations that produced Roman taxonomies of city-states and villages: far from a simple consequence of recognition, the statuses of city-state and village alike were ascribed. The chapter directs attention to the decades when Rome ceased to…
Local Citizenship and Civic Participation in the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire
The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire
What did the Romans know about their gods? Why did they perform the rituals of their religion, and what motivated them to change those rituals? To these questions Clifford Ando proposes simple answers: In contrast to ancient Christians, who had faith, Romans had knowledge, and their knowledge was empirical in orientation. In other words, the Romans acquired knowledge of the gods through observation of the world, and their rituals were maintained …
Religion, toleration, and religious liberty in republican empire
The essay considers the nature and extent of toleration extended by Roman authorities to the religious pluralism of the empire. Roman legal instruments and works of law and political theory identify religion not as a concern of individuals but communities, and above all of juridically-constituted communities. As a related matter, classical and Christian Latin employs the language of political belonging, most notably that of republican citizenship…
Crisis and Constitutionalism: Roman Political Thought from the Fall of the Republic to the Age of Revolution by Benjamin Straumann
BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS 395 result of Maximian’s failure to defeat Carausius (90–91), his observations on the use of Julian’s panegyrics and the accounts of Ammianus Marcellinus and Zosimus (205–206), and his remarks on the relationship between Gratian and Theodosius (262). For Omissi, what a panegyrist chooses not to say is often as important as what is said. He is also very concerned to investigate the influence that the panegyrics and thei…
Introduction: Historical Improvisations in Imperial Religion
289
Colonialism, Colonization: Roman Perspectives
This chapter explores the practicalities of empire and colonialism as these affected the conditions of cultural production under Roman rule and adumbrates contours of enquiry within several such domains. It commences with general remarks on the fit between ancient empire as a political form and the regular features of early modern and modern experience that gave rise to contemporary postcolonial theory. Subsequent sections explore the metropolita…
Making Romans
This chapter offers a long-term perspective on the history of citizenship which illustrates several massive discontinuities. It shows that the enfranchisement of aliens originally served not as reward but as punishment for defeated communities. The second century BCE saw a key departure with the innovation of conferring citizenship on office-holders in some subordinate communities. The chapter highlights the paradox that this devolved the right t…
The Rites of Others
The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society
Cassius Dio on Imperial Legitimacy, from the Antonines to the Severans
Introduction Even in its surviving form, the History of Cassius Dio constitutes the only extant narrative of Rome that covers the long history of monarchic power from its establishment under Augustus to the radical and violent reorientation of its basis under Severus and his successors. Remarkably, it may well have been the only such narrative ever written. Whatever its difficulty of access, it therefore behooves us to consider in detail how Dio …
Triumph in the Decentralized Empire
Triumphs were everywhere in late antiquity, and nowhere. The language, gesture, trappings, and conduct associated with the ritual are frequently attested, even as the necessity of their association with specificities of that ritual broke down. As a related matter, in the fourth century the city of Rome ceased to be the essential center of politics or the necessary center of an imperial sacred topography. This decentralization, as it is often call…
Religion et gouvernement dans l'Empire romain
Citizenship and Empire in Europe 200–1900: The Antonine Constitution after 1800 years
In 212 CE, the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to nearly all free-born residents of the Roman Empire. In doing so, he transformed not only his own, but the very ideal of empire and statehood in Europe. This volume first inquires into the contexts of Caracalla's act in his own day. Rome was an ancient empire: it had traditionally ruled over populations that were conceived and governed as distinct units, a practice that was both strategic an…
Fact, Fiction, and Social Reality in Roman Law
Public and Private in Ancient Mediterranean Law and Religion
The public/private distinction is fundamental to modern theories of the family, religion and religious freedom, and state power, yet it has different salience, and is understood differently, from place to place and time to time. The volume examines the public/private distinction in the cultures and religions of the ancient Mediterranean, in the formative periods of Greece and Rome and the religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Roman Social Imaginaries: Language and Thought in the Context of Empire
Praesentia Numinis Part 3: Idols in Context (of Use)
Cet article est le dernier d’une série consacrée au problème des images dans la religion romaine antique, et les différents contextes polémiques et académiques au sein desquels ce problème a été débattu. Ici, il s’agit de mettre en regard la documentation historique et les considérations archéologiques que nous offrent la recherche actuelle. Nous souhaitons en particulier remettre en question l’idée courante selon laquelle les images étaient une …
Ancient Authorities Intertwined
The article surveys and interprets the works produced by José de Acosta during his years in the New World and his revisions of, and additions to, those works after his return to Europe. Elucidating Acosta’s engagements with both Scripture and classical literature, the essay urges respect for the various religious, intellectual, and metaphysical commitments that structured Acosta’s arguments. Particular attention is given to Acosta’s wrestling wit…
Postscript: Cities, Citizenship, and the Work of Empire
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The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire
What did the Romans know about their gods? Why did they perform the rituals of their religion, and what motivated them to change those rituals? To these questions Clifford Ando proposes simple answers: In contrast to ancient Christians, who had faith, Romans had knowledge, and their knowledge was empirical in orientation. In other words, the Romans acquired knowledge of the gods through observation of the world, and their rituals were maintained …
Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century
GBS_insertPreviewButtonPopup(['ISBN:9780748620500','ISBN:9780748620517','ISBN:9780748629206','ISBN:9780748655359','ISBN:9780748655342','ISBN:9780748655359']); The Roman empire during the period framed by the accession of Septimus Severus in 193 and the rise of Diocletian in 284 has conventionally been regarded as one of 'crisis'. Between 235 and 284, at least eighteen men held the throne of the empire, for an average of less than three years, a r…
Pagan Apologetics and Christian Intolerance in the Ages of Themistius and Augustine
This essay charts some trends in pagan-Christian dialogue in the fourth and early fifth centuries, particularly in light of recent attempts to foreground the intellectual achievement of post-Constantinian Christian apologetics and political thought.Many pagans consciously attempted to appeal to Christians on their own terms through allusions to themes in contemporary Christian debate and, above all, through the adoption of Christian vocabulary; t…
Decline, Fall, and Transformation
The essay offers a series of perspectives on the historiography of Late Antiquity. It relates popular indices of continuity, change, and decline to particular systems of moral and aesthetic evaluation. Most pointedly, it asks what is bracketed, and what presumed, by cultural-historical study in this period, and suggests three failings in the literature: too much credence is often granted to interested ancient claims to innovation; modern analytic…
Interpretatio Romana
Praesentia numinis. Part I: The visibility of Roman gods
Where shall we swear to obey your laws and decrees ? By what scruple will the deceitful mind be terrified, lest it perjure itself under oath ? To be sure, all things are full of god, nor is any place safe for perjurers. Nevertheless, the presence of a god is a powerful inducement to a fear of wrong-doing
Roman and Local Citizenship in the Long Second Century CE
This volume offers a radical new history of Roman citizenship in the long century before Caracalla’s universal grant of citizenship in 212 CE. Earlier work portrayed the privileges of citizen status in this period as eroded by its wide diffusion. Building on recent scholarship that has revised downward estimates for the spread of citizenship, this work investigates the continuing significance of Roman citizenship in the domains of law, economics,…
The Ontology of Religious Institutions
Aliens, Ambassadors, and the Integrity of the Empire
In 321 B.C.E., a Roman army led by both that year's consuls was trapped near Caudium, in a defile named the Caudine Forks, the result of a clever strategem devised by the Samnite general Gaius Pontius. According to Livy, writing some three hundred years later, the Samnites had made no plan to capitalize on their good fortune, and so they sent to Pontius's father, Herennius Pontius, to seek his advice. “Let them all go unharmed,” he said. The mess…
Religion and Violence in Late Roman North Africa
Religion and Violence in Late Roman North Africa Clifford Ando The articles in this special section had their origin in a seminar held at the annual meeting of the American Philological Association in Seattle in January 2013. The aim of the seminar was to pay homage to Brent Shaw’s Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine, which had been published not long before.1 Shaw’s volume is more than a monumental st…
The Matter of the GodsReligion and the Roman Empire: Religion and the Roman Empire
"What did the Romans know about their gods? Why did they perform the rituals of their religion, and what motivated them to change those rituals? To these questions Clifford Ando proposes simple answers: that in contrast to ancient Christians, who had faith, Romans had knowledge, and their knowledge was empirical in orientation. In other words, the Romans acquired knowledge of the gods through observation of the world, and their rituals were maint…
Being Greek under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire
Signs, Idols, and the Incarnation in Augustinian Metaphysics
Augustine had no theory of signs . Indeed, one might properly say that Augustine had no philosophy of representation, no critique of idolatry, and no theory of time. This is not to say that Augustine did not think about language, or that in doing so he did not incur debts to earlier essays on the nature and origin of signs. Rather, Augustine confronted signs and the failings of language, and sought to explain the referential capacity of religious…
The Palladium and the Pentateuch: Towards a Sacred Topography of the Later Roman Empire
H ISTORIANS OF RELIGION IN LATE ANTIQUITY tend to adopt one of two perspectives. Either we seek to understand Christianization, a process ultimately reducible to acts of individual choice whose aggregate effects can be described in purely demographic terms, or we investigate the demise of paganism, a set of discrete rituals and practices, some of which survived in Christian Europe, robbed of their religious significance through cult acts and conc…
Hadrian: The Restless Emperor
Tacitus, Annales VI: Beginning and End
Tacitus, Annales VI: Beginning and End Clifford Ando Our sole witness for the text of Annales I–VI, the so-called Mediceus, 1 duly registers the ends of books 1 through 4, but of no book thereafter. The question of where to locate the beginning of book 6 has not been discussed at any length since 1848, and that we have the end of book 6 at our 6.51 has not, to my knowledge, ever been disputed. The answer we posit to both questions has, obviously,…
Pagan Apologetics and Christian Intolerance in the Ages of Themistius and Augustine
This essay charts some trends in pagan-Christian dialogue in the fourth and early fifth centuries, particularly in light of recent attempts to foreground the intellectual achievement of post-Constantinian Christian apologetics and political thought.Many pagans consciously attempted to appeal to Christians on their own terms through allusions to themes in contemporary Christian debate and, above all, through the adoption of Christian vocabulary; t…
Tacitus, Annales VI: Beginning and End
Tacitus, Annales VI: Beginning and End Clifford Ando Our sole witness for the text of Annales I–VI, the so-called Mediceus, 1 duly registers the ends of books 1 through 4, but of no book thereafter. The question of where to locate the beginning of book 6 has not been discussed at any length since 1848, and that we have the end of book 6 at our 6.51 has not, to my knowledge, ever been disputed. The answer we posit to both questions has, obviously,…
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Part III, 527-641
Hadrian: The Restless Emperor
Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul
1. On Romanization 2. Roman power and the Gauls 3. The civilising ethos 4. Mapping cultural change 5. Urbanising the Gauls 6. The culture of the countryside 7. Consuming Rome 8. Keeping faith? 9. Being Roman in Gaul
Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire
"Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire argues that the longevity of the empire rested not on Roman military power, but on a gradually realized consensus that Roman rule was justified. This consensus was itself the product of a complex conversation between the central government and its far-flung peripheries. Ando investigates the mechanisms that sustained this conversation, explores its contribution to the legitimization of…
Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire
The Roman empire remains unique. Although Rome claimed to rule the world, it did not. Rather, its uniqueness stems from the culture it created and the loyalty it inspired across an area that stretched from the Tyne to the Euphrates. Moreover, the empire created this culture with a bureaucracy smaller than that of a typical late-twentieth-century research university. In approaching this problem, Clifford Ando does not ask the ever-fashionable ques…
Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Classics and Contemporary Thought Book 6)
Signs, Idols, and the Incarnation in Augustinian Metaphysics
Augustine had no theory of signs . Indeed, one might properly say that Augustine had no philosophy of representation, no critique of idolatry, and no theory of time. This is not to say that Augustine did not think about language, or that in doing so he did not incur debts to earlier essays on the nature and origin of signs. Rather, Augustine confronted signs and the failings of language, and sought to explain the referential capacity of religious…
The Palladium and the Pentateuch: Towards a Sacred Topography of the Later Roman Empire
H ISTORIANS OF RELIGION IN LATE ANTIQUITY tend to adopt one of two perspectives. Either we seek to understand Christianization, a process ultimately reducible to acts of individual choice whose aggregate effects can be described in purely demographic terms, or we investigate the demise of paganism, a set of discrete rituals and practices, some of which survived in Christian Europe, robbed of their religious significance through cult acts and conc…
Vergil's Italy: Ethnography and Politics in First-Century Rome
Romanization in the Time of Augustus
During the lifetime of Augustus (from 63 B.C. to A.D. 14), Roman civilization spread at a remarkable rate throughout the ancient world, influencing such areas as art and architecture, religion, law, local speech, city design, clothing, and leisure and family activities. In this vivid book, Ramsay MacMullen investigates why the adoption of Roman ways was so prevalent during this period. Drawing largely on archaeological sources, MacMullen discover…
Law and Empire in Late Antiquity
A Religion for the Empire†
The tension between Rome and peripheral municipalities at the level of patriotism and philosophy in politics had analogs in religious thought and practice, and it is at this point of rupture that the explanatory power of polis-religion might best be tested. In devising such a test, this chapter consults ancient theorists of polis-religion to consider the challenges that confronted their theoretical and theological presuppositions as the social an…
Introduction: Religion, Law and Knowledge in Classical Rome
Introduction to Part V: Roman and Alien
Like many other cultural systems, Roman religion possessed mech-anisms for regulating contact with foreign ideas and practices, and these were mobilized by, and themselves constrained, the historical dynamics of Roman interaction with foreign peoples, whether conducted through immigration, trade, tourism, or war. Scholars have been only too happy to follow Roman polemicists in reducing this problem to a set of simplistic binarisms, susceptible of…
Roman religion
Clifford Ando introduces the reader to the complex and foreign world of Roman religion and to the major trends in its study. He presents 14 papers on central topics in Roman religion and their implications for Roman literature, history and culture
A Religion for the Empire
The tension between Roman centre and peripheral municipalities at the level of patriotism and political philosophy had analogs in religious thought and practice and it is at this point of rupture that the explanatory power of polis-religion might best be tested. Romans at Rome had long developed sophisticated and self-conscious mechanisms both for importing and naturalising foreign cults and for sanctioning and controlling the religious life of s…
Being Greek under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire
Interpretatio Romana
Interpretatio Romana
Aliens, Ambassadors, and the Integrity of the Empire
In 321 B.C.E., a Roman army led by both that year's consuls was trapped near Caudium, in a defile named the Caudine Forks, the result of a clever strategem devised by the Samnite general Gaius Pontius. According to Livy, writing some three hundred years later, the Samnites had made no plan to capitalize on their good fortune, and so they sent to Pontius's father, Herennius Pontius, to seek his advice. “Let them all go unharmed,” he said. The mess…
The Matter of the GodsReligion and the Roman Empire: Religion and the Roman Empire
"What did the Romans know about their gods? Why did they perform the rituals of their religion, and what motivated them to change those rituals? To these questions Clifford Ando proposes simple answers: that in contrast to ancient Christians, who had faith, Romans had knowledge, and their knowledge was empirical in orientation. In other words, the Romans acquired knowledge of the gods through observation of the world, and their rituals were maint…
Decline, Fall, and Transformation
The essay offers a series of perspectives on the historiography of Late Antiquity. It relates popular indices of continuity, change, and decline to particular systems of moral and aesthetic evaluation. Most pointedly, it asks what is bracketed, and what presumed, by cultural-historical study in this period, and suggests three failings in the literature: too much credence is often granted to interested ancient claims to innovation; modern analytic…
Narrating Decline and Fall
This chapter contains sections titled: Christianity and Barbarism Virtue and Despotism The Christian Republic Bibliographical Note
History (48 works) · Classical Antiquity Studies (41 works) · Political science (33 works) · Ancient history (31 works) · Law (30 works) · Art (28 works) · Empire (24 works) · Philosophy (21 works) · Politics (21 works) · Classics (20 works)