Ariel Knafo-Noam
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 170074 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Ariel Knafo-Noam |
| NOMBRES | Ariel |
| APELLIDO | Knafo-Noam |
| FIRMA | KNAFO-NOAM A |
| AFILIACIONES | Hebrew University of Jerusalem |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0613-1960 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 45 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 227 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 45 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2000 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
A multilingual app for studying children’s developing values
Although over 250 million people speak Arabic as their first language, only a minuscule fraction of developmental science studies Arab children. As values are a core component of culture, understanding how values develop is key to understanding development across cultures. Little is known about young Arab children's values. We developed an Arabic version of the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children and implemented it in a multilingual applicati…
The role of personal values in opinion formation regarding a high-stakes continually evolving topic
How do people form opinions in high-stakes situations, prevalent in times of conflict and crisis? We propose that personal values play a crucial role in shaping opinions and provide empirical evidence and novel insights about the process involved. We expected values to predict opinions regarding negotiations with armed groups to free hostages. Five Israeli samples ( N = 7,248; four preregistered, one longitudinal) participated during the Hamas-Is…
Values and educational decisions
Values are central for life choices, including vocational and academic decisions. Importantly, vocational choices begin within the school system, where selecting specific study tracks can impact later career development. How do values relate to adolescents’ academic track choices? Study 1 focused on Israeli students who chose exact science tracks compared to those who chose other tracks. Adolescents, reached through panel recruitment ( N = 216, a…
“You and me”
Widespread Religious and Spiritual Change Due to War
Wishful perceiving
Why do people not perceive their close others accurately, although they have ample information about them? We propose that one reason for such errors may be bias based on personal values. Personal values may serve as schemas defining what people see as positive, and thus affect perceptions of others' behavior, values, and traits. We propose that, in close relationships, people see others as sharing their own values. Six studies ( N = 2,225; four …
The structure, development, and etiology of observed temperament during middle childhood
Investigating the structure and etiology of temperament is key to understanding how children interact with the world (Kagan, 1994). Although these topics have yielded an abundance of research, fewer studies have employed observational data during middle childhood, when unique environmental challenges could influence temperament development. To address this gap, Israeli twin children were observed at Age 6.5 ( N = 1,083, 564 families; 50.6% female…
The empathic personality profile
Objective How do genetic and environmental processes affect empathy during early adolescence? This study illuminated this question by examining the aetiology of empathy with the aetiology of other personality characteristics. Method Israeli twin adolescents rated their empathy and personality at ages 11 ( N = 1176) and 13 ( N = 821) (733 families, 51.4% females). Parents rated adolescents' emotional empathy. Adolescents performed an emotion recog…
Personal values and sustained attention as predictors of children's helping behavior in middle childhood
OBJECTIVE: This study tested the effect of personal values (motivation) and sustained attention (cognitive ability) on children's helping behavior. METHOD: Children (N = 162, age range 8-9 years, mean = 8.81, SD = 0.43) completed value ranking and go/no-go tasks, and their helping behavior was examined. RESULTS: Children who valued self-transcendence over self-enhancement helped more than others. Surprisingly, children's lack of sustained attenti…
The relationship between empathy and executive functions among young adolescents
Empathy and executive functions (EFs) are multimodal constructs that enable individuals to cope with their environment. Both abilities develop throughout childhood and are known to contribute to social behavior and academic performance in young adolescents. Notably, mentalizing and EF activate shared frontotemporal brain areas, which in previous studies of adults led researchers to suggest that at least some aspects of empathy depend on intact EF…
Brazilian portuguese version of twin relationship questionnaire (TRQ-BR)
Our aim was to adapt and validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Twin Relationship Questionnaire developed by Fortuna et al. (2010) and validated by H. Segal and Knafo-Noam (2019) in Israel. The respondents were 862 Brazilian mothers of twins ( N = 1724 twins) with mean age of 35 years (SD = 6.1). The majority of the sample lived in the Southeast (61.8%) or in the South (24.5%) of Brazil. We conducted a Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analy…
Are there positive effects of having a sibling with special needs? Empathy and prosociality of twins of children with non-typical development
This study examined whether typically developing (TD) twins of non-TD children demonstrate enhanced empathy and prosociality. Of 778 Hebrew-speaking Israeli families who participated in a twin study, 63 were identified to have a non-TD child with a TD twin, and 404 as having both twins TD. TD twins of non-TD children (27% males) were compared to the rest of the cohort of TD children (46% males) on measures of empathy and prosociality. Participant…
Side by side
Twin relationships have a significant effect on the twins' life and their families. In the first comprehensive study of this topic, our purpose was to examine the developmental courses of four dyadic dimensions of twins' relationships: closeness, dependence, conflict and rivalry, and the impact of zygosity and parenting on their relationships. Parents reported on their twins' relationships ( N = 1547 mothers and 536 fathers with data from at leas…
Shared Environment Effects on Children’s Emotion Recognition
Empathy is relevant to many psychiatric conditions. Empathy involves the natural ability to perceive and be sensitive to the emotional states of others. Thus, emotion recognition (ER) abilities are key to understanding empathy. Despite the importance of ER to normal and abnormal social interactions, little is known about how it develops throughout childhood. We examined genetic and environmental influences on children's ER via facial and vocal cu…
A longitudinal genetically informed analysis of parental negativity and children’s negative emotionality in middle childhood
Children's negative emotionality (NE) is frequently associated with parental negativity, but causal understanding of this relationship is limited. In addition, little is known about how genetic and environmental factors affect this relationship during middle childhood. We addressed these gaps by applying a quantitative genetic analysis to cross-lagged associations between mothers' and fathers' parental negativity and children's NE during middle c…
Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting and longitudinal associations with children’s observed distress to limitations
Unraveling factors that influence parenting is of great importance, since parents play an important role in their children's development. In this study we focused on parental prenatal expectations, parents' gender and child's distress to limitations as possible influences on parental behavior and observed the longitudinal associations between mothers' and fathers' parenting and their children's distress to limitations. The first wave of the study…
Predicting the use of corporal punishment
Corporal punishment (CP) has been associated with deleterious child outcomes, highlighting the importance of understanding its underpinnings. Although several factors have been linked with parents' CP use, genetic influences on CP have rarely been studied, and an integrative view examining the interplay between different predictors of CP is missing. We focused on the separate and joint effects of religiosity, child aggression, parent's gender, an…
Identity exploration and commitment in early adolescence
Identity formation is a key developmental task in adolescence. Although many adolescents in modern societies face issues of identity, there are substantial individual differences in identity exploration and commitment. Little is known about the origins of these individual differences. The current study investigated the genetic and environmental contributions to identity formation. In total, 571 11-year-old twins (85 monozygotic complete pairs and…
Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour
Empathy reflects the natural ability to perceive and be sensitive to the emotional states of others, coupled with a motivation to care for their well-being. It has evolved in the context of parental care for offspring, as well as within kinship bonds, to help facilitate group living. In this paper, we integrate the perspectives of evolution, animal behaviour, developmental psychology, and social and clinical neuroscience to elucidate our understa…
Introduction to the Special Section Value Development from Middle Childhood to Early Adulthood—New Insights from Longitudinal and Genetically Informed Research
Research into values at an early age has only started recently, although it has expanded quickly and dynamically in the past years. The purpose of this article is twofold: First, it provides an introduction to a special section that aims to help fill the gap in value development research. The special section brings together four new longitudinal and genetically informed studies of value development from the beginning of middle childhood through e…
Prosocial Behavior, Effects of Parenting and Family Structure on
Prosocial Development
In this chapter, we review research and some current theory on the development of prosocial responding (including prosocial behavior and empathy‐related responding) and possible antecedents/causes, outcomes, and correlates. In the initial section of this chapter, we briefly present a general framework for integrating factors that contribute to prosocial responding. Then the empirical literature related to the development of prosocial behavior, wi…
The Moderating Role of Genetics
The study considered individual differences in children's ability to adjust to hospitalization and found the length of hospitalization to be related to adaptive psychological functioning for some children. Applying the theoretical framework of three competing models of gene-X-environment interactions (diathesis-stress, differential susceptibility, and vantage sensitivity), the study examined the moderating effect of genetics (DRD4) on the relatio…
Values in Middle Childhood
Theories of value development often identify adolescence as the period for value formation, and cultural and familial factors as the sources for value priorities. However, recent research suggests that value priorities can be observed as early as in middle childhood, and several studies, including one on preadolescents, have suggested a genetic contribution to individual differences in values. In the current study, 174 pairs of monozygotic and di…
Intergenerational Cultural Transmission
Prosocial behavior from early to middle childhood
Prosocial behavior is important for the functioning of society. This study investigates the extent to which environment shared by family members, nonshared environment, and genetics account for children's prosocial behavior. The prosocial behavior of twins (9,424 pairs) was rated by their parents at the ages of 2, 3, 4, and 7 and by their teachers at age 7. For parent ratings, shared environmental effects decreased from .47 on average at age 2 to…
Value Socialization in Families of Israeli-Born and Soviet-Born Adolescents in Israel
The authors examine impacts of immigration on parent-adolescent value similarity, consistency of parents' value messages, and the value transmission process. Thirty-four former Soviet immigrant families to Israel and 68 matched Israeli families participated. Group mean comparisons revealed generational effects for openness and conservation values: adolescents resembled one another more than their own parents. Immigration further increased adolesc…
Genetic and environmental influences on girls' and boys' gender-typed and gender-neutral values
In this first investigation of genetic and environmental influences on children's values, 271 German twin pairs (50.2% boys) reported their values at ages 7-11 years using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (Schwartz & Rubel, 2005). We distinguished between gender-neutral (conservation vs. openness to change) and gender-typed (self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement) values. Boys differed from girls in the importance given to gender-typed benevole…
Parental discipline and affection and children's prosocial behavior
The authors investigated genetic and environmental contributions to the relationships between children's (N=9,319 twin pairs) prosocial behavior and parental positivity and negativity toward them. Children's prosocial behavior was rated by parents at ages 3, 4, and 7 and by teachers at age 7. At each age, parents described their feelings and discipline toward each twin. Parental positivity was indexed by positive feelings and positive, non-coerci…
The Value of Values in Cross-Cultural Research
The centrality of values in cross-cultural research has more than doubled over the last three decades. This Special Issue investigates values across cultures and focuses on two main levels: individual and national. At the individual level, values express broad, trans-situational motivational goals, affecting individuals' interpretation of situations, preferences, choices, and actions. At the national level, values reflect the solutions groups dev…
Masculine Girls and Feminine Boys
In this genetic study of atypical gender role development, parents of 5,799 twin pairs, ages 3 and 4, rated their twin children's masculinity and femininity. Boys were selected as gender atypical if they were highly feminine (top 5%, 10%, or 15%) relative to other boys, and girls were selected if they were highly masculine relative to other girls. Gender-atypical boys and girls were each divided into 2 groups: fully gender atypical (e.g., feminin…
Values in Middle Childhood
Theories of value development often identify adolescence as the period for value formation, and cultural and familial factors as the sources for value priorities. However, recent research suggests that value priorities can be observed as early as in middle childhood, and several studies, including one on preadolescents, have suggested a genetic contribution to individual differences in values. In the current study, 174 pairs of monozygotic and di…
Identity exploration and commitment in early adolescence
Identity formation is a key developmental task in adolescence. Although many adolescents in modern societies face issues of identity, there are substantial individual differences in identity exploration and commitment. Little is known about the origins of these individual differences. The current study investigated the genetic and environmental contributions to identity formation. In total, 571 11-year-old twins (85 monozygotic complete pairs and…
Parents Differentiate Between Their Personal Values and Their Socialization Values
This study focuses on the differentiation process, involving the emergence of a distinction between parents' own personal values and their socialization values (the values they want their children to adopt), and on the contribution of children's values to their parents' socialization values. Measures of personal and socialization values were administrated to 603 Israeli adolescents and their parents. As we hypothesized, parents differentiate betw…
Parent-Child Value Similarity Across and Within Cultures
Normative socio-cultural influences may lead to parent-child value similarity over and above familial processes. Such influences, in which the mainstream position taken by people in a given culture leads to an average similarity between unrelated members of the culture, have been investigated for the most part by considering one country at a time. This has, however, left several questions open; among these is the question of whether parent-child …
Helping Strangers Is Lower in Embedded Cultures
The embeddedness cultural value orientation regards the extended in-group, not the individual, as the key social unit. Embedded cultures focus on the welfare of the in-group, limiting concern for outsiders' well-being. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that people in high-embeddedness cultures are less helpful to strangers in need. They related countries' embeddedness scores to rates of helping strangers in three field experiments across 21 cou…
Introduction to the Special Section Value Development from Middle Childhood to Early Adulthood—New Insights from Longitudinal and Genetically Informed Research
Research into values at an early age has only started recently, although it has expanded quickly and dynamically in the past years. The purpose of this article is twofold: First, it provides an introduction to a special section that aims to help fill the gap in value development research. The special section brings together four new longitudinal and genetically informed studies of value development from the beginning of middle childhood through e…
The role of language in concern and disregard for others in the first years of life
We examined the associations between language skills and concern and disregard for others in young children assessed longitudinally at ages 14, 20, 24, and 36 months, testing the hypothesis that language skills have a specific role (distinct from that of general cognitive ability) in the development of concern and disregard for others. We found that higher language skills predicted higher concern for others and lower disregard for others even aft…
Genesis dreams
The article examines the role of the 13 dreams in the book of Genesis. The dreams are first shortly described (following Gnuse, 1984, and Oppenheim, 1956) in their historical context: the Near-East of over 3000 years ago. The structure of some of the dreams is then discussed and compared to dreams from another historical period, that of modern Jewish Moroccan pilgrims (Bilu & Abramovitch, 1985), whose faith is based largely on the Bible. Followin…
Widespread Religious and Spiritual Change Due to War
Brazilian portuguese version of twin relationship questionnaire (TRQ-BR)
Our aim was to adapt and validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Twin Relationship Questionnaire developed by Fortuna et al. (2010) and validated by H. Segal and Knafo-Noam (2019) in Israel. The respondents were 862 Brazilian mothers of twins ( N = 1724 twins) with mean age of 35 years (SD = 6.1). The majority of the sample lived in the Southeast (61.8%) or in the South (24.5%) of Brazil. We conducted a Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analy…
Side by side
Twin relationships have a significant effect on the twins' life and their families. In the first comprehensive study of this topic, our purpose was to examine the developmental courses of four dyadic dimensions of twins' relationships: closeness, dependence, conflict and rivalry, and the impact of zygosity and parenting on their relationships. Parents reported on their twins' relationships ( N = 1547 mothers and 536 fathers with data from at leas…
A longitudinal genetically informed analysis of parental negativity and children’s negative emotionality in middle childhood
Children's negative emotionality (NE) is frequently associated with parental negativity, but causal understanding of this relationship is limited. In addition, little is known about how genetic and environmental factors affect this relationship during middle childhood. We addressed these gaps by applying a quantitative genetic analysis to cross-lagged associations between mothers' and fathers' parental negativity and children's NE during middle c…
Mothers’ and Fathers’ Prenatal Agreement and Differences Regarding Postnatal Parenting
SYNOPSISObjective. Parental expectations before birth may predict children’s development and family environment. Researchers investigated the similarity and differences between expecting mothers and fathers regarding their future parental behavior. Design. Pregnant women (N = 820) and their partners (N = 512) completed questionnaires concerning their future parenting. Results. Mothers’ and fathers’ prenatal parental expectations correlated positi…
One and Not the Same
Values are trans-situational, but little is known about their differential consistency across situations. We studied the cross-context correlations of value importance in six adolescent groups across Israel (Jewish majority, former Soviet-Union [FSU] immigrants, and Arab minority) and Germany (majority, FSU, and Turkish immigrants).Values were elicited for several contexts: family, school, and country of residence. Self-direction, achievement, co…
The relationship between empathy and executive functions among young adolescents
Empathy and executive functions (EFs) are multimodal constructs that enable individuals to cope with their environment. Both abilities develop throughout childhood and are known to contribute to social behavior and academic performance in young adolescents. Notably, mentalizing and EF activate shared frontotemporal brain areas, which in previous studies of adults led researchers to suggest that at least some aspects of empathy depend on intact EF…
Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting and longitudinal associations with children’s observed distress to limitations
Unraveling factors that influence parenting is of great importance, since parents play an important role in their children's development. In this study we focused on parental prenatal expectations, parents' gender and child's distress to limitations as possible influences on parental behavior and observed the longitudinal associations between mothers' and fathers' parenting and their children's distress to limitations. The first wave of the study…
Predicting the use of corporal punishment
Corporal punishment (CP) has been associated with deleterious child outcomes, highlighting the importance of understanding its underpinnings. Although several factors have been linked with parents' CP use, genetic influences on CP have rarely been studied, and an integrative view examining the interplay between different predictors of CP is missing. We focused on the separate and joint effects of religiosity, child aggression, parent's gender, an…
Intergenerational Cultural Transmission
Genesis dreams
The article examines the role of the 13 dreams in the book of Genesis. The dreams are first shortly described (following Gnuse, 1984, and Oppenheim, 1956) in their historical context: the Near-East of over 3000 years ago. The structure of some of the dreams is then discussed and compared to dreams from another historical period, that of modern Jewish Moroccan pilgrims (Bilu & Abramovitch, 1985), whose faith is based largely on the Bible. Followin…
Value Socialization in Families of Israeli-Born and Soviet-Born Adolescents in Israel
The authors examine impacts of immigration on parent-adolescent value similarity, consistency of parents' value messages, and the value transmission process. Thirty-four former Soviet immigrant families to Israel and 68 matched Israeli families participated. Group mean comparisons revealed generational effects for openness and conservation values: adolescents resembled one another more than their own parents. Immigration further increased adolesc…
The Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values
The authors relate Big Five personality traits to basic values in a sample of 246 students. As hypothesized, Agreeableness correlates most positively with benevolence and tradition values, Openness with self-direction and universalism values, Extroversion with achievement and stimulation values, and Conscientiousness with achievement and conformity values. Correlations of values with facets of the five factors reveal nuances of the facets and cla…
Parenting and Adolescents' Accuracy in Perceiving Parental Values
What determines adolescents' accuracy in perceiving parental values? The current study examined potential predictors including parental value communication, family value agreement, and parenting styles. In the study, 547 Israeli adolescents (aged 16 to 18) of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds participated with their parents. Adolescents reported the values they perceive their parents want them to hold. Parents reported their socialization values.…
Contexts, relationship quality, and family value socialization
Parent–school ideological fit is studied as the context of parent–child relationships and socialization. It was hypothesized that parents’ choice of school environments that promote values consistent with parents’ values is related to a better parent–child relationship and facilitates socialization. Participants were 589 Israeli families with religious, traditional, and nonreligious parents, whose adolescent children attended either religious or …
Masculine Girls and Feminine Boys
In this genetic study of atypical gender role development, parents of 5,799 twin pairs, ages 3 and 4, rated their twin children's masculinity and femininity. Boys were selected as gender atypical if they were highly feminine (top 5%, 10%, or 15%) relative to other boys, and girls were selected if they were highly masculine relative to other girls. Gender-atypical boys and girls were each divided into 2 groups: fully gender atypical (e.g., feminin…
Parental discipline and affection and children's prosocial behavior
The authors investigated genetic and environmental contributions to the relationships between children's (N=9,319 twin pairs) prosocial behavior and parental positivity and negativity toward them. Children's prosocial behavior was rated by parents at ages 3, 4, and 7 and by teachers at age 7. At each age, parents described their feelings and discipline toward each twin. Parental positivity was indexed by positive feelings and positive, non-coerci…
Prosocial behavior from early to middle childhood
Prosocial behavior is important for the functioning of society. This study investigates the extent to which environment shared by family members, nonshared environment, and genetics account for children's prosocial behavior. The prosocial behavior of twins (9,424 pairs) was rated by their parents at the ages of 2, 3, 4, and 7 and by their teachers at age 7. For parent ratings, shared environmental effects decreased from .47 on average at age 2 to…
The developmental origins of a disposition toward empathy
The authors investigated the development of a disposition toward empathy and its genetic and environmental origins. Young twins' (N = 409 pairs) cognitive (hypothesis testing) and affective (empathic concern) empathy and prosocial behavior in response to simulated pain by mothers and examiners were observed at multiple time points. Children's mean level of empathy and prosociality increased from 14 to 36 months. Positive concurrent and longitudin…
Helping Strangers Is Lower in Embedded Cultures
The embeddedness cultural value orientation regards the extended in-group, not the individual, as the key social unit. Embedded cultures focus on the welfare of the in-group, limiting concern for outsiders' well-being. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that people in high-embeddedness cultures are less helpful to strangers in need. They related countries' embeddedness scores to rates of helping strangers in three field experiments across 21 cou…
Children's low affective perspective-taking ability is associated with low self-initiated pro-sociality
Children's affective perspective-taking (APT) may provide a basis for efficient social interaction. The APT abilities of 83 children from 46 same-sex sibling pairs (ages 36 to 72 months, M = 52.8; SD = 12.6) were assessed through their reactions to affectively loaded story situations, and children whose APT ability (but not general cognitive abilities) was low relative to other children of their age were designated as Low-APT children. These chil…
Genetic and environmental influences on girls' and boys' gender-typed and gender-neutral values
In this first investigation of genetic and environmental influences on children's values, 271 German twin pairs (50.2% boys) reported their values at ages 7-11 years using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (Schwartz & Rubel, 2005). We distinguished between gender-neutral (conservation vs. openness to change) and gender-typed (self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement) values. Boys differed from girls in the importance given to gender-typed benevole…
The Value of Values in Cross-Cultural Research
The centrality of values in cross-cultural research has more than doubled over the last three decades. This Special Issue investigates values across cultures and focuses on two main levels: individual and national. At the individual level, values express broad, trans-situational motivational goals, affecting individuals' interpretation of situations, preferences, choices, and actions. At the national level, values reflect the solutions groups dev…
One and Not the Same
Values are trans-situational, but little is known about their differential consistency across situations. We studied the cross-context correlations of value importance in six adolescent groups across Israel (Jewish majority, former Soviet-Union [FSU] immigrants, and Arab minority) and Germany (majority, FSU, and Turkish immigrants).Values were elicited for several contexts: family, school, and country of residence. Self-direction, achievement, co…
School Values Across Three Cultures
A new typology of school-level values is reported in three cultural contexts. School values were assessed by aggregating the scores of 862 students, (ages 15-19) in 32 Jewish and Arab Israeli schools (Study 1), and 1,541 students (ages 11-21) from 8 European schools and 163 teachers from 6 of these schools (Study 2), using Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire. Six school values emerged in both studies: achievement, autonomy, egalitarianism, h…
Parents Differentiate Between Their Personal Values and Their Socialization Values
This study focuses on the differentiation process, involving the emergence of a distinction between parents' own personal values and their socialization values (the values they want their children to adopt), and on the contribution of children's values to their parents' socialization values. Measures of personal and socialization values were administrated to 603 Israeli adolescents and their parents. As we hypothesized, parents differentiate betw…
The role of language in concern and disregard for others in the first years of life
We examined the associations between language skills and concern and disregard for others in young children assessed longitudinally at ages 14, 20, 24, and 36 months, testing the hypothesis that language skills have a specific role (distinct from that of general cognitive ability) in the development of concern and disregard for others. We found that higher language skills predicted higher concern for others and lower disregard for others even aft…
The Dopamine D4 receptor gene shows a gender-sensitive association with cognitive empathy
Increasing evidence points to a role of dopaminergic pathways in modulating social behavior. Specifically, a polymorphic region in the third exon of the Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has been associated with a host of social behaviors, often in an environment-sensitive manner. Empathy is thought to be an important motivator of prosocial behaviors and can be seen as multifaceted, combining cognitive empathy (CE) and emotional empathy (EE). In the cu…
Mothers’ and Fathers’ Prenatal Agreement and Differences Regarding Postnatal Parenting
SYNOPSISObjective. Parental expectations before birth may predict children’s development and family environment. Researchers investigated the similarity and differences between expecting mothers and fathers regarding their future parental behavior. Design. Pregnant women (N = 820) and their partners (N = 512) completed questionnaires concerning their future parenting. Results. Mothers’ and fathers’ prenatal parental expectations correlated positi…
Parent-Child Value Similarity Across and Within Cultures
Normative socio-cultural influences may lead to parent-child value similarity over and above familial processes. Such influences, in which the mainstream position taken by people in a given culture leads to an average similarity between unrelated members of the culture, have been investigated for the most part by considering one country at a time. This has, however, left several questions open; among these is the question of whether parent-child …
Prosocial Behavior, Effects of Parenting and Family Structure on
Prosocial Development
In this chapter, we review research and some current theory on the development of prosocial responding (including prosocial behavior and empathy‐related responding) and possible antecedents/causes, outcomes, and correlates. In the initial section of this chapter, we briefly present a general framework for integrating factors that contribute to prosocial responding. Then the empirical literature related to the development of prosocial behavior, wi…
The Moderating Role of Genetics
The study considered individual differences in children's ability to adjust to hospitalization and found the length of hospitalization to be related to adaptive psychological functioning for some children. Applying the theoretical framework of three competing models of gene-X-environment interactions (diathesis-stress, differential susceptibility, and vantage sensitivity), the study examined the moderating effect of genetics (DRD4) on the relatio…
Values in Middle Childhood
Theories of value development often identify adolescence as the period for value formation, and cultural and familial factors as the sources for value priorities. However, recent research suggests that value priorities can be observed as early as in middle childhood, and several studies, including one on preadolescents, have suggested a genetic contribution to individual differences in values. In the current study, 174 pairs of monozygotic and di…
Intergenerational Cultural Transmission
Psychology (42 obras) · Developmental psychology (36 obras) · Social Psychology (31 obras) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (22 obras) · Social Psychology (22 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (20 obras) · Value (mathematics (10 obras) · Cognitive Abilities and Testing (9 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (9 obras) · Cognition (8 obras)