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Gershon Shafir

Biographic Data

ID170232
NAMEGershon Shafir
GIVEN NAMESGershon
FAMILY NAMEShafir
SIGNATURESHAFIR G
AFFILIATIONSUniversity of California San Diego
ORCID0000-0002-6645-9936
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS45
TOTAL CITATIONS178
AUTHOR COUNT40
EDITOR COUNT5
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1984
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2026
H-INDEX7
  • Privilege Versus Right: Vigilantism Against Israel's Palestinian Citizens

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir, Beatrice Charlotte Waterhouse et al.•ARTICLE•Sociology Lens•2026•References: 11

    This article addresses three core questions: What is the social origin of vigilantism? How do vigilantes justify extra‐legal violence and intimidation? What are vigilantism's long‐term effects? The analysis focuses on a period in which Israel's Palestinian‐Arab citizens increased their access to legal rights, social mobility, spatial integration, and political visibility. It then maps Lehava's violent backlash to this progress onto Stanley Cohen'…

  • Where were the listeners? Witnessing among Holocaust survivors

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Human Rights•2022•References: 5

    This article questions two explanations given to Holocaust survivors’ prolonged silence about their experiences. The first highlights psychological impediments from the extreme trauma that set the survivor apart from his or her social environment. The second focuses on linguistic barriers—the limits of language itself—to adequately express the experience of the trauma and the emotions it generated. The author demonstrates that silence was not fol…

  • Politics of hope and populist backlash: Kurds in Turkey and Palestinians in Israel

    Gershon Shafir, Şevin Sağnıç•ARTICLE•British Journal of Middle Eastern…•2022•Cited by: 1•References: 14

    Turkey and Israel are known, respectively, for profound conflicts with their Kurdish and Palestinian minorities. Economic and legal liberalization waves raised hopes for expanded civic and socioeconomic inclusion but instead both countries swayed to populism. "Why were the Kurdish and Palestinian politics of hope destroyed and what did it take to do so?" We argue that the HDP and Joint List's electoral in the 2010s threatened Erdoğan's and Netany…

  • Economic Liberalization and the Breakup of the Histadrut’s Domain

    Lev Luis Grinberg, Gershon Shafir•CHAPTER•New Israel•2018

    The most striking display of the Histadrut's authority occurred on May 1, 1980, when masses followed its call against the Likud government's economic liberalization and participated in one of the largest demonstration in Israel's history. This chapter analyzes the economic, political, organizational, and trade union-related transformations which led to the crisis of the Histadrut. The Histadrut was constructed from its inception as a proto-state …

  • The New Israel: Peacemaking and Liberalization

    Gershon Shafir, Yoav Peled•BOOK•New Israel•2018

  • Introduction: The Socioeconomic Liberalization of Israel

    Gershon Shafir, Yoav Peled•CHAPTER•New Israel•2018

    This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book. The book presents the transformation of the Israeli economy and society since 1974. It focuses on the liberalization of two key sectors of the Israeli economy, namely: telecommunications and energy, and illustrates that liberalization, in Israel as elsewhere, is a much more complex and complicated process than simply the retreat of the state and the expansion of th…

  • From Overt to Veiled Segregation: Israel's Palestinian Arab Citizens in the Galilee

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2018•Cited by: 20•References: 7

    This article's geographical focus is the Galilee, Israel's only region with a Palestinian Arab majority. Its sociological focus is the drive to Judaize this region, the mirror image of its de-Arabization, which I anchor in Israelis’ morbid fear of settler colonial reversal. Although direct legal discrimination—restriction of movement under a military government and exclusion from publicly administered land—was banned by the government and the Hig…

  • A Half Century of Occupation: Israel, Palestine, and the World's Most Intractable Conflict

    Gershon Shafir•BOOK•Half Century of Occupation•2017

    The Israel-Palestine conflict is one of the world’s most polarizing confrontations. Its current phase, Israel’s “temporary” occupation of the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem, turned a half century old in June 2017. In these timely and provocative essays, Gershon Shafir asks three questions—What is the occupation, why has it lasted so long, and how has it transformed the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? His cogent answers illuminate how we got he…

  • Lessons and Legacies of the War On Terror: From moral panic to permanent war

    Gershon Shafir, Everard Meade et al.•BOOK•Lessons and legacies of the war…•2013

  • Struggle and Survival in Palestine/Israel

    Mark Andrew LeVine, Mark Levine et al.•BOOK•Struggle and Survival in…•2012

    Too often, the study of Israel/Palestine has focused on elite actors and major events. Struggle and Survival in Palestine/Israel takes advantage of new sources about everyday life and the texture of changes on the ground to put more than two dozen human faces on the past and present of the region. With contributions from a leading cast of scholars across disciplines, the stories here are drawn from a variety of sources, from stories passed down t…

  • Capitalist Binationalism in Mandatory Palestine

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2011•Cited by: 4•References: 15

    In response to the outbreak of the Arab Revolt of 1936, a coterie of five prominent entrepreneurs and intellectuals in the Mandatory Jewish community formulated a capitalist binationalist resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. This paper examines the genesis of and debate over the little-known Concord they proposed and compares it with better-known liberal and socialist binationalist plans. “The Five,” as they came to be known, were the …

  • The Miscarriage of Peace: Israel, Egypt, the United States, and the "Jarring Plan" in the Early 1970s

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Israeli Studies Review•2006•References: 4

    This article asks whether the Yom Kippur War was avoidable. The intense diplomatic efforts of the 1971-1973 years that are examined include plans and counterplans offered by special United Nations representative Gunnar Jarring, US Secretary of State William Rogers, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, Israeli Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan, and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. The article concludes that since settlement was the method of Is…

  • The Globalization of Rights: From Citizenship to Human Rights

    Gershon Shafir, Alison Brysk•ARTICLE•Citizenship Studies•2006•Cited by: 13•References: 18

    Globalization is shifting the balance away from membership-based citizenship towards universal human rights, thus we ask: how are new human rights generated? We argue that the movement for human rights follows on the heels of the much older and richer tradition of citizenship, as can be seen from the fact that many of the new claims put forward by human rights activists seek to define traditional citizenship rights as universal human rights. Most…

  • People Out of Place

    Alison Brysk, Gershon Shafir•BOOK•People Out Of Place•2004

    Part 1: Framework 1. Globalization and the Citizenship Gap Alison Brysk and Gershon Shafir 2. Citizenship and Human Rights In An Era of Globalization Gershon Shafir Part 2: Producing Citizenship 3. Constituting Political Community Ronnie Lipschutz 4. Latitudes of Citizenship Aihwa Ong Part 3: Constructing Rights 5. Agency on a Global Scale: Rules, rights and the European Union David Jacobson and Galya Benarieh Ruffer 6. International Law and Citi…

  • Reading Palestine-Israel on Coloniality and Other Paradigms

    Kaylin Goldstein, Gershon Shafir et al.•ARTICLE•Middle East Report•2002

  • Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir, Yoav Peled•BOOK•Being Israeli•2002•Cited by: 1

    A timely study by two well-known scholars offers a theoretically informed account of the political sociology of Israel. The analysis is set within its historical context as the authors trace Israel's development from Zionist settlement in the 1880s, through the establishment of the state in 1948, to the present day. Against this background the authors speculate on the relationship between identity and citizenship in Israeli society, and consider …

  • Business in politics: Globalization and the search for peace in South Africa and Israel/Palestine

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Israel Affairs•1998•Cited by: 1•References: 3

    (1998). Business in politics: Globalization and the search for peace in South Africa and Israel/Palestine. Israel Affairs: Vol. 5, Israel: The Dyanamics of Change and Continuity, pp. 103-120

  • Citizenship and stratification in an ethnic democracy

    Gershon Shafir, Yoav Peled•ARTICLE•Ethnic and Racial Studies•1998•Cited by: 68•References: 8

    A theoretical framework of multiple citizenship discourses is proposed for analysing the transformation of the structure of ethnic relations in the yishuv and Israel. An historical overview indicates how Israel's 'incorporation regime' for its main ethnic and religious groups - ashkenazim, mizrachim, Orthodox-Jews, citizen and non-citizen Palestinians - was constituted through a hierarchical combination of three citizenship discourses: a collecti…

  • Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914

    Gershon Shafir•BOOK•Land, Labor and the Origins of…•1996

    Gershon Shafir challenges the heroic myths about the foundation of the State of Israel by investigating the struggle to control land and labor during the early Zionist enterprise. He argues that it was not the imported Zionist ideas that were responsible for the character of the Israeli state, but the particular conditions of the local conflict between the European "settlers" and the Palestinian Arab population

  • Israeli Society: A Counterview

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Israel Studies•1996•Cited by: 2•References: 2

    One of my formative experiences as a sociologist took place in my last year as an undergraduate student while attending, for the first time, the annual congress of the Israeli Sociological Association. S.N. Eisenstadt, the keynote speaker of the congress, which was held at Haifa University in 1971, held forth at length on "social differentiation" within Israeli society. It was a member of the audience who respectfully reminded him that just a few…

  • Israeli Decolonization and Critical Sociology

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996•Cited by: 2

  • Israeli Decolonization and Critical Sociology

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996•Cited by: 5•References: 1

    For many years, narratives about Israeli state building, especially in Israeli academic works, followed one of two plots. The first, written mainly by social scientists, presented the story of the Zionist immigrants who built their institutions according to their ideals and ideologies-mostly socialist ideas imported from the Pale of Settlement-and who were occasionally in disagreement with other immigrants having different blueprints for the stat…

  • New Historiography

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996

  • New Historiography: Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900. . Beshara Doumani

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996

  • Immigrants and Nationalists: Ethnic Conflict and Accommodation in Catalonia, the Basque Country, Latvia, and Estonia

    José Casanova, Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•1996

Next
  • Citizenship and stratification in an ethnic democracy

    Gershon Shafir, Yoav Peled•ARTICLE•Ethnic and Racial Studies•1998•Cited by: 68•References: 8

    A theoretical framework of multiple citizenship discourses is proposed for analysing the transformation of the structure of ethnic relations in the yishuv and Israel. An historical overview indicates how Israel's 'incorporation regime' for its main ethnic and religious groups - ashkenazim, mizrachim, Orthodox-Jews, citizen and non-citizen Palestinians - was constituted through a hierarchical combination of three citizenship discourses: a collecti…

  • The Roots of Peacemaking: The Dynamics of Citizenship in Israel, 1948–93

    Open Access•Yoav Peled, Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•1996•Cited by: 29•References: 32

    The Declaration of Prsinciples signed by Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in September 1993 marked a dramatic about-face in Israel's traditional policy toward the PLO and the Palestinian issue in general. This turn of events came as a surprise not only to journalists and commentators following day-to-day political events, but also to scholars engaged in the academic study of Israeli society. The prevailing notion among these…

  • From Overt to Veiled Segregation: Israel's Palestinian Arab Citizens in the Galilee

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2018•Cited by: 20•References: 7

    This article's geographical focus is the Galilee, Israel's only region with a Palestinian Arab majority. Its sociological focus is the drive to Judaize this region, the mirror image of its de-Arabization, which I anchor in Israelis’ morbid fear of settler colonial reversal. Although direct legal discrimination—restriction of movement under a military government and exclusion from publicly administered land—was banned by the government and the Hig…

  • The Globalization of Rights: From Citizenship to Human Rights

    Gershon Shafir, Alison Brysk•ARTICLE•Citizenship Studies•2006•Cited by: 13•References: 18

    Globalization is shifting the balance away from membership-based citizenship towards universal human rights, thus we ask: how are new human rights generated? We argue that the movement for human rights follows on the heels of the much older and richer tradition of citizenship, as can be seen from the fact that many of the new claims put forward by human rights activists seek to define traditional citizenship rights as universal human rights. Most…

  • Changing nationalism and Israel's ?open frontier? on the West Bank

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Theory and Society•1984•Cited by: 13•References: 2

  • The meeting of Eastern Europe and Yemen: Idealistic workers’ and ‘natural workers’ in early Zionist settlement in Palestine

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Ethnic and Racial Studies•1990•Cited by: 9•References: 5

    This study questions the customary thesis according to which the dominant status of the ashkenazim (European Jews) over the mizrachim (Middle Eastern and North African Jews) in Israeli society is to be explained by the earlier arrival of the former in Palestine. It does so by demonstrating that an early wave of Yemenite Jews, who arrived in Palestine simultaneously with the founding fathers, remained in a subservient social position. Archival sou…

  • Split Labor Market and the State: The Effect of Modernization on Jewish Industrial Workers in Tsarist Russia

    Yoav Peled, Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•American Journal of Sociology•1987•Cited by: 7

    The displacement of higher-priced Jewish industrial workers in the Pale of Jewish Settlement in Tsarist Russia by lower-priced Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, and other workers durign early industrialization is examined in light of Edna Bonacich's split labor-market theory. Studies of split labor market have so far analyzed the opposite phenomenon: the exclusion of lower-priced workers (of a distinct ethnic background) or their transformation into a…

  • Israeli Decolonization and Critical Sociology

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996•Cited by: 5•References: 1

    For many years, narratives about Israeli state building, especially in Israeli academic works, followed one of two plots. The first, written mainly by social scientists, presented the story of the Zionist immigrants who built their institutions according to their ideals and ideologies-mostly socialist ideas imported from the Pale of Settlement-and who were occasionally in disagreement with other immigrants having different blueprints for the stat…

  • Capitalist Binationalism in Mandatory Palestine

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2011•Cited by: 4•References: 15

    In response to the outbreak of the Arab Revolt of 1936, a coterie of five prominent entrepreneurs and intellectuals in the Mandatory Jewish community formulated a capitalist binationalist resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. This paper examines the genesis of and debate over the little-known Concord they proposed and compares it with better-known liberal and socialist binationalist plans. “The Five,” as they came to be known, were the …

  • Israeli Society: A Counterview

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Israel Studies•1996•Cited by: 2•References: 2

    One of my formative experiences as a sociologist took place in my last year as an undergraduate student while attending, for the first time, the annual congress of the Israeli Sociological Association. S.N. Eisenstadt, the keynote speaker of the congress, which was held at Haifa University in 1971, held forth at length on "social differentiation" within Israeli society. It was a member of the audience who respectfully reminded him that just a few…

  • Israeli Decolonization and Critical Sociology

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996•Cited by: 2

  • Interpreting Conquests: The Social Origins of Egyptian Expansionism during the Muhammad 'Ali Period. . Fred H. Lawson

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1994•Cited by: 2

  • Politics of hope and populist backlash: Kurds in Turkey and Palestinians in Israel

    Gershon Shafir, Şevin Sağnıç•ARTICLE•British Journal of Middle Eastern…•2022•Cited by: 1•References: 14

    Turkey and Israel are known, respectively, for profound conflicts with their Kurdish and Palestinian minorities. Economic and legal liberalization waves raised hopes for expanded civic and socioeconomic inclusion but instead both countries swayed to populism. "Why were the Kurdish and Palestinian politics of hope destroyed and what did it take to do so?" We argue that the HDP and Joint List's electoral in the 2010s threatened Erdoğan's and Netany…

  • Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir, Yoav Peled•BOOK•Being Israeli•2002•Cited by: 1

    A timely study by two well-known scholars offers a theoretically informed account of the political sociology of Israel. The analysis is set within its historical context as the authors trace Israel's development from Zionist settlement in the 1880s, through the establishment of the state in 1948, to the present day. Against this background the authors speculate on the relationship between identity and citizenship in Israeli society, and consider …

  • Business in politics: Globalization and the search for peace in South Africa and Israel/Palestine

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Israel Affairs•1998•Cited by: 1•References: 3

    (1998). Business in politics: Globalization and the search for peace in South Africa and Israel/Palestine. Israel Affairs: Vol. 5, Israel: The Dyanamics of Change and Continuity, pp. 103-120

  • Relative overdevelopment and alternative paths of nationalism: A comparative study of Catalonia and the Baltic Republics

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Baltic Studies•1992•Cited by: 1•References: 2

  • Zionism and Territory

    Gershon Shafir, Baruch Kimmerling•ARTICLE•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•1984

  • Changing nationalism and Israel's ?open frontier? on the West Bank

    Open Access•Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Theory and Society•1984•Cited by: 13•References: 2

  • The Incongruity between Destiny and Merit: Max Weber on Meaningful Existence and Modernity

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•British Journal of Sociology•1985

    One of Max Weber's many theoretical concerns is the fundamental human endeavor to shape a meaningful existence and to anchor it in a socially sanctioned life style. In one formulation Weber presented this drive as the potential means for doing away with the incongruity between human destiny and merit. In this paper the continually renewing search for various meaningful stands, undertaken by the intellectual stratum, is examined as one dimension o…

  • Books in review

    Open Access•Walter A Mcdougall, Gershon Shafir et al.•ARTICLE•Society•1987

  • Split Labor Market and the State: The Effect of Modernization on Jewish Industrial Workers in Tsarist Russia

    Yoav Peled, Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•American Journal of Sociology•1987•Cited by: 7

    The displacement of higher-priced Jewish industrial workers in the Pale of Jewish Settlement in Tsarist Russia by lower-priced Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, and other workers durign early industrialization is examined in light of Edna Bonacich's split labor-market theory. Studies of split labor market have so far analyzed the opposite phenomenon: the exclusion of lower-priced workers (of a distinct ethnic background) or their transformation into a…

  • The meeting of Eastern Europe and Yemen: Idealistic workers’ and ‘natural workers’ in early Zionist settlement in Palestine

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Ethnic and Racial Studies•1990•Cited by: 9•References: 5

    This study questions the customary thesis according to which the dominant status of the ashkenazim (European Jews) over the mizrachim (Middle Eastern and North African Jews) in Israeli society is to be explained by the earlier arrival of the former in Palestine. It does so by demonstrating that an early wave of Yemenite Jews, who arrived in Palestine simultaneously with the founding fathers, remained in a subservient social position. Archival sou…

  • Jewish Settler Violence: Deviance as Social Reaction.David Weisburd

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•American Journal of Sociology•1990

  • Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914

    Resat Kasaba, Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•1991

  • Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914

    Philip S Khoury, Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•The Journal of Interdisciplinary…•1991

  • Tech for Tech's Sake: Zionism and Technocracy: The Engineering of Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1870-1918. . Derek J. Penslar

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1992

  • Tech for Tech's Sake

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1992

  • Relative overdevelopment and alternative paths of nationalism: A comparative study of Catalonia and the Baltic Republics

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Baltic Studies•1992•Cited by: 1•References: 2

  • Little Common Ground: Arab Agriculture and Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1920-1948.

    Gershon Shafir, Charles S Kamen et al.•ARTICLE•The American Historical Review•1993

    A re-examination of some of the conventional interpretations of the structure of Arab Palestine between the two World Wars. Kamen places the accepted analyses against an account of the social and economic conditions of rural Arab society and the pressures to which it was subjected.

  • Groundwork for Modernization: Palestine in Transformation, 1856-1882: Studies in Social, Economic and Political Development. . Alexander Scholch, William C. Young, Michael C. Gerrity

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1994

  • Groundwork for Modernization

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1994

  • Interpreting Conquests

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1994

  • Interpreting Conquests: The Social Origins of Egyptian Expansionism during the Muhammad 'Ali Period. . Fred H. Lawson

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1994•Cited by: 2

  • The Struggle for Peace: Israelis and Palestinians

    Gershon Shafir, Elizabeth Warnock Fernea et al.•ARTICLE•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•1994

  • The Cambridge Survey of World Migration

    Open Access•Hugh Tinker, Mitsuru Shimpo et al.•BOOK•Cambridge Survey of World Migration•1995

    This extensive survey of migration in the modern world begins in the sixteenth century with the establishment of European colonies overseas, and covers the history of migration to the late twentieth century, when global communications and transport systems stimulated immense and complex flows of labour migrants and skilled professionals. In ninety-five contributions, leading scholars from twenty-seven different countries consider a wide variety o…

  • Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914

    Gershon Shafir•BOOK•Land, Labor and the Origins of…•1996

    Gershon Shafir challenges the heroic myths about the foundation of the State of Israel by investigating the struggle to control land and labor during the early Zionist enterprise. He argues that it was not the imported Zionist ideas that were responsible for the character of the Israeli state, but the particular conditions of the local conflict between the European "settlers" and the Palestinian Arab population

  • Israeli Society: A Counterview

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Israel Studies•1996•Cited by: 2•References: 2

    One of my formative experiences as a sociologist took place in my last year as an undergraduate student while attending, for the first time, the annual congress of the Israeli Sociological Association. S.N. Eisenstadt, the keynote speaker of the congress, which was held at Haifa University in 1971, held forth at length on "social differentiation" within Israeli society. It was a member of the audience who respectfully reminded him that just a few…

  • Israeli Decolonization and Critical Sociology

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996•Cited by: 2

  • Israeli Decolonization and Critical Sociology

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996•Cited by: 5•References: 1

    For many years, narratives about Israeli state building, especially in Israeli academic works, followed one of two plots. The first, written mainly by social scientists, presented the story of the Zionist immigrants who built their institutions according to their ideals and ideologies-mostly socialist ideas imported from the Pale of Settlement-and who were occasionally in disagreement with other immigrants having different blueprints for the stat…

  • New Historiography

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996

  • New Historiography: Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900. . Beshara Doumani

    Gershon Shafir•ARTICLE•Journal of Palestine Studies•1996

Political science (36 works) · Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies (25 works) · History (24 works) · Law (24 works) · Sociology (23 works) · Law (19 works) · Politics (18 works) · History (16 works) · Economics (13 works) · Ancient history (12 works)

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