P Schwadel
Biographic Data
| ID | 17115 |
|---|---|
| NAME | P Schwadel |
| GIVEN NAMES | P |
| FAMILY NAME | Schwadel |
| SIGNATURE | SCHWADEL P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Nebraska–Lincoln |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4672-3162 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 56 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 512 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 56 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Generalized Trust in China and the United States, 1989 to 2022
Generalized trust plays a crucial role in economic development and social governance. Using six waves of the World Values Survey from 1989 to 2022, this study employs hierarchical age-period-cohort cross-classified random effects models to examine long-term trends in generalized trust in China, with the US as a comparative reference. The results show that generalized trust increases with age in both societies, though more slowly in China. Period …
Religious Predictors of Bullying Perpetration in Youth
Bullying in adolescence has short‐ and long‐term physical and mental health consequences for both victims and perpetrators. Social scientists have extensively examined the causes and consequences of victimization, including the role of religion, but we know little about how religion is associated with bullying perpetration. Religiosity may curb perpetration through the influences of religious socialization or exacerbate perpetration through relig…
White Religion, Politics, and Racial Resentment in the United States
In popular American discourse, White conservative Christianity is nearly synonymous with both conservative politics and racial resentment. I argue that while White religious conservatives’ racial resentment comports with their politics, racial resentment should be more relevant to political differences among White religious moderates, liberals, and the nonreligious due to the relative ubiquity of conservative politics among religious conservative…
College-Educated Religious Conservatives' Support for Capital Punishment
Higher education is associated with reduced support for capital punishment among white Americans. Conservative religion, however, is associated with moral foundations and schemas that lead to greater support for capital punishment, which we expect moderate the association between education and views of capital punishment. Using nationally representative survey data, we found that the negative association between higher education and support for t…
The LGBT Politics of Religious Nones
Although nonreligious Americans are more likely than religious Americans to support LGBT rights, we know little about variation among the nonreligious. Research points to large political differences among nonreligious Americans, which could extend to views of LGBT rights. Using nationally representative survey data, we find that atheists are sometimes more supportive of LGBT rights than are agnostics; atheists and agnostics are consistently more …
The Demographic Makeup of Congregations and Clergy Mental Health
The mental health of religious leaders is a serious concern as the emotional, psychological, and spiritual demands on clergy are incredibly high. These demands, however, are likely to vary by the demographic makeup of the congregation that leaders serve, which leads us to expect that clergy mental health is associated with congregational demographics. In this study, we use recently collected (2020), nationally representative survey data from the …
Religious Correlates of Religious Victimization in Youth
Religious victimization is a social stressor harmful to identity and well-being. In this article, we examine how religious victimization is associated with key religious factors in youth using two different data sets collected 17 years apart. The results from both surveys show that youth affiliated with non-Christian religious traditions, youth who more frequently attend services, and youth who talk more frequently with their parents about religi…
Religion and Subjective Social Class in the United States
Subjective social class identities-lower, working, middle, and upper-are conditioned by culture and social interactions. I argue that conservative Christianity influences subjective class identification because conservative Christian social networks are highly insular, and its culture prioritizes lower- and working-class ideologies. Using nationally representative data, I find that conservative Christians-operationalized with views of the Bible a…
Elite Cueing, Gender, and the Partisan Gap in Environmental Support
This study extends research on how political and social contexts mediate the relationship between men’s and women’s political identities and their support for the environment. Our test consists of a 3 × 2 factorial survey experiment that interacts an individual’s partisan identity with three conditions modeling elite support for federal spending to protect the environment. Democrats demonstrate consistently high rates of support regardless of leg…
Unpacking the role of adolescent religious affiliation in youth outcomes
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to unpack the role of adolescent religious affiliation in positive and negative youth outcomes. METHODS: We used data from Wave 1 (2002-2003) of the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR). Participants were a nationally representative sample of 3290 adolescents from across the United States. Measures were adolescent-report or parent-report items of religiousness (individual religiousness, family re…
The role of religious contexts on hate crimes, 2003–2017
Objective Combining insights from socio‐criminological theories of (hate) crimes and the moral communities perspective, this article examines how the religious makeup of a county—evangelical Protestant, mainline Protestant, and Catholic adherence rates—affects county‐level hate crime patterns. Methods Zero‐inflated negative binomial regressions were conducted on a unique county‐level data set that included reported hate crimes, religious adherenc…
Declines in Religiousness Dimensions across Adolescence as Predictors of Religious Deidentification in Young Adulthood
The present study examined whether declines in religiousness across adolescence precede religious deidentification in young adulthood. Data came from the National Study of Youth and Religion. Participants were religiously affiliated for the first three waves of the longitudinal study (N = 1144). Latent growth curve models found significant declines across adolescence in church attendance, prayer, scripture study, religious importance, and spiritu…
Religion and Americans' Fear of Crime in the 21st Century
Background Fear of crime is not only a reflection of the prevalence of crime and victimization but also varies by individual and social characteristics such as gender and social integration. Religion is another attribute that influences worldviews and structures social interactions, and thus may affect fear of crime. Purpose Given the importance of religion in American life and the micro and macro costs associated with fear of crime, we examine t…
Examining the Influence of Political Affiliation and Orientation on Political Tolerance
Political identities are strongly associated with political tolerance. Specifically, previous research shows that American liberals report higher levels of tolerance toward marginalized groups than conservatives. Political orientation, however, varies more among Democrats than Republicans, which might mean that Democrats are relatively diverse in their levels of political tolerance. In this article, the authors ask how the association between pol…
What Aspects of Religiosity are Associated with Values
A large body of research shows that religiosity in general is associated with values. Yet, we know little about the specific aspects of religiosity that drive this association. Using nationally representative data from a sample of young adults in the United States, we examined how various aspects of religiosity-religious tradition, service attendance, frequency of prayer, religious salience, belief in God, closeness to God, and number of religiou…
Religious Identity and Morality
Religion provides a powerful social identity. Building on previous work demonstrating that formerly religious individuals (i.e., religious dones) more closely resemble currently religious individuals than do never religious individuals (i.e., religious nones), we report three studies examining a potential religious residue effect for the endorsement of moral foundations. In Study 1 ( N = 312), we found evidence of a stairstep pattern of endorseme…
The values of religious nones, dones, and sacralized Americans
OBJECTIVE: Religious identification is associated with specific values, particularly conservation values that focus on social rather than personal interest. Recent research, however, suggests that the psychological repercussions of religious commitment can persist after people cease identifying as religious. We examine if this religion residue effect leads to differences in values between those who were once religious but no longer identify as re…
Changes in Religiosity Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Emerging Adults
Highly religious Americans are relatively likely to oppose lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) rights and many churches are unwelcoming to sexual minorities, which may lead LGB Americans to retreat from religion. To assess this possibility, we investigate trajectories of religious change for sexual minorities and other emerging adults. We use two longitudinal data sources (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and the National St…
The Politics of Religious Nones
Americans with no religious affiliation (aka religious 'Nones') are not a politically homogeneous community. Just as there are political differences between groups of Christians, there are political differences between groups of religious Nones. I use nationally representative survey data to examine the political activities and perspectives of atheists, agnostics, and those who are 'nothing in particular.' Results show that Americans who report t…
Poor Teenagers’ Religion
Early American sociologists of religion, most notably H. Richard. Niebuhr, continued to focus on the different religious viewpoints of the various social classes. The dearth of research on social class and American religion is particularly detrimental to our understanding of adolescent religion since children are considerably more likely than adults to live in poverty in the United States. Empirical research on social class and American religion …
Political Polarization and Long-Term Change in Public Support for Environmental Spending
Public support for environmental protection has evinced declines in recent years that are widely attributed to growing antipathy among self-identified Republicans. Fractures in what was long considered broad and enduring support for the environment in the United States have called attention to the broader socio-political context in which individual opinion on the environment is formed, and especially the role of political parties and their leader…
Sectarian Religion and Political Tolerance in the United States
Many Americans oppose granting civil rights to stigmatized outgroups. This lack of political tolerance is strongly associated with sectarian Christianity. We argue that the association between sectarian religious affiliation and political tolerance has diminished but that the effects of sectarian belief on tolerance remain prevalent. Using more than three decades of repeated cross-sectional survey data and hierarchical age-period-cohort models, w…
Cross-national variation in the social origins and religious consequences of religious non-affiliation
Why Sociology Needs Science Fiction
Using sci-fi's metaphors, ideal types, and counterfactuals to consider our real-world problems, old and new
Choose the Method for Aggregating Religious Identities that Is Most Appropriate for Your Research
Some U.S. surveys measure many religious identities, including detailed Protestant affiliations. Researchers must decide how to aggregate these diverse identities. There are now a variety of options for aggregating religious groups into categories. Depending on the research question, it may be appropriate to use one of the existing options or to develop an aggregation strategy tailored to the project in question
Individual, Congregational, and Denominational Effects on Church Members' Civic Participation
Previous research demonstrates two aspects of religion that affect civic activity-church participation and religious conservatism. Conservative religious beliefs and membership in conservative denominations are often associated with low levels of civic activity while church participation is said to increase civic activity. This article advances the discussion of the relationship between religion and civic participation by introducing the congrega…
Age, period, and cohort effects on religious activities and beliefs
The Effects of Education on Americans' Religious Practices, Beliefs, and Affiliations
I challenge the scholarly contention that increases in education uniformly lead to declines in religious participation, belief, and affiliation. I argue that education influences strategies of action, and these strategies of action are relevant to some religious beliefs and activities but not others. Analysis of survey data shows that (1) education negatively affects exclusivist religious viewpoints and biblical literalism but not belief in God o…
The 'friendship dynamics of religion,' or the 'religious dynamics of friendship'? A social network analysis of adolescents who attend small schools
Period and Cohort Effects on Religious Nonaffiliation and Religious Disaffiliation
Period and cohort effects on reports of no religious preference and religious disaffiliation are estimated. Results show that by 2006, the probability of reporting no religious preference had risen to almost .16. Additionally, the growing proportion of Americans raised with no religious preference substantially influences the increase in reporting no religious preference. Two recently developed analysis techniques for disentangling period and coh…
Birth Cohort Changes in the Association Between College Education and Religious Non-Affiliation
This article examines the changing association between higher education and reporting no religious affiliation in the United States. I argue that increases in higher education have led to a decline in the individual-level effect of college education on religious non-affiliation. Results from hierarchical age-period-cohort models using more than three and a half decades of repeated cross-sectional survey data demonstrate that the strong, positive …
The Republicanization of evangelical Protestants in the United States
Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Death Penalty Attitudes in the United States, 1974–2014
In this article, we further the understanding of both changes in public opinion on capital punishment in the United States and changes in the factors associated with public opinion on the death penalty. Support for the death penalty may be motivated by events happening during specific time periods, and it can vary across birth cohorts as a result of cohort‐specific socialization processes, demographic changes, and formative events that are specif…
Testing the Promise of the Churches
Political researchers point to church activities as a major avenue for lower-class individuals to learn the civic skills necessary for many forms of political participation, the skills that higher-status individuals learn through education and occupation. This article tests this theory through multilevel analyses of the effects of both individual income and average congregational income on three measures of participation in church activities and …
The Politics of Religious Nones
Americans with no religious affiliation (aka religious 'Nones') are not a politically homogeneous community. Just as there are political differences between groups of Christians, there are political differences between groups of religious Nones. I use nationally representative survey data to examine the political activities and perspectives of atheists, agnostics, and those who are 'nothing in particular.' Results show that Americans who report t…
The Religious and Political Origins of Evangelical Protestants' Opposition to Environmental Spending
Evangelical Protestants are less likely than most other Americans to support environmental policies and spending to protect the natural environment. We use almost three decades of repeated cross-sectional data to examine the factors that promote evangelicals' opposition to environmental spending. Mediation models with bootstrapped standard errors show that affiliation with the Republican Party, biblical literalism, and religious service attendanc…
Changes in Americans' Strength of Religious Affiliation, 1974-2010
I use data from the 1974–2010 General Social Survey to analyze changes in Americans' strength of religious affiliation. Results show little change in the percent of Americans who report a strong affiliation, though the percent with a somewhat/not very strong affiliation declined from 1990 to 2010, as the number of unaffiliated respondents increased. Tradition-specific, age–period–cohort analyses show that the probability of reporting a strong rel…
Poor Teenagers' Religion
Empirical research has ignored the effects of poverty on adolescent religion even though children are far more likely than adults to live in poverty in the United States. The current research demonstrates considerable differences in the religious activities and religious viewpoints of poor and non-poor, American teenagers. Analysis of National Study of Youth and Religion survey data shows that while poor teenagers are especially likely to pray, r…
Explaining Cross‐National Variation in the Effect of Higher Education on Religiosity
While sociologists have long argued that higher education has a secularizing influence, recent research emphasizes the moderating role of social contexts in the relationship between social class and religion. I extend this line of research by examining sources of cross‐national variation in the association between higher education and religiosity using survey data from more than 46,000 respondents in 39 nations. Multilevel models of a religiosity…
Sectarian Religion and Political Tolerance in the United States
Many Americans oppose granting civil rights to stigmatized outgroups. This lack of political tolerance is strongly associated with sectarian Christianity. We argue that the association between sectarian religious affiliation and political tolerance has diminished but that the effects of sectarian belief on tolerance remain prevalent. Using more than three decades of repeated cross-sectional survey data and hierarchical age-period-cohort models, w…
Choose the Method for Aggregating Religious Identities that Is Most Appropriate for Your Research
Some U.S. surveys measure many religious identities, including detailed Protestant affiliations. Researchers must decide how to aggregate these diverse identities. There are now a variety of options for aggregating religious groups into categories. Depending on the research question, it may be appropriate to use one of the existing options or to develop an aggregation strategy tailored to the project in question
Pentecostal Affiliation
Although Pentecostal Protestants are often included under the broad term "evangelical Protestant," research suggests that Pentecostals are distinct from other evangelical Protestants in their religious and secular beliefs and activities. In this research note, we demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of a religious classification that accounts for differences between affiliates of Pentecostal denominations and affiliates of other Protest…
The Diffusion of Tolerance
Political tolerance—the willingness to extend civil liberties to traditionally stigmatized groups—is pivotal to the functioning of democracy and the well‐being of members of stigmatized groups. Although political tolerance has traditionally been more common among American elites, we argue that as tolerance has increased, it has also diffused to less educated and less affluent segments of the population. The relative stability of political attitud…
Are white evangelical Protestants lower class? A partial test of church-sect theory
Education and Churchgoing Protestants' Views of Highly Politicized Christianity
Many churchgoing Protestants support a highly political role for the Christian religion, endorsing Christian ideals shaping public policy. Highly educated Protestants' emphasis on individualism and protecting civil liberties, however; can encourage a distrust of highly politicized Christianity. Specifically, college and graduate school educated Protestants often want to avoid forcing the Christian religion on secular society. Regression results f…
Changes in Religiosity Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Emerging Adults
Highly religious Americans are relatively likely to oppose lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) rights and many churches are unwelcoming to sexual minorities, which may lead LGB Americans to retreat from religion. To assess this possibility, we investigate trajectories of religious change for sexual minorities and other emerging adults. We use two longitudinal data sources (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and the National St…
The Origins of Religious Homophily in a Medium and Large School
How religion influences social interactions, and how social interactions influence religion, are fundamental questions to the sociology of religion. We address these processes and build on Cheadle and Schwadel's (Soc Sci Res 41:1198-1212, 2012 ) analysis of selection and influence in religion-based social tie homogeneity (i.e. network-religion autocorrelation) in small schools by analyzing networks from larger schools, by focusing on differences …
Period and Cohort Changes in Americans' Support for Marijuana Legalization
We cast fresh light on how and why Americans’ views on marijuana legalization shifted between 1973 and 2014. Results from age-period-cohort models show a strong negative effect of age and relatively high levels of support for legalization among baby boom cohorts. Despite the baby boom effect, the large increase in support for marijuana legalization is predominantly a broad, period-based change in the population. Additional analyses demonstrate th…
Social Networks and Civic Participation and Efficacy in Two Evangelical Protestant Churches
This research note examines the proposition that participation in church-particularly the social interaction that accompanies church participation-is an important source of social capital that promotes civic activity and efficacy. Employing survey data from over 600 attendees of two evangelical Protestant churches, we tested hypotheses linking churchgoers' social networks to their levels of civic efficacy and participation. Three key findings eme…
Why Sociology Needs Science Fiction
Using sci-fi's metaphors, ideal types, and counterfactuals to consider our real-world problems, old and new
Testing the Promise of the Churches
Political researchers point to church activities as a major avenue for lower-class individuals to learn the civic skills necessary for many forms of political participation, the skills that higher-status individuals learn through education and occupation. This article tests this theory through multilevel analyses of the effects of both individual income and average congregational income on three measures of participation in church activities and …
Education and Churchgoing Protestants' Views of Highly Politicized Christianity
Many churchgoing Protestants support a highly political role for the Christian religion, endorsing Christian ideals shaping public policy. Highly educated Protestants' emphasis on individualism and protecting civil liberties, however; can encourage a distrust of highly politicized Christianity. Specifically, college and graduate school educated Protestants often want to avoid forcing the Christian religion on secular society. Regression results f…
Individual, Congregational, and Denominational Effects on Church Members' Civic Participation
Previous research demonstrates two aspects of religion that affect civic activity-church participation and religious conservatism. Conservative religious beliefs and membership in conservative denominations are often associated with low levels of civic activity while church participation is said to increase civic activity. This article advances the discussion of the relationship between religion and civic participation by introducing the congrega…
Poor Teenagers' Religion
Empirical research has ignored the effects of poverty on adolescent religion even though children are far more likely than adults to live in poverty in the United States. The current research demonstrates considerable differences in the religious activities and religious viewpoints of poor and non-poor, American teenagers. Analysis of National Study of Youth and Religion survey data shows that while poor teenagers are especially likely to pray, r…
The Continuing Relevance of Family Income for Religious Participation
The relevance of family income for religious participation in the United States has been largely ignored in recent decades. Addressing this neglect, we focus our attention primarily upon white Catholics, the poorer of whom we reason have fewer options to participate in the context of an increasingly middle-class Church. Analyzing the 1972-2006 cumulative General Social Survey data, we show that net of all other factors low-income white Catholics …
Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on U.S. Religious Service Attendance
I use repeated, cross-sectional data from 1972 to 2006 to analyze age, period, and cohort effects on Americans' frequency of religious service attendance with cross-classified, random-effects models. The results show that the frequency of religious service attendance is relatively stable, with a modest period-based decline in the 1990s and little overall cohort effect. Although aggregate rates of attendance are stable, there are large changes acr…
Period and Cohort Effects on Religious Nonaffiliation and Religious Disaffiliation
Period and cohort effects on reports of no religious preference and religious disaffiliation are estimated. Results show that by 2006, the probability of reporting no religious preference had risen to almost .16. Additionally, the growing proportion of Americans raised with no religious preference substantially influences the increase in reporting no religious preference. Two recently developed analysis techniques for disentangling period and coh…
The Effects of Education on Americans' Religious Practices, Beliefs, and Affiliations
I challenge the scholarly contention that increases in education uniformly lead to declines in religious participation, belief, and affiliation. I argue that education influences strategies of action, and these strategies of action are relevant to some religious beliefs and activities but not others. Analysis of survey data shows that (1) education negatively affects exclusivist religious viewpoints and biblical literalism but not belief in God o…
Age, period, and cohort effects on religious activities and beliefs
Interactive Effects of Church Attendance and Religious Tradition on Depressive Symptoms and Positive Affect
Using a survey of adults in Nebraska, we find that the association between church attendance and mental health varies across religious traditions and across two distinct dimensions of mental health—depressive symptoms and positive affect. Specifically, the association between church attendance and depressive symptoms differs for mainline Protestants, evangelical Protestants, and Catholics. Of these three religious traditions, only mainline Protes…
Age, Period and Cohort Effects On Social Capital
Researchers hypothesize that social capital in the United States is not just declining, but that it is declining across generations or birth cohorts. Testing this proposition, we examine changes in social capital using age-period-cohort intrinsic estimator models. Results from analyses of 1972–2010 General Social Survey data show (1. that informal association with neighbors declined across periods while informal association with friends outside o…
Social Class and Finding a Congregation
Despite the large numbers of Americans switching religious congregations each year, social scientists know relatively little about how people are introduced to new religious congregations. In this research note, I use multiple surveys of congregants-two surveys of Presbyterians in the 1990s and a survey of attendees from a random sample of congregations in 2001-to examine the effects of education and income on how attendees are introduced to thei…
The Human-Environment Dialog in Award-winning Children's Picture Books
Picture books often play an important role in childhood socialization. Given the seriousness of environmental problems, we ask how natural, modified, and built environments have been portrayed in children's books. To answer this question, we analyze the 296 books receiving Caldecott awards from 1938 to 2008. Two possibilities are explored with respect to content change. Growing concern about critical environmental problems, such as decline in bio…
The 'friendship dynamics of religion,' or the 'religious dynamics of friendship'? A social network analysis of adolescents who attend small schools
Changes in Americans’ Views of Prayer and Reading the Bible in Public Schools
I use repeated cross‐sectional survey data spanning the years 1974 to 2010 to examine changes in Americans’ views of prayer and reading the Bible in public schools. Results from logistic regression models show that support for prayer and reading the Bible in public schools was relatively high in the 1970s and that differences between evangelical Protestants and both Catholics and mainline Protestants grew from the 1970s to the first decade of the…
Pentecostal Affiliation
Although Pentecostal Protestants are often included under the broad term "evangelical Protestant," research suggests that Pentecostals are distinct from other evangelical Protestants in their religious and secular beliefs and activities. In this research note, we demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of a religious classification that accounts for differences between affiliates of Pentecostal denominations and affiliates of other Protest…
Changes in Americans' Strength of Religious Affiliation, 1974-2010
I use data from the 1974–2010 General Social Survey to analyze changes in Americans' strength of religious affiliation. Results show little change in the percent of Americans who report a strong affiliation, though the percent with a somewhat/not very strong affiliation declined from 1990 to 2010, as the number of unaffiliated respondents increased. Tradition-specific, age–period–cohort analyses show that the probability of reporting a strong rel…
An Age–Period–Cohort Analysis of Political Tolerance in the United States
We employ hierarchical age–period–cohort models and the 1974–2010 General Social Survey data to examine changes in the political tolerance of gays and lesbians, communists, racists, and anti-religionists. Results show period-based growth in political tolerance, cohort-based growth in tolerance of anti-religionists, baby boomers are particularly tolerant, and political tolerance is associated with changes in college education. The findings suggest…
Paranormal America
Birth Cohort Changes in the Association Between College Education and Religious Non-Affiliation
This article examines the changing association between higher education and reporting no religious affiliation in the United States. I argue that increases in higher education have led to a decline in the individual-level effect of college education on religious non-affiliation. Results from hierarchical age-period-cohort models using more than three and a half decades of repeated cross-sectional survey data demonstrate that the strong, positive …
Are white evangelical Protestants lower class? A partial test of church-sect theory
Explaining Cross‐National Variation in the Effect of Higher Education on Religiosity
While sociologists have long argued that higher education has a secularizing influence, recent research emphasizes the moderating role of social contexts in the relationship between social class and religion. I extend this line of research by examining sources of cross‐national variation in the association between higher education and religiosity using survey data from more than 46,000 respondents in 39 nations. Multilevel models of a religiosity…
Does Higher Education Cause Religious Decline
Although there is ample empirical evidence of the associations between higher education and various aspects of religiosity, the causal mechanisms producing these associations remain unclear. I use four waves of longitudinal data, with respondents ranging in age from 13 to 29, to model the within- and between-person effects of higher education on several measures of religiosity. The results show that earning a bachelor's degree is associated with …
Social Networks and Civic Participation and Efficacy in Two Evangelical Protestant Churches
This research note examines the proposition that participation in church-particularly the social interaction that accompanies church participation-is an important source of social capital that promotes civic activity and efficacy. Employing survey data from over 600 attendees of two evangelical Protestant churches, we tested hypotheses linking churchgoers' social networks to their levels of civic efficacy and participation. Three key findings eme…
The Diffusion of Tolerance
Political tolerance—the willingness to extend civil liberties to traditionally stigmatized groups—is pivotal to the functioning of democracy and the well‐being of members of stigmatized groups. Although political tolerance has traditionally been more common among American elites, we argue that as tolerance has increased, it has also diffused to less educated and less affluent segments of the population. The relative stability of political attitud…
Sociology (43 works) · Political science (40 works) · Religion and Society Interactions (40 works) · Psychology (37 works) · Social Psychology (33 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (31 works) · Law (28 works) · Religion, Society, and Development (26 works) · Religiosity (22 works) · Politics (20 works)