Yaacov Schul
Biographic Data
| ID | 171364 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Yaacov Schul |
| GIVEN NAMES | Yaacov |
| FAMILY NAME | Schul |
| SIGNATURE | SCHUL Y |
| AFFILIATIONS | Hebrew University of Jerusalem |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3301-8835 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 36 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 232 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 36 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Ideologists, Non-Ideologists and the Construct Validity of One-Dimensional Measures of Political Ideology
Previous research has shown that a large part of the population lacks a coherent system of political beliefs (Converse, 1964). Yet, studies in social and political psychology often examine the relationship between ideology and political attitudes/behavior on the basis of a one-dimensional self-placement liberal-conservative or left-right ideology scale that assumes that all of the participants have a coherent ideology. In the current paper we sug…
Divergent views of party positions: How ideology and own issue position shape party perception through convergence and divergence processes
The current research explores how respondents’ ideology influences their perception of political parties’ stances on various issues. Additionally, we examine how three distinct indicators of ideological strength—congruence between ideology and party affiliation, level of education, and engagement in political activities—affect these perceptions. Our empirical analyses rely on data from the 1968–2012 Cumulative American National Election Study dat…
Partisan ideological attitudes: Liberals are tolerant; the intelligent are intolerant
In this article we examine intolerance toward ideological outgroups, conceptualized as the negativity of the attitudes of liberals and conservatives toward their ideological outgroup. We show that conservatives are more ideologically intolerant than liberals and that the more intelligent are more ideologically intolerant than the less intelligent. We also show that the differences between liberals and conservatives and the differences between the…
When both the original study and its failed replication are correct: Feeling observed eliminates the facial-feedback effect
This article suggests a theoretically driven explanation for a replication failure of one of the basic findings in psychology: the facial-feedback effect. According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, the facial activity associated with particular emotional expressions can influence people's affective experiences. Recently, a replication attempt of this effect in 17 laboratories around the world failed to find any support for the effect. We hypoth…
Guess what? Implicit motivation boosts the influence of subliminal information on choice
I do not know you and I am keeping it that way: Attachment avoidance and empathic accuracy in the perception of strangers
Two studies examined the association between attachment avoidance and empathic accuracy when perceiving strangers. In Study 1, participants with high attachment avoidance revealed lower accuracy in identifying the thoughts and feelings of their interaction partner compared with participants with low attachment avoidance. High‐avoidance participants also tended to mentally distance themselves from the other and thought less often about him or her.…
Two Is Not Always Better Than One: A Critical Evaluation of Two-System Theories
Over the past two decades, there has been an upsurge in theoretical frameworks alluding to the existence of two different processing systems that supposedly operate according to different rules. This article critically examines the scientific advance offered by these theories (in particular advances in the domains of reasoning, decision making, and social cognition) and questions their theoretical coherence as well as the evidence for their exist…
The meaning of negated adjectives
The study investigates the way people use and make sense of negated adjectives. Past research showed that by using a negated adjective, instead of an available antonym, one is able to communicate a mitigated sense of that antonym. To illustrate, by saying ‘ not hot ’ one can communicate ‘ neither hot, but not quite cold ’. This effect has been termed the mitigation hypothesis . Our theoretical analysis suggests that the extent of mitigation shoul…
The value of distrust
How people cope with uncertainty due to chance or deception
Encoding Under Trust and Distrust: The Spontaneous Activation of Incongruent Cognitions
Past studies of strategic thinking have shown that the encoding of the message information becomes more complex under distrust. Receivers process the information as if they are trying to protect themselves from being misled by testing alternative potential interpretations. The present study investigates the possibility that when people are mistrustful they spontaneously activate associations that are incongruent with the given message. Findings f…
Searching for certainty in an uncertain world: The difficulty of giving up the experiential for the rational mode of thinking
Our research explores predictions that people make in a simple environment consisting of sequences of a binary signal followed by two possible outcomes. In order to optimize their prediction success, respondents should use a very simple decision rule, called maximization, whereby they consistently predict according to the signal. In line with past research, our findings show that even respondents who realized after the experiment that maximizatio…
I am not guilty” vs “I am innocent”: Successful negation may depend on the schema used for its encoding
Inclusive and exclusive modes of thinking: Studies of prediction, preference, and social perception during parliamentary elections
Two Sources Are Better Than One: The Effects of Ignoring One Message on Using a Different Message from the Same Source
Elimination and Inclusion Procedures in Judgment
Consider two judgment procedures for selecting an answer from a set of multiple alternatives. One could answer a question either by including likely alternatives from the initial set of alternatives or by eliminating the least likely alternatives from that same initial set. An interesting question is whether the two judgment processes are equivalent and yield the same final selection. The results from two studies indicate that individuals generat…
Inferring accuracy for judges and items: Choice of unit of analysis reverses the conclusions
This study explores the relationship between the precision and the accuracy of forecasts using either judge or item as the unit of analysis. Participants in five experiments answered general-knowledge questions by indicating intervals that were likely to include the correct answer. Results indicate that the precision of an interval estimate is not a straightforward cue to the likelihood that such an interval includes the truth (hit rate). Whereas…
Dealing with Deceptions that are Difficult to Detect: Encoding and Judgment as a Function of Preparing to Receive Invalid Information
Impact of the Jobs intervention on unemployed workers varying in risk for depression
Reports the results of the JOBS II randomized field experiment that included a sample of 1,801 recent job losers, 671 of which participated in a modified version of the JOBS I intervention for unemployed workers (Caplan, Vinokur, Price, & van Ryn, 1989). The intervention focused on enhancing the sense of mastery through the acquisition of job‐search and problem‐solving skills, and on inoculation against setbacks. JOBS II was intended to prevent p…
When Warning Succeeds: The Effect of Warning on Success in Ignoring Invalid Information
Measuring Satisfaction With Organizations: Predictions from Information Accessibility
The study explored the process through which customers assess their satisfaction with service organizations. Our theoretical analysis suggests that when a general satisfaction question appears after questions about specific domains were asked (SG order), the earlier questions increase the accessibility of both positive and negative information. In contrast, when a general satisfaction question appears prior to any other question (GS order), negat…
Conditions Facilitating Successful Disccounting in Consumer Decision Making
Two types of discounting appeals were tested for effectiveness: an ignore appeal asks consumers to disregard a previously communicated claim because it may not be valid; a refute appeal specifically states that the challenged claim is incorrect. Results from two experiments indicate that the impact of the two appeals on consumer decision making depends on the elaboration the message underwent during encoding. Impact is also mediated by the extent…
The effects of type of encoding and strength of discounting appeal on the success of ignoring an invalid testimony
Individuals appear to be more successful in discounting invalid evidence in studies which are set in courtroom settings than in studies done in the belief perseverance paradigm. Several differences between the two paradigms may explain this pattern. Most of these differences are ruled out by past research. We focused on differences in two domains, namely, encoding of the information and strength of the discounting appeals, and manipulated them ex…
Judging the typicality of an instance: Should the category be accessed first
Ss received instances consisting of 6 descriptors referring to a single person. Ss judged the typicality of each instance when a person's category was activated before the instance was processed, called category-first, or when a category was activated after the instance was processed, called instance-first. The findings are discussed in terms of a model using distributed-memory architecture to represent categories and instances
The Effects of Advertisement Encoding on the Failure to Discount Information: Implications for the Sleeper Effect
Journal Article The Effects of Advertisement Encoding on the Failure to Discount Information: Implications for the Sleeper Effect Get access David Mazursky, David Mazursky Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Yaacov Schul Yaacov Schul Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 15, Issue 1, June 1988, Pages 24–36, https://doi.org/10…
I am not guilty” vs “I am innocent”: Successful negation may depend on the schema used for its encoding
Impact of the Jobs intervention on unemployed workers varying in risk for depression
Reports the results of the JOBS II randomized field experiment that included a sample of 1,801 recent job losers, 671 of which participated in a modified version of the JOBS I intervention for unemployed workers (Caplan, Vinokur, Price, & van Ryn, 1989). The intervention focused on enhancing the sense of mastery through the acquisition of job‐search and problem‐solving skills, and on inoculation against setbacks. JOBS II was intended to prevent p…
Determinants of perceived social support: Interpersonal transactions, personal outlook, and transient affective states
During the last decade, the study of social support has relied heavily on recipients' reports of perceived support. However, such reports of support may reflect not only actual supportive interpersonal transactions but also the recipients' own personal and perceptual dispositions and comparatively transient mood states. This study examines these factors' independent effects on perceived support. Interpersonal transactions of social support were a…
The value of distrust
Encoding Under Trust and Distrust: The Spontaneous Activation of Incongruent Cognitions
Past studies of strategic thinking have shown that the encoding of the message information becomes more complex under distrust. Receivers process the information as if they are trying to protect themselves from being misled by testing alternative potential interpretations. The present study investigates the possibility that when people are mistrustful they spontaneously activate associations that are incongruent with the given message. Findings f…
Measuring Satisfaction With Organizations: Predictions from Information Accessibility
The study explored the process through which customers assess their satisfaction with service organizations. Our theoretical analysis suggests that when a general satisfaction question appears after questions about specific domains were asked (SG order), the earlier questions increase the accessibility of both positive and negative information. In contrast, when a general satisfaction question appears prior to any other question (GS order), negat…
Inclusive and exclusive modes of thinking: Studies of prediction, preference, and social perception during parliamentary elections
Dealing with Deceptions that are Difficult to Detect: Encoding and Judgment as a Function of Preparing to Receive Invalid Information
When discounting fails: Conditions under which individuals use discredited information in making a judgment
The informational basis of social judgments: Operations in forming an impression of another person
When both the original study and its failed replication are correct: Feeling observed eliminates the facial-feedback effect
This article suggests a theoretically driven explanation for a replication failure of one of the basic findings in psychology: the facial-feedback effect. According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, the facial activity associated with particular emotional expressions can influence people's affective experiences. Recently, a replication attempt of this effect in 17 laboratories around the world failed to find any support for the effect. We hypoth…
The meaning of negated adjectives
The study investigates the way people use and make sense of negated adjectives. Past research showed that by using a negated adjective, instead of an available antonym, one is able to communicate a mitigated sense of that antonym. To illustrate, by saying ‘ not hot ’ one can communicate ‘ neither hot, but not quite cold ’. This effect has been termed the mitigation hypothesis . Our theoretical analysis suggests that the extent of mitigation shoul…
When Warning Succeeds: The Effect of Warning on Success in Ignoring Invalid Information
The informational basis of social judgments: Memory for integrated and nonintegrated trait descriptions
Conditions Facilitating Successful Disccounting in Consumer Decision Making
Two types of discounting appeals were tested for effectiveness: an ignore appeal asks consumers to disregard a previously communicated claim because it may not be valid; a refute appeal specifically states that the challenged claim is incorrect. Results from two experiments indicate that the impact of the two appeals on consumer decision making depends on the elaboration the message underwent during encoding. Impact is also mediated by the extent…
The effects of type of encoding and strength of discounting appeal on the success of ignoring an invalid testimony
Individuals appear to be more successful in discounting invalid evidence in studies which are set in courtroom settings than in studies done in the belief perseverance paradigm. Several differences between the two paradigms may explain this pattern. Most of these differences are ruled out by past research. We focused on differences in two domains, namely, encoding of the information and strength of the discounting appeals, and manipulated them ex…
The Effects of Advertisement Encoding on the Failure to Discount Information: Implications for the Sleeper Effect
Journal Article The Effects of Advertisement Encoding on the Failure to Discount Information: Implications for the Sleeper Effect Get access David Mazursky, David Mazursky Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Yaacov Schul Yaacov Schul Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 15, Issue 1, June 1988, Pages 24–36, https://doi.org/10…
Partisan ideological attitudes: Liberals are tolerant; the intelligent are intolerant
In this article we examine intolerance toward ideological outgroups, conceptualized as the negativity of the attitudes of liberals and conservatives toward their ideological outgroup. We show that conservatives are more ideologically intolerant than liberals and that the more intelligent are more ideologically intolerant than the less intelligent. We also show that the differences between liberals and conservatives and the differences between the…
How people cope with uncertainty due to chance or deception
Two Sources Are Better Than One: The Effects of Ignoring One Message on Using a Different Message from the Same Source
The informational basis of social judgments: Memory for informative and uninformative arguments
Searching for certainty in an uncertain world: The difficulty of giving up the experiential for the rational mode of thinking
Our research explores predictions that people make in a simple environment consisting of sequences of a binary signal followed by two possible outcomes. In order to optimize their prediction success, respondents should use a very simple decision rule, called maximization, whereby they consistently predict according to the signal. In line with past research, our findings show that even respondents who realized after the experiment that maximizatio…
Judging the typicality of an instance: Should the category be accessed first
Ss received instances consisting of 6 descriptors referring to a single person. Ss judged the typicality of each instance when a person's category was activated before the instance was processed, called category-first, or when a category was activated after the instance was processed, called instance-first. The findings are discussed in terms of a model using distributed-memory architecture to represent categories and instances
The informational basis of social judgments: Using past impression rather than the trait description in forming a new impression
The informational basis of social judgements: Under what conditions are inconsistent trait descriptions processed as easily as consistent ones
This paper is concerned with the conditions under which an effort k made to reconcile inconsistent arguments in a message. It assumes, first, that reconciliation requires additional processing; and second, that it does not occur automatically but only when the set of inconsistent arguments are informative and must be integrated in the representation of the judgment. Subjects were given trait descriptions that varied in consistency as well as in i…
Microjustice and Macrojustice
The informational basis of social judgments: Operations in forming an impression of another person
The informational basis of social judgements: Under what conditions are inconsistent trait descriptions processed as easily as consistent ones
This paper is concerned with the conditions under which an effort k made to reconcile inconsistent arguments in a message. It assumes, first, that reconciliation requires additional processing; and second, that it does not occur automatically but only when the set of inconsistent arguments are informative and must be integrated in the representation of the judgment. Subjects were given trait descriptions that varied in consistency as well as in i…
Integration and abstraction in impression formation
The informational basis of social judgments: Memory for informative and uninformative arguments
The informational basis of social judgments: Memory for integrated and nonintegrated trait descriptions
Preferences, expectations, and behaviours in interpersonal interaction
This study is concerned with the relationship between expectations and preferences prior to an interaction, and their effects on behaviours enacted during the interaction. Expectations and preferences of therapists regarding several specific therapist's and client's behaviours were assessed prior to a therapy meeting. After that meeting, the therapists described the behaviours that had occurred during the meeting. It was found that the correspond…
The informational basis of social judgments: Using past impression rather than the trait description in forming a new impression
When discounting fails: Conditions under which individuals use discredited information in making a judgment
The effect of the amount of information and its relevance on memory-based and stimulus-based judgments
Determinants of perceived social support: Interpersonal transactions, personal outlook, and transient affective states
During the last decade, the study of social support has relied heavily on recipients' reports of perceived support. However, such reports of support may reflect not only actual supportive interpersonal transactions but also the recipients' own personal and perceptual dispositions and comparatively transient mood states. This study examines these factors' independent effects on perceived support. Interpersonal transactions of social support were a…
The Effects of Advertisement Encoding on the Failure to Discount Information: Implications for the Sleeper Effect
Journal Article The Effects of Advertisement Encoding on the Failure to Discount Information: Implications for the Sleeper Effect Get access David Mazursky, David Mazursky Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Yaacov Schul Yaacov Schul Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 15, Issue 1, June 1988, Pages 24–36, https://doi.org/10…
Conditions Facilitating Successful Disccounting in Consumer Decision Making
Two types of discounting appeals were tested for effectiveness: an ignore appeal asks consumers to disregard a previously communicated claim because it may not be valid; a refute appeal specifically states that the challenged claim is incorrect. Results from two experiments indicate that the impact of the two appeals on consumer decision making depends on the elaboration the message underwent during encoding. Impact is also mediated by the extent…
The effects of type of encoding and strength of discounting appeal on the success of ignoring an invalid testimony
Individuals appear to be more successful in discounting invalid evidence in studies which are set in courtroom settings than in studies done in the belief perseverance paradigm. Several differences between the two paradigms may explain this pattern. Most of these differences are ruled out by past research. We focused on differences in two domains, namely, encoding of the information and strength of the discounting appeals, and manipulated them ex…
Judging the typicality of an instance: Should the category be accessed first
Ss received instances consisting of 6 descriptors referring to a single person. Ss judged the typicality of each instance when a person's category was activated before the instance was processed, called category-first, or when a category was activated after the instance was processed, called instance-first. The findings are discussed in terms of a model using distributed-memory architecture to represent categories and instances
When Warning Succeeds: The Effect of Warning on Success in Ignoring Invalid Information
Measuring Satisfaction With Organizations: Predictions from Information Accessibility
The study explored the process through which customers assess their satisfaction with service organizations. Our theoretical analysis suggests that when a general satisfaction question appears after questions about specific domains were asked (SG order), the earlier questions increase the accessibility of both positive and negative information. In contrast, when a general satisfaction question appears prior to any other question (GS order), negat…
Impact of the Jobs intervention on unemployed workers varying in risk for depression
Reports the results of the JOBS II randomized field experiment that included a sample of 1,801 recent job losers, 671 of which participated in a modified version of the JOBS I intervention for unemployed workers (Caplan, Vinokur, Price, & van Ryn, 1989). The intervention focused on enhancing the sense of mastery through the acquisition of job‐search and problem‐solving skills, and on inoculation against setbacks. JOBS II was intended to prevent p…
Dealing with Deceptions that are Difficult to Detect: Encoding and Judgment as a Function of Preparing to Receive Invalid Information
Elimination and Inclusion Procedures in Judgment
Consider two judgment procedures for selecting an answer from a set of multiple alternatives. One could answer a question either by including likely alternatives from the initial set of alternatives or by eliminating the least likely alternatives from that same initial set. An interesting question is whether the two judgment processes are equivalent and yield the same final selection. The results from two studies indicate that individuals generat…
Inferring accuracy for judges and items: Choice of unit of analysis reverses the conclusions
This study explores the relationship between the precision and the accuracy of forecasts using either judge or item as the unit of analysis. Participants in five experiments answered general-knowledge questions by indicating intervals that were likely to include the correct answer. Results indicate that the precision of an interval estimate is not a straightforward cue to the likelihood that such an interval includes the truth (hit rate). Whereas…
Two Sources Are Better Than One: The Effects of Ignoring One Message on Using a Different Message from the Same Source
Inclusive and exclusive modes of thinking: Studies of prediction, preference, and social perception during parliamentary elections
Searching for certainty in an uncertain world: The difficulty of giving up the experiential for the rational mode of thinking
Our research explores predictions that people make in a simple environment consisting of sequences of a binary signal followed by two possible outcomes. In order to optimize their prediction success, respondents should use a very simple decision rule, called maximization, whereby they consistently predict according to the signal. In line with past research, our findings show that even respondents who realized after the experiment that maximizatio…
I am not guilty” vs “I am innocent”: Successful negation may depend on the schema used for its encoding
Psychology (35 works) · Social Psychology (29 works) · Cognitive psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (22 works) · Computer Science (18 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (12 works) · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics (11 works) · Perception (9 works) · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies (8 works) · Economics (7 works)