D Melamed
Biographic Data
| ID | 17248 |
|---|---|
| NAME | D Melamed |
| GIVEN NAMES | D |
| FAMILY NAME | Melamed |
| SIGNATURE | MELAMED D |
| AFFILIATIONS | The Ohio State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8821-7698 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 88 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2008 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Turning Hazard Models Inside Out
Regression Inside Out (RIO) describes a set of related methods based on a decomposition of regression coefficients by individual cases. In this article, we offer three important extensions of RIO: 1) we generalize RIO to any model for which linear predictors are estimated; 2) we introduce an adapted bootstrap approach for determining whether case-level contributions differ from the baseline average contribution for cases; and 3) we describe how R…
Measuring Gender Status Beliefs
The implicit association test (IAT) is designed to reduce socially desirable responses and capture implicit associations between two social categories. Prior work has used and expanded on the IAT to capture implicit status beliefs, but tests of the specific images and words used to denote status and gender are lacking. Here, the authors (1) identify specific images to best elicit implicit stereotypical gender differentiation, (2) identify specifi…
How Do Nominal Characteristics Lose Status Value? Asymmetry in Status Deconstruction
Existing theories explain how the states of nominal characteristics acquire status value and the implications of status characteristics for the distribution of rewards, honor, and esteem in groups. It is less clear how characteristics lose status value. In this article, we combine the logic of status construction theory with loss aversion from decision theory to develop novel predictions about status loss. We predict that removing the mechanism o…
Double Consciousness and Racial Status Beliefs
Double consciousness arises from a conflict between the negative appraisals of others and one’s own positive self-appraisal. In this study, we link double consciousness with racialized status beliefs, or beliefs about the competency and worth of group members. Using first-order and generalized second-order evaluations of explicit status beliefs, we examine the consistency between how individuals view their own racial group and how they perceive t…
How Social Influence Processes Generate Cohesion in Task Groups
We introduce a theoretical argument linking group structure to an individual’s cohesion in collectively oriented task groups. We posit that status, the distribution of opinions, and social categories indirectly shape perceptions of cohesion by making individuals working on an uncertain task more or less susceptible to the opinions of others. Specifically, these factors influence how likely one is to succumb to the opinions of others, which in tur…
Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes
A fundamental task for sociology is to uncover the mechanisms that produce and reproduce social inequalities. While status characteristics theory is the favored account of how social status contributes independently to the maintenance of inequality, it hinges on an unobserved construct, expectation states, in the middle of the causal chain between status and behavior. Efforts to test the mediation mechanism have been complicated by the implicit, …
Measuring Racial Status Beliefs with Implicit Associations
Status distinctions have important consequences for most aspects of life, including inequalities in wealth, segregation, and interaction patterns in small groups. Much work documents such inequalities, but the mechanisms producing them are less understood. In our 2019 ASR article, "Status Characteristics, Implicit Bias, and the Production of Racial Inequality," we showed that a novel measure of implicit status beliefs explained some of the effect…
What do the upwardly mobile think they deserve, and why? A multi-method investigation
Assessing Differences between Nested and Cross-Classified Hierarchical Models
In multilevel data, cross-classified data structures are common. For example, this occurs when individuals move to different regions in longitudinal data or students go to different secondary schools than their primary school peers. In both cases, the data structure is no longer fully nested. Estimating cross-classified multilevel models is computationally intensive, so researchers have used several shortcuts to decrease run time. We consider how…
Status Characteristics, Implicit Bias, and the Production of Racial Inequality
Racial stratification is well documented in many spheres of social life. Much stratification research assumes that implicit or explicit bias on the part of institutional gatekeepers produces disparate racial outcomes. Research on status-based expectations provides a good starting point for theoretically understanding racial inequalities. In this context it is understood that race results in differential expectations for performance, producing dis…
Uncertainty and Social Influence
Much research documents that uncertainty is an important factor in the social influence process. We argue that there are two senses in which uncertainty plays a role. First, task uncertainty is a necessary but variable condition for social influence to occur. Second, uncertainty reduction is a mechanism producing social influence. We discuss how tasks can vary in the level of uncertainty they entail and how this impacts the mechanisms resulting i…
Referent Networks Predict Just Rewards
This study introduces the referent network, the set of relations defined by knowing others reward levels, and makes initial predictions about how the structure of that network shapes perceptions of income fairness. Previous research recognizes that justice assessments are driven by social comparisons; yet there is a paucity of research on how the structure of interpersonal contacts shapes justice assessments. Using a social networks perspective, …
The Neural Bases of Status-Based Influence
Status characteristics theory provides a theoretical explanation for why social status promotes social influence in collectively oriented task groups. It argues that status differences produce differences in expectation states, which are anticipations of task-related contributions. Those with an expectation advantage are more influential, contribute more often to group discussions, and so on. The authors conducted the first experimental test of s…
The status and factions theory of influence
We review a relatively new theoretical research program on the joint effects of status and the distribution of opinions on social influence. The status and factions theory of influence combines sociological insights about status generalization with psychological research on how the distribution of opinions promotes social influence. To date, several published studies support the logic of the theory, including how the effect of status varies with …
Status, Numbers and Influence
We develop a theoretical model of social influence in n -person groups. We argue that disagreement between group members introduces uncertainty into the social situation, and this uncertainty motivates people to use status characteristics to evaluate the merits of a particular opinion. Our model takes the numerical distribution of opinions and the relative status of the opinion holders as factors that contribute to social influence, such that the…
The Implications of Social Neuroscience for Expectation States Theories
We review recent findings from the social neuroscience literature that links status differentiation between individuals to neurological processes, and draw out the implications of those findings for expectation states theories, including its dominant theory of status‐organizing processes – Status Characteristics Theory. Our underlying assumption and implicit argument is that social neuroscience research is useful for both bolstering and corrobora…
Ecological Race Differences in the Occupational Structure
Motivated by existing work that explores the impact of urbanization and spatial segregation on occupational outcomes, we utilize General Social Survey data from 1990 to 2006 to investigate the interrelationships among race, urbanization, and occupation. Our results indicate that white professionals are associated with several levels of urbanization, while black professionals are weakly associated with any level of urbanization. We also explore ot…
Behavioral Consequences of Embeddedness: Effects of the Underlying Forms of Exchange
Network structures have strong effects on the frequency and terms of negotiated exchanges, shaping who exchanges with whom and who fares better or worse. In this study we ask how exchange patterns of commitment and inequality are affected when negotiated exchanges are combined with reciprocal exchanges in more complex relationships of embeddedness. Drawing on the organizational literature on embeddedness and economic performance and the social ex…
The Effects of Legitimacy and Power on Perceptions of Fairness
This research explicates a theoretical argument describing how structurally disadvantaged actors might come to view their outcomes as fair. Drawing from legitimacy theory and theories of distributive justice, I derive a hypothesis predicting that external, social forms of legitimacy will be positively related to perceptions of fairness of earned profits. I report the results from two experiments that isolate and test the theoretical argument. The…
The Future in Inequality
and Donald R. Peterson. 1983. Close Relationships. New York: Freeman. Keltner, Dacher, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, and Cameron Anderson. 2003. ‘‘Power, Approach, and Inhibition.’’ Psychological Review 110:265–84. Lawler, Edward J., Shane R. Thye, and Jeongkoo Yoon. 2009. Social Commitments in a Depersonalized World. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Magee, Joe C. and Adam D. Galinsky. 2008. ‘‘Social Hierarchy: The Self-reinforcing Nature of Power …
Riesman's Character Typology and Musical Preferences
Using survey data, we offer a specific test of the general claim that character type—specifically, inner- versus other-direction—is a significant factor in the social influence process. Riesman (1950 Riesman , David . 1950 . The Lonely Crowd . New Haven : Yale University Press . [Google Scholar], 1954 ——— . 1954 . Individualism Reconsidered . New York : The Free Press . [Google Scholar]) defined character not in terms of idiosyncratic psychologic…
Status Characteristics, Implicit Bias, and the Production of Racial Inequality
Racial stratification is well documented in many spheres of social life. Much stratification research assumes that implicit or explicit bias on the part of institutional gatekeepers produces disparate racial outcomes. Research on status-based expectations provides a good starting point for theoretically understanding racial inequalities. In this context it is understood that race results in differential expectations for performance, producing dis…
Behavioral Consequences of Embeddedness: Effects of the Underlying Forms of Exchange
Network structures have strong effects on the frequency and terms of negotiated exchanges, shaping who exchanges with whom and who fares better or worse. In this study we ask how exchange patterns of commitment and inequality are affected when negotiated exchanges are combined with reciprocal exchanges in more complex relationships of embeddedness. Drawing on the organizational literature on embeddedness and economic performance and the social ex…
Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes
A fundamental task for sociology is to uncover the mechanisms that produce and reproduce social inequalities. While status characteristics theory is the favored account of how social status contributes independently to the maintenance of inequality, it hinges on an unobserved construct, expectation states, in the middle of the causal chain between status and behavior. Efforts to test the mediation mechanism have been complicated by the implicit, …
The Neural Bases of Status-Based Influence
Status characteristics theory provides a theoretical explanation for why social status promotes social influence in collectively oriented task groups. It argues that status differences produce differences in expectation states, which are anticipations of task-related contributions. Those with an expectation advantage are more influential, contribute more often to group discussions, and so on. The authors conducted the first experimental test of s…
Uncertainty and Social Influence
Much research documents that uncertainty is an important factor in the social influence process. We argue that there are two senses in which uncertainty plays a role. First, task uncertainty is a necessary but variable condition for social influence to occur. Second, uncertainty reduction is a mechanism producing social influence. We discuss how tasks can vary in the level of uncertainty they entail and how this impacts the mechanisms resulting i…
Measuring Racial Status Beliefs with Implicit Associations
Status distinctions have important consequences for most aspects of life, including inequalities in wealth, segregation, and interaction patterns in small groups. Much work documents such inequalities, but the mechanisms producing them are less understood. In our 2019 ASR article, "Status Characteristics, Implicit Bias, and the Production of Racial Inequality," we showed that a novel measure of implicit status beliefs explained some of the effect…
Assessing Differences between Nested and Cross-Classified Hierarchical Models
In multilevel data, cross-classified data structures are common. For example, this occurs when individuals move to different regions in longitudinal data or students go to different secondary schools than their primary school peers. In both cases, the data structure is no longer fully nested. Estimating cross-classified multilevel models is computationally intensive, so researchers have used several shortcuts to decrease run time. We consider how…
The Effects of Legitimacy and Power on Perceptions of Fairness
This research explicates a theoretical argument describing how structurally disadvantaged actors might come to view their outcomes as fair. Drawing from legitimacy theory and theories of distributive justice, I derive a hypothesis predicting that external, social forms of legitimacy will be positively related to perceptions of fairness of earned profits. I report the results from two experiments that isolate and test the theoretical argument. The…
Referent Networks Predict Just Rewards
This study introduces the referent network, the set of relations defined by knowing others reward levels, and makes initial predictions about how the structure of that network shapes perceptions of income fairness. Previous research recognizes that justice assessments are driven by social comparisons; yet there is a paucity of research on how the structure of interpersonal contacts shapes justice assessments. Using a social networks perspective, …
The Implications of Social Neuroscience for Expectation States Theories
We review recent findings from the social neuroscience literature that links status differentiation between individuals to neurological processes, and draw out the implications of those findings for expectation states theories, including its dominant theory of status‐organizing processes – Status Characteristics Theory. Our underlying assumption and implicit argument is that social neuroscience research is useful for both bolstering and corrobora…
Double Consciousness and Racial Status Beliefs
Double consciousness arises from a conflict between the negative appraisals of others and one’s own positive self-appraisal. In this study, we link double consciousness with racialized status beliefs, or beliefs about the competency and worth of group members. Using first-order and generalized second-order evaluations of explicit status beliefs, we examine the consistency between how individuals view their own racial group and how they perceive t…
How Social Influence Processes Generate Cohesion in Task Groups
We introduce a theoretical argument linking group structure to an individual’s cohesion in collectively oriented task groups. We posit that status, the distribution of opinions, and social categories indirectly shape perceptions of cohesion by making individuals working on an uncertain task more or less susceptible to the opinions of others. Specifically, these factors influence how likely one is to succumb to the opinions of others, which in tur…
Riesman's Character Typology and Musical Preferences
Using survey data, we offer a specific test of the general claim that character type—specifically, inner- versus other-direction—is a significant factor in the social influence process. Riesman (1950 Riesman , David . 1950 . The Lonely Crowd . New Haven : Yale University Press . [Google Scholar], 1954 ——— . 1954 . Individualism Reconsidered . New York : The Free Press . [Google Scholar]) defined character not in terms of idiosyncratic psychologic…
The Future in Inequality
and Donald R. Peterson. 1983. Close Relationships. New York: Freeman. Keltner, Dacher, Deborah H. Gruenfeld, and Cameron Anderson. 2003. ‘‘Power, Approach, and Inhibition.’’ Psychological Review 110:265–84. Lawler, Edward J., Shane R. Thye, and Jeongkoo Yoon. 2009. Social Commitments in a Depersonalized World. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Magee, Joe C. and Adam D. Galinsky. 2008. ‘‘Social Hierarchy: The Self-reinforcing Nature of Power …
The Effects of Legitimacy and Power on Perceptions of Fairness
This research explicates a theoretical argument describing how structurally disadvantaged actors might come to view their outcomes as fair. Drawing from legitimacy theory and theories of distributive justice, I derive a hypothesis predicting that external, social forms of legitimacy will be positively related to perceptions of fairness of earned profits. I report the results from two experiments that isolate and test the theoretical argument. The…
Status, Numbers and Influence
We develop a theoretical model of social influence in n -person groups. We argue that disagreement between group members introduces uncertainty into the social situation, and this uncertainty motivates people to use status characteristics to evaluate the merits of a particular opinion. Our model takes the numerical distribution of opinions and the relative status of the opinion holders as factors that contribute to social influence, such that the…
The Implications of Social Neuroscience for Expectation States Theories
We review recent findings from the social neuroscience literature that links status differentiation between individuals to neurological processes, and draw out the implications of those findings for expectation states theories, including its dominant theory of status‐organizing processes – Status Characteristics Theory. Our underlying assumption and implicit argument is that social neuroscience research is useful for both bolstering and corrobora…
Ecological Race Differences in the Occupational Structure
Motivated by existing work that explores the impact of urbanization and spatial segregation on occupational outcomes, we utilize General Social Survey data from 1990 to 2006 to investigate the interrelationships among race, urbanization, and occupation. Our results indicate that white professionals are associated with several levels of urbanization, while black professionals are weakly associated with any level of urbanization. We also explore ot…
Behavioral Consequences of Embeddedness: Effects of the Underlying Forms of Exchange
Network structures have strong effects on the frequency and terms of negotiated exchanges, shaping who exchanges with whom and who fares better or worse. In this study we ask how exchange patterns of commitment and inequality are affected when negotiated exchanges are combined with reciprocal exchanges in more complex relationships of embeddedness. Drawing on the organizational literature on embeddedness and economic performance and the social ex…
The status and factions theory of influence
We review a relatively new theoretical research program on the joint effects of status and the distribution of opinions on social influence. The status and factions theory of influence combines sociological insights about status generalization with psychological research on how the distribution of opinions promotes social influence. To date, several published studies support the logic of the theory, including how the effect of status varies with …
The Neural Bases of Status-Based Influence
Status characteristics theory provides a theoretical explanation for why social status promotes social influence in collectively oriented task groups. It argues that status differences produce differences in expectation states, which are anticipations of task-related contributions. Those with an expectation advantage are more influential, contribute more often to group discussions, and so on. The authors conducted the first experimental test of s…
Referent Networks Predict Just Rewards
This study introduces the referent network, the set of relations defined by knowing others reward levels, and makes initial predictions about how the structure of that network shapes perceptions of income fairness. Previous research recognizes that justice assessments are driven by social comparisons; yet there is a paucity of research on how the structure of interpersonal contacts shapes justice assessments. Using a social networks perspective, …
What do the upwardly mobile think they deserve, and why? A multi-method investigation
Assessing Differences between Nested and Cross-Classified Hierarchical Models
In multilevel data, cross-classified data structures are common. For example, this occurs when individuals move to different regions in longitudinal data or students go to different secondary schools than their primary school peers. In both cases, the data structure is no longer fully nested. Estimating cross-classified multilevel models is computationally intensive, so researchers have used several shortcuts to decrease run time. We consider how…
Status Characteristics, Implicit Bias, and the Production of Racial Inequality
Racial stratification is well documented in many spheres of social life. Much stratification research assumes that implicit or explicit bias on the part of institutional gatekeepers produces disparate racial outcomes. Research on status-based expectations provides a good starting point for theoretically understanding racial inequalities. In this context it is understood that race results in differential expectations for performance, producing dis…
Uncertainty and Social Influence
Much research documents that uncertainty is an important factor in the social influence process. We argue that there are two senses in which uncertainty plays a role. First, task uncertainty is a necessary but variable condition for social influence to occur. Second, uncertainty reduction is a mechanism producing social influence. We discuss how tasks can vary in the level of uncertainty they entail and how this impacts the mechanisms resulting i…
Cracking the Black Box: Capturing the Role of Expectation States in Status Processes
A fundamental task for sociology is to uncover the mechanisms that produce and reproduce social inequalities. While status characteristics theory is the favored account of how social status contributes independently to the maintenance of inequality, it hinges on an unobserved construct, expectation states, in the middle of the causal chain between status and behavior. Efforts to test the mediation mechanism have been complicated by the implicit, …
Measuring Racial Status Beliefs with Implicit Associations
Status distinctions have important consequences for most aspects of life, including inequalities in wealth, segregation, and interaction patterns in small groups. Much work documents such inequalities, but the mechanisms producing them are less understood. In our 2019 ASR article, "Status Characteristics, Implicit Bias, and the Production of Racial Inequality," we showed that a novel measure of implicit status beliefs explained some of the effect…
How Social Influence Processes Generate Cohesion in Task Groups
We introduce a theoretical argument linking group structure to an individual’s cohesion in collectively oriented task groups. We posit that status, the distribution of opinions, and social categories indirectly shape perceptions of cohesion by making individuals working on an uncertain task more or less susceptible to the opinions of others. Specifically, these factors influence how likely one is to succumb to the opinions of others, which in tur…
Double Consciousness and Racial Status Beliefs
Double consciousness arises from a conflict between the negative appraisals of others and one’s own positive self-appraisal. In this study, we link double consciousness with racialized status beliefs, or beliefs about the competency and worth of group members. Using first-order and generalized second-order evaluations of explicit status beliefs, we examine the consistency between how individuals view their own racial group and how they perceive t…
Measuring Gender Status Beliefs
The implicit association test (IAT) is designed to reduce socially desirable responses and capture implicit associations between two social categories. Prior work has used and expanded on the IAT to capture implicit status beliefs, but tests of the specific images and words used to denote status and gender are lacking. Here, the authors (1) identify specific images to best elicit implicit stereotypical gender differentiation, (2) identify specifi…
How Do Nominal Characteristics Lose Status Value? Asymmetry in Status Deconstruction
Existing theories explain how the states of nominal characteristics acquire status value and the implications of status characteristics for the distribution of rewards, honor, and esteem in groups. It is less clear how characteristics lose status value. In this article, we combine the logic of status construction theory with loss aversion from decision theory to develop novel predictions about status loss. We predict that removing the mechanism o…
Turning Hazard Models Inside Out
Regression Inside Out (RIO) describes a set of related methods based on a decomposition of regression coefficients by individual cases. In this article, we offer three important extensions of RIO: 1) we generalize RIO to any model for which linear predictors are estimated; 2) we introduce an adapted bootstrap approach for determining whether case-level contributions differ from the baseline average contribution for cases; and 3) we describe how R…
Psychology (17 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (13 works) · Economics (10 works) · Social Power and Status Dynamics (10 works) · Computer Science (7 works) · Social science (7 works) · Cognitive psychology (5 works)