Kai T Horstmann
Biographic Data
| ID | 1743535 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kai T Horstmann |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kai T |
| FAMILY NAME | Horstmann |
| SIGNATURE | HORSTMANN K T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Siegen |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3224-1880 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 16 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 28 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 16 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1973 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Gender Differences in Personality Traits and Average Personality States
Gender differences in personality traits are consistently found in personality research. Common explanations discuss evolutionary causes, social roles and gender norms, and assessment biases. The latter corresponds with findings and models from research on emotional self-reports, which suggest that different judgment processes take place in self-reports depending on the time frame that is being reported on. Gender differences in personality trait…
Similarity of Major Life-Event Perceptions and Relationship Satisfaction Among Romantic Couples
This study examined the similarity of partners’ event perceptions of a major life event (i.e., moving in together as a couple) and how similarity relates to relationship satisfaction. Considering event perceptions from multiple individuals can enhance knowledge of the event itself and the relationship dynamics in which it occurs. Using multilevel models, we analyzed data from N = 400 participants (200 couples), who provided self- and partner-repo…
On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest
OBJECTIVE: Theories about within-person (WP) variation are often tested using between-person (BP) research, despite the well-established fact that results may not generalize across levels of analysis. One possible explanation is vague theories that do not specify which level of analysis is of interest. We illustrate such a case using the construct of self-compassion. The factor structure at the BP level has been highly debated, although the theor…
Quantifying Individual Personality Change More Accurately by Regression-Based Change Scores
We investigated three different approaches for quantifying individual change and reporting it back to persons: (a) the common change score, which is obtained by first computing scale scores from two consecutive measurements and then subtract these scores from one another, (b) the ad-hoc approach, which is similar to the former approach but uses regression scores instead of scale scores, and (c) Kelley’s approach, which computes the change score d…
The Approach‐Avoidance Job Crafting Scale
The Approach‐Avoidance Job Crafting Scale (AAJCS) builds on our adjusted version of a hierarchical structure of job crafting by Zhang and Parker from 2019. In developing and validating the new AAJCS, we, first, developed the German items in a stepwise procedure (pilot study). Second, we tested the factor structure and reliability (Study 1). Third, we replicated previous results and tested the construct validity (Study 2). Fourth, we ensured the c…
Lonely Today, Lonely Tomorrow
Although theory emphasizes that loneliness fluctuates in everyday life, most previous studies focused on the general and stable tendency of feeling lonely. In the present study, we used daily diary data collected over two 4-week periods ( N 1 = 3,309; N 2 = 907) to examine different indicators of temporal dynamics of loneliness in everyday life and compare them with temporal dynamics of positive and negative affect. Moreover, we examined associat…
From Intellectual Investment Trait Theory to Dynamic Intellectual Investment Trait and State Theory
This paper introduces Dynamic Intellectual Investment Trait and State Theory, an extension of Intellectual Investment Trait Theory. Our theory extension (a) centers on dynamic within-person effects of cognitive performance states on intellectual investment personality states and vice versa (i.e., reciprocal effects), (b) integrates within-person dynamics and developmental trajectories in cognitive abilities and intellectual investment traits, and…
Are state–trait fit and state–situation fit relevant for within-person dynamics of personality states
Fit hypotheses are a common theme in psychological theories. Various theoretical approaches postulate that fit is also relevant for the within-person dynamics of personality states. A better understanding of these dynamics is important to comprehend the functioning of personality and its relations to relevant life outcomes. Two forms of fit are relevant for personality states: personality states that fit with characteristics of the current situat…
Trajectories in life satisfaction before and during Covid-19 with respect to perceived valence and self-efficacy
Actions taken by governments to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic led to profound restrictions in daily lives, especially for adolescents and young adults, with closed schools and universities, travel restrictions, and reduction in social contacts. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the development of life satisfaction with assessments before and during the pandemic, including separate measurement occasions during a s…
Modeling dynamic personality theories in a continuous‐time framework
OBJECTIVE: Personality psychology has traditionally focused on stable between-person differences. Yet, recent theoretical developments and empirical insights have led to a new conceptualization of personality as a dynamic system (e.g., Cybernetic Big Five Theory). Such dynamic systems comprise several components that need to be conceptually distinguished and mapped to a statistical model for estimation. METHOD: In the current work, we illustrate …
Individual differences in contingencies between situation characteristics and personality states
Contingencies between situational variables and psychological states have been proposed as key individual difference variables by many theoretical approaches to personality. Despite their relevance, the basic properties, nomological correlates, and factor structure of individual differences in contingencies have not been examined so far. We address these fundamental questions in five studies with overall N = 952 participants and N = 32,052 unique…
Unveiling an exclusive link
Affect and situation perception are intertwined in any given situation, but the extent to which both predict behavior jointly and uniquely has not yet been systematically examined so far. Using 2 studies with experience sampling methodology (ESM), we examine how trait-like variables (Big Six, trait affect, general situation experience) and state-like variables (momentary affect, happiness, and situation perception) account for variance in self-re…
Changes in daily loneliness for German residents during the first four weeks of the Covid-19 pandemic
Do Self-Reported Traits and Aggregated States Capture the Same Thing? A Nomological Perspective on Trait-State Homomorphy
Convergent correlations between traits and state aggregates from experience sampling cannot fully establish trait-state homomorphy (the extent to which the same constructs are measured). With a nomological vector correlation and lens model approach, we test how similar nomological networks of traits and state aggregates are to each other: A trait and state-aggregate capture the same construct when both show highly similar nomological associations…
The Psychological Science Accelerator
Concerns about the veracity of psychological research have been growing. Many findings in psychological science are based on studies with insufficient statistical power and nonrepresentative samples, or may otherwise be limited to specific, ungeneralizable settings or populations. Crowdsourced research, a type of large-scale collaboration in which one or more research projects are conducted across multiple lab sites, offers a pragmatic solution t…
Neulanderschließung und raumrelevante strukturverbesserung von altland als zentrales problem der bodenpolitik in West-Malaysia
Changes in daily loneliness for German residents during the first four weeks of the Covid-19 pandemic
Individual differences in contingencies between situation characteristics and personality states
Contingencies between situational variables and psychological states have been proposed as key individual difference variables by many theoretical approaches to personality. Despite their relevance, the basic properties, nomological correlates, and factor structure of individual differences in contingencies have not been examined so far. We address these fundamental questions in five studies with overall N = 952 participants and N = 32,052 unique…
Unveiling an exclusive link
Affect and situation perception are intertwined in any given situation, but the extent to which both predict behavior jointly and uniquely has not yet been systematically examined so far. Using 2 studies with experience sampling methodology (ESM), we examine how trait-like variables (Big Six, trait affect, general situation experience) and state-like variables (momentary affect, happiness, and situation perception) account for variance in self-re…
On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest
OBJECTIVE: Theories about within-person (WP) variation are often tested using between-person (BP) research, despite the well-established fact that results may not generalize across levels of analysis. One possible explanation is vague theories that do not specify which level of analysis is of interest. We illustrate such a case using the construct of self-compassion. The factor structure at the BP level has been highly debated, although the theor…
From Intellectual Investment Trait Theory to Dynamic Intellectual Investment Trait and State Theory
This paper introduces Dynamic Intellectual Investment Trait and State Theory, an extension of Intellectual Investment Trait Theory. Our theory extension (a) centers on dynamic within-person effects of cognitive performance states on intellectual investment personality states and vice versa (i.e., reciprocal effects), (b) integrates within-person dynamics and developmental trajectories in cognitive abilities and intellectual investment traits, and…
Neulanderschließung und raumrelevante strukturverbesserung von altland als zentrales problem der bodenpolitik in West-Malaysia
The Psychological Science Accelerator
Concerns about the veracity of psychological research have been growing. Many findings in psychological science are based on studies with insufficient statistical power and nonrepresentative samples, or may otherwise be limited to specific, ungeneralizable settings or populations. Crowdsourced research, a type of large-scale collaboration in which one or more research projects are conducted across multiple lab sites, offers a pragmatic solution t…
Do Self-Reported Traits and Aggregated States Capture the Same Thing? A Nomological Perspective on Trait-State Homomorphy
Convergent correlations between traits and state aggregates from experience sampling cannot fully establish trait-state homomorphy (the extent to which the same constructs are measured). With a nomological vector correlation and lens model approach, we test how similar nomological networks of traits and state aggregates are to each other: A trait and state-aggregate capture the same construct when both show highly similar nomological associations…
Changes in daily loneliness for German residents during the first four weeks of the Covid-19 pandemic
Unveiling an exclusive link
Affect and situation perception are intertwined in any given situation, but the extent to which both predict behavior jointly and uniquely has not yet been systematically examined so far. Using 2 studies with experience sampling methodology (ESM), we examine how trait-like variables (Big Six, trait affect, general situation experience) and state-like variables (momentary affect, happiness, and situation perception) account for variance in self-re…
Individual differences in contingencies between situation characteristics and personality states
Contingencies between situational variables and psychological states have been proposed as key individual difference variables by many theoretical approaches to personality. Despite their relevance, the basic properties, nomological correlates, and factor structure of individual differences in contingencies have not been examined so far. We address these fundamental questions in five studies with overall N = 952 participants and N = 32,052 unique…
Trajectories in life satisfaction before and during Covid-19 with respect to perceived valence and self-efficacy
Actions taken by governments to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic led to profound restrictions in daily lives, especially for adolescents and young adults, with closed schools and universities, travel restrictions, and reduction in social contacts. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the development of life satisfaction with assessments before and during the pandemic, including separate measurement occasions during a s…
Modeling dynamic personality theories in a continuous‐time framework
OBJECTIVE: Personality psychology has traditionally focused on stable between-person differences. Yet, recent theoretical developments and empirical insights have led to a new conceptualization of personality as a dynamic system (e.g., Cybernetic Big Five Theory). Such dynamic systems comprise several components that need to be conceptually distinguished and mapped to a statistical model for estimation. METHOD: In the current work, we illustrate …
Quantifying Individual Personality Change More Accurately by Regression-Based Change Scores
We investigated three different approaches for quantifying individual change and reporting it back to persons: (a) the common change score, which is obtained by first computing scale scores from two consecutive measurements and then subtract these scores from one another, (b) the ad-hoc approach, which is similar to the former approach but uses regression scores instead of scale scores, and (c) Kelley’s approach, which computes the change score d…
The Approach‐Avoidance Job Crafting Scale
The Approach‐Avoidance Job Crafting Scale (AAJCS) builds on our adjusted version of a hierarchical structure of job crafting by Zhang and Parker from 2019. In developing and validating the new AAJCS, we, first, developed the German items in a stepwise procedure (pilot study). Second, we tested the factor structure and reliability (Study 1). Third, we replicated previous results and tested the construct validity (Study 2). Fourth, we ensured the c…
Lonely Today, Lonely Tomorrow
Although theory emphasizes that loneliness fluctuates in everyday life, most previous studies focused on the general and stable tendency of feeling lonely. In the present study, we used daily diary data collected over two 4-week periods ( N 1 = 3,309; N 2 = 907) to examine different indicators of temporal dynamics of loneliness in everyday life and compare them with temporal dynamics of positive and negative affect. Moreover, we examined associat…
From Intellectual Investment Trait Theory to Dynamic Intellectual Investment Trait and State Theory
This paper introduces Dynamic Intellectual Investment Trait and State Theory, an extension of Intellectual Investment Trait Theory. Our theory extension (a) centers on dynamic within-person effects of cognitive performance states on intellectual investment personality states and vice versa (i.e., reciprocal effects), (b) integrates within-person dynamics and developmental trajectories in cognitive abilities and intellectual investment traits, and…
Are state–trait fit and state–situation fit relevant for within-person dynamics of personality states
Fit hypotheses are a common theme in psychological theories. Various theoretical approaches postulate that fit is also relevant for the within-person dynamics of personality states. A better understanding of these dynamics is important to comprehend the functioning of personality and its relations to relevant life outcomes. Two forms of fit are relevant for personality states: personality states that fit with characteristics of the current situat…
On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest
OBJECTIVE: Theories about within-person (WP) variation are often tested using between-person (BP) research, despite the well-established fact that results may not generalize across levels of analysis. One possible explanation is vague theories that do not specify which level of analysis is of interest. We illustrate such a case using the construct of self-compassion. The factor structure at the BP level has been highly debated, although the theor…
Gender Differences in Personality Traits and Average Personality States
Gender differences in personality traits are consistently found in personality research. Common explanations discuss evolutionary causes, social roles and gender norms, and assessment biases. The latter corresponds with findings and models from research on emotional self-reports, which suggest that different judgment processes take place in self-reports depending on the time frame that is being reported on. Gender differences in personality trait…
Similarity of Major Life-Event Perceptions and Relationship Satisfaction Among Romantic Couples
This study examined the similarity of partners’ event perceptions of a major life event (i.e., moving in together as a couple) and how similarity relates to relationship satisfaction. Considering event perceptions from multiple individuals can enhance knowledge of the event itself and the relationship dynamics in which it occurs. Using multilevel models, we analyzed data from N = 400 participants (200 couples), who provided self- and partner-repo…
Psychology (14 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Mental Health Research Topics (11 works) · Personality (8 works) · Big Five personality traits (7 works) · Computer Science (6 works) · Developmental psychology (6 works) · Personality Traits and Psychology (6 works) · Experience sampling method (5 works) · Clinical Psychology (4 works)