Stephen Metraux
Biographic Data
| ID | 174732 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Stephen Metraux |
| GIVEN NAMES | Stephen |
| FAMILY NAME | Metraux |
| SIGNATURE | METRAUX S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of the Sciences |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4741-1010 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 231 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 31 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Post-9/11 Era Veterans
This study examined the associations between a broad range of individual characteristics and homelessness among 49,323 post-9/11 era Veterans. Questions concerning the roles of premilitary, military and post military factors in Veteran’s vulnerability to homelessness have persisted despite the considerable attention given to Veteran homelessness, and has highlighted the absence of longitudinal studies that could contribute to the empirical unders…
Health Service Access Among Homeless Veterans
At the Intersection of Homeless Encampments and Heroin Addiction
We provide an overview of the pilot and evaluation measures used for an independent evaluation of the Encampment Resolution Pilot (ERP) wherein the City of Philadelphia closed two homeless encampments in May 2018 and sought to assist those displaced by the closures with housing and treatment services. The evaluation used the Rapid Assessment, Response, and Evaluation method to collect qualitative findings on service use barriers and facilitators …
Characteristics Associated with Homeless Pregnant Women in Columbus, Ohio
Women who were pregnant and experiencing homelessness in our study reported a multitude of complex and severe problems ranging from high rates of substance use, longstanding housing insecurity and financial stress. Programs hoping to successfully support women will need to address a variety of service needs while recognizing the resilience of many women
Patterns of Multisystem Service Use and School Dropout Among Seventh-, Eighth-, and Ninth-Grade Students
Youth who receive services from public mental health, child welfare and delinquency, and homeless systems are often exposed to a number of overlapping child, family, school, and community risk factors. Minimal research, however, has focused on the extent to which single- or multiple-system involvement influences school dropout. Relying on an integrated data set, the associations between single- and multiple-system utilization and risk for droppin…
The Association Between Hiv Status and Homelessness Among Veterans in Care
Veterans seeking care in the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System (VA) are more vulnerable to HIV infection and homelessness. However, there is little scholarship on the association between serostatus and homelessness among VA veterans. We examined this association in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, a sample of 6,819 HIV-positive and HIV-negative veterans attending 8 VAs across the country. We utilized logistic models regressing she…
Public assistance receipt among older youth exiting foster care
Factors Contributing to the Receipt of Housing Assistance by Low-Income Families with Children in Twenty American Cities
The excess demand for housing assistance in the United States is well documented, but little is known about the factors that contribute to a family’s likeliness to receive housing assistance. This study tracks 3,237 low-income families in 20 large US cities over a 9-year study period to see which families would wind up receiving housing assistance. Thirty percent of the families subsequently received either public housing or voucher-based assista…
Rethinking Homelessness Prevention among Persons with Serious Mental Illness
During recent years, the need to consider effective and innovative ways to prevent and end homelessness among individuals with serious mental illness has been abetted by an increased and more sophisticated understanding of the composition of the homeless population, the emergence of evidence‐based practices to address homelessness, and the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This article summarizes the evolving understandin…
Risk Factors for Becoming Homeless Among a Cohort of Veterans Who Served in the Era of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts
Objectives. In this population-based cohort study, we assessed baseline risk factors for homelessness, including the role of service in the Iraq or Afghanistan conflicts, among a large cohort of recent veterans. Methods. Data for this study came from administrative records for 310 685 veterans who separated from active military duty from July 1, 2005, to September 30, 2006. We used survival analysis methods to determine incidence rates and risk f…
The Age Structure of Contemporary Homelessness
Amidst concern about the implications of an aging U.S. population, recent evidence suggests that there is a unique aging trend among the homeless population. Building on this, we use data from New York City and from the last three decennial Census enumerations to assess how the age composition of the homeless population-both single adults and adults in families-has changed over time. Findings show diverging trends in aging patterns for single adu…
Geographic access to and availability of community resources for persons diagnosed with severe mental illness in Philadelphia, USA
Homelessness and children's use of mental health services
A prevention-centered approach to homelessness assistance
Prevention has long been cited as an important part of any strategy to end homelessness. Nonetheless, effective prevention initiatives have proven difficult to implement in practice. The lack of a prevention-oriented policy framework has resulted in responses to homelessness that focus primarily on assisting those who have already lost their housing and, consequently, to the institutionalization of homelessness. Recent Federal legislation, howeve…
The Impact of Shelter Use and Housing Placement on Mortality Hazard for Unaccompanied Adults and Adults in Family Households Entering New York City Shelters
The patterns and costs of services use among homeless families
This study examines families' use of behavioral health hospitalization and foster care placement before, during, and after shelter use, comparing families based on shelter pattern and type of housing exit. Results show that inpatient and foster care services use drops in the homelessness period, but rebounds after exit, regardless of pattern of shelter use and type of housing exit. Results suggest that shelters supplant use of services, but not o…
Changes in Maternal Health and Health Behaviors as a Function of Homelessness
This longitudinal study examines the influence of homelessness on maternal health and health behaviors. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, it follows 2,631 families from 20 large US cities over 5 years. Over that period, 9.8 percent of the sample reportedly experienced at least one homeless spell and an additional 23.6 percent experienced one or more doubled-up episodes. Estimated rates of disability, depression, and …
Institutional discharges and subsequent shelter use among unaccompanied adults in New York City
This study empirically examines the link between homelessness and discharges from other institutions. An administrative record match was undertaken to determine rates of discharge from institutional care for 9,247 unaccompanied adult shelter users in New York City. Cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis was then used to assess associations between different types of institutional discharges and the likelihood of persons sub…
Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four U.S. jurisdictions
This study tests a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization and examines whether family characteristics are associated with those patterns. The results indicate that a substantial majority of homeless families stay in public shelters for relatively brief periods, exit, and do not return. Approximately 20 percent stay for long periods. A small but noteworthy proportion cycles in and out of shelters repeatedly…
Assessing residential segregation among medicaid recipients with psychiatric disability in Philadelphia
This study assesses the extent of residential segregation among 15,246 people diagnosed with psychiatric disabilities and receiving Medicaid (MA) in Philadelphia, and an identically sized group of MA recipients serving as matched controls. Results indicate that overall levels of residential segregation among this group were modest at their most extreme, were not markedly different from a control group of Medicaid recipients without any record of …
Childhood out-of-home placement and dynamics of public shelter utilization among young homeless adults
Homelessness and HIV Risk Behaviors among Injection Drug Users
Homeless Shelter Use and Reincarceration Following Prison Release
Research Summary: This paper examines the incidence of and interrelationships between shelter use and reincarceration among a cohort of 48,424 persons who were released from New York State prisons to New York City in 1995–1998. Results show that, within two years of release, 11.4% of the study group entered a New York City homeless shelter and 32.8% of this group was again imprisoned. Using survival analysis methods, time since prison release and…
Public Shelter Admission among Young Adults with Child Welfare Histories by Type of Service and Type of Exit
This study examines the prevalence and associated factors of New York City public shelter use among young adults with histories of out‐of‐home care or nonplacement preventive services as teenagers. The study finds that 19 percent of former child welfare service users entered public shelters within 10 years of exit from child welfare. Persons with out‐of‐home placement histories are twice as likely to enter public shelters (22 percent) as those wh…
Prevalence of Child Welfare Services Involvement among Homeless and Low-Income Mothers
This paper investigates the five-year prevalence of child welfare services involvement and foster care placement among a population-based cohort of births in a large US city, by housing status of the mothers (mothers who have been homeless at least once, other low-income neighborhood residents, and all others), and by number of children. Children of mothers with at least one homeless episode have the greatest rate of involvement with child welfar…
The Age Structure of Contemporary Homelessness
Amidst concern about the implications of an aging U.S. population, recent evidence suggests that there is a unique aging trend among the homeless population. Building on this, we use data from New York City and from the last three decennial Census enumerations to assess how the age composition of the homeless population-both single adults and adults in families-has changed over time. Findings show diverging trends in aging patterns for single adu…
Prevalence of Child Welfare Services Involvement among Homeless and Low-Income Mothers
This paper investigates the five-year prevalence of child welfare services involvement and foster care placement among a population-based cohort of births in a large US city, by housing status of the mothers (mothers who have been homeless at least once, other low-income neighborhood residents, and all others), and by number of children. Children of mothers with at least one homeless episode have the greatest rate of involvement with child welfar…
Homeless Shelter Use and Reincarceration Following Prison Release
Research Summary: This paper examines the incidence of and interrelationships between shelter use and reincarceration among a cohort of 48,424 persons who were released from New York State prisons to New York City in 1995–1998. Results show that, within two years of release, 11.4% of the study group entered a New York City homeless shelter and 32.8% of this group was again imprisoned. Using survival analysis methods, time since prison release and…
Childhood out-of-home placement and dynamics of public shelter utilization among young homeless adults
Family Dynamics, Housing, and Recurring Homelessness Among Women in New York City Homeless Shelters
This study looks at two sets of women who stayed in New York City homeless shelters in 1992-one set as part of a family and the other set as individuals-and at factors associated with an increased risk of their experiencing repeat shelter stays. Descriptive statistics and event history analysis indicate that regardless of whether the women stay in shelters with their families or by themselves, various family dynamics are associated with particula…
Public Shelter Admission among Young Adults with Child Welfare Histories by Type of Service and Type of Exit
This study examines the prevalence and associated factors of New York City public shelter use among young adults with histories of out‐of‐home care or nonplacement preventive services as teenagers. The study finds that 19 percent of former child welfare service users entered public shelters within 10 years of exit from child welfare. Persons with out‐of‐home placement histories are twice as likely to enter public shelters (22 percent) as those wh…
One-year rates of public shelter utilization by race/ethnicity, age, sex and poverty status for New York City (1990 and 1995) and Philadelphia (1995)
Risk Factors for Becoming Homeless Among a Cohort of Veterans Who Served in the Era of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts
Objectives. In this population-based cohort study, we assessed baseline risk factors for homelessness, including the role of service in the Iraq or Afghanistan conflicts, among a large cohort of recent veterans. Methods. Data for this study came from administrative records for 310 685 veterans who separated from active military duty from July 1, 2005, to September 30, 2006. We used survival analysis methods to determine incidence rates and risk f…
Geographic access to and availability of community resources for persons diagnosed with severe mental illness in Philadelphia, USA
The Impact of Shelter Use and Housing Placement on Mortality Hazard for Unaccompanied Adults and Adults in Family Households Entering New York City Shelters
Prevalence of Episodic Homelessness Among Adult Childbearing Women in Philadelphia, Pa
Pregnancy and the responsibilities of caring for children create additional barriers for low-income women and families seeking adequate and affordable housing, yet few studies have assessed the relative risk or prevalence of homelessness among pregnant or parenting women in the United States.1 The economic, social, and psychological dislocations associated with housing instability and homelessness may have particularly serious negative consequenc…
Institutional discharges and subsequent shelter use among unaccompanied adults in New York City
This study empirically examines the link between homelessness and discharges from other institutions. An administrative record match was undertaken to determine rates of discharge from institutional care for 9,247 unaccompanied adult shelter users in New York City. Cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis was then used to assess associations between different types of institutional discharges and the likelihood of persons sub…
Rethinking Homelessness Prevention among Persons with Serious Mental Illness
During recent years, the need to consider effective and innovative ways to prevent and end homelessness among individuals with serious mental illness has been abetted by an increased and more sophisticated understanding of the composition of the homeless population, the emergence of evidence‐based practices to address homelessness, and the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This article summarizes the evolving understandin…
Changes in Maternal Health and Health Behaviors as a Function of Homelessness
This longitudinal study examines the influence of homelessness on maternal health and health behaviors. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, it follows 2,631 families from 20 large US cities over 5 years. Over that period, 9.8 percent of the sample reportedly experienced at least one homeless spell and an additional 23.6 percent experienced one or more doubled-up episodes. Estimated rates of disability, depression, and …
The patterns and costs of services use among homeless families
This study examines families' use of behavioral health hospitalization and foster care placement before, during, and after shelter use, comparing families based on shelter pattern and type of housing exit. Results show that inpatient and foster care services use drops in the homelessness period, but rebounds after exit, regardless of pattern of shelter use and type of housing exit. Results suggest that shelters supplant use of services, but not o…
Assessing residential segregation among medicaid recipients with psychiatric disability in Philadelphia
This study assesses the extent of residential segregation among 15,246 people diagnosed with psychiatric disabilities and receiving Medicaid (MA) in Philadelphia, and an identically sized group of MA recipients serving as matched controls. Results indicate that overall levels of residential segregation among this group were modest at their most extreme, were not markedly different from a control group of Medicaid recipients without any record of …
Homelessness and children's use of mental health services
Factors Contributing to the Receipt of Housing Assistance by Low-Income Families with Children in Twenty American Cities
The excess demand for housing assistance in the United States is well documented, but little is known about the factors that contribute to a family’s likeliness to receive housing assistance. This study tracks 3,237 low-income families in 20 large US cities over a 9-year study period to see which families would wind up receiving housing assistance. Thirty percent of the families subsequently received either public housing or voucher-based assista…
Patterns of Multisystem Service Use and School Dropout Among Seventh-, Eighth-, and Ninth-Grade Students
Youth who receive services from public mental health, child welfare and delinquency, and homeless systems are often exposed to a number of overlapping child, family, school, and community risk factors. Minimal research, however, has focused on the extent to which single- or multiple-system involvement influences school dropout. Relying on an integrated data set, the associations between single- and multiple-system utilization and risk for droppin…
Public assistance receipt among older youth exiting foster care
Waiting for the Wrecking Ball
One-year rates of public shelter utilization by race/ethnicity, age, sex and poverty status for New York City (1990 and 1995) and Philadelphia (1995)
Waiting for the Wrecking Ball
Family Dynamics, Housing, and Recurring Homelessness Among Women in New York City Homeless Shelters
This study looks at two sets of women who stayed in New York City homeless shelters in 1992-one set as part of a family and the other set as individuals-and at factors associated with an increased risk of their experiencing repeat shelter stays. Descriptive statistics and event history analysis indicate that regardless of whether the women stay in shelters with their families or by themselves, various family dynamics are associated with particula…
Braving the Street
Public service reductions associated with placement of homeless persons with severe mental illness in supportive housing
This article assesses the impact of public investment in supportive housing for homeless persons with severe mental disabilities. Data on 4,679 people placed in such housing in New York City between 1989 and 1997 were merged with data on the utilization of public shelters, public and private hospitals, and correctional facilities. A series of matched controls who were homeless but not placed in housing were similarly tracked. Regression results r…
Prevalence of Child Welfare Services Involvement among Homeless and Low-Income Mothers
This paper investigates the five-year prevalence of child welfare services involvement and foster care placement among a population-based cohort of births in a large US city, by housing status of the mothers (mothers who have been homeless at least once, other low-income neighborhood residents, and all others), and by number of children. Children of mothers with at least one homeless episode have the greatest rate of involvement with child welfar…
Prevalence of Episodic Homelessness Among Adult Childbearing Women in Philadelphia, Pa
Pregnancy and the responsibilities of caring for children create additional barriers for low-income women and families seeking adequate and affordable housing, yet few studies have assessed the relative risk or prevalence of homelessness among pregnant or parenting women in the United States.1 The economic, social, and psychological dislocations associated with housing instability and homelessness may have particularly serious negative consequenc…
Homelessness and HIV Risk Behaviors among Injection Drug Users
Homeless Shelter Use and Reincarceration Following Prison Release
Research Summary: This paper examines the incidence of and interrelationships between shelter use and reincarceration among a cohort of 48,424 persons who were released from New York State prisons to New York City in 1995–1998. Results show that, within two years of release, 11.4% of the study group entered a New York City homeless shelter and 32.8% of this group was again imprisoned. Using survival analysis methods, time since prison release and…
Public Shelter Admission among Young Adults with Child Welfare Histories by Type of Service and Type of Exit
This study examines the prevalence and associated factors of New York City public shelter use among young adults with histories of out‐of‐home care or nonplacement preventive services as teenagers. The study finds that 19 percent of former child welfare service users entered public shelters within 10 years of exit from child welfare. Persons with out‐of‐home placement histories are twice as likely to enter public shelters (22 percent) as those wh…
Childhood out-of-home placement and dynamics of public shelter utilization among young homeless adults
Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four U.S. jurisdictions
This study tests a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization and examines whether family characteristics are associated with those patterns. The results indicate that a substantial majority of homeless families stay in public shelters for relatively brief periods, exit, and do not return. Approximately 20 percent stay for long periods. A small but noteworthy proportion cycles in and out of shelters repeatedly…
Assessing residential segregation among medicaid recipients with psychiatric disability in Philadelphia
This study assesses the extent of residential segregation among 15,246 people diagnosed with psychiatric disabilities and receiving Medicaid (MA) in Philadelphia, and an identically sized group of MA recipients serving as matched controls. Results indicate that overall levels of residential segregation among this group were modest at their most extreme, were not markedly different from a control group of Medicaid recipients without any record of …
Institutional discharges and subsequent shelter use among unaccompanied adults in New York City
This study empirically examines the link between homelessness and discharges from other institutions. An administrative record match was undertaken to determine rates of discharge from institutional care for 9,247 unaccompanied adult shelter users in New York City. Cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis was then used to assess associations between different types of institutional discharges and the likelihood of persons sub…
A prevention-centered approach to homelessness assistance
Prevention has long been cited as an important part of any strategy to end homelessness. Nonetheless, effective prevention initiatives have proven difficult to implement in practice. The lack of a prevention-oriented policy framework has resulted in responses to homelessness that focus primarily on assisting those who have already lost their housing and, consequently, to the institutionalization of homelessness. Recent Federal legislation, howeve…
The Impact of Shelter Use and Housing Placement on Mortality Hazard for Unaccompanied Adults and Adults in Family Households Entering New York City Shelters
The patterns and costs of services use among homeless families
This study examines families' use of behavioral health hospitalization and foster care placement before, during, and after shelter use, comparing families based on shelter pattern and type of housing exit. Results show that inpatient and foster care services use drops in the homelessness period, but rebounds after exit, regardless of pattern of shelter use and type of housing exit. Results suggest that shelters supplant use of services, but not o…
Changes in Maternal Health and Health Behaviors as a Function of Homelessness
This longitudinal study examines the influence of homelessness on maternal health and health behaviors. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, it follows 2,631 families from 20 large US cities over 5 years. Over that period, 9.8 percent of the sample reportedly experienced at least one homeless spell and an additional 23.6 percent experienced one or more doubled-up episodes. Estimated rates of disability, depression, and …
Geographic access to and availability of community resources for persons diagnosed with severe mental illness in Philadelphia, USA
Homelessness and children's use of mental health services
Rethinking Homelessness Prevention among Persons with Serious Mental Illness
During recent years, the need to consider effective and innovative ways to prevent and end homelessness among individuals with serious mental illness has been abetted by an increased and more sophisticated understanding of the composition of the homeless population, the emergence of evidence‐based practices to address homelessness, and the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This article summarizes the evolving understandin…
Risk Factors for Becoming Homeless Among a Cohort of Veterans Who Served in the Era of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts
Objectives. In this population-based cohort study, we assessed baseline risk factors for homelessness, including the role of service in the Iraq or Afghanistan conflicts, among a large cohort of recent veterans. Methods. Data for this study came from administrative records for 310 685 veterans who separated from active military duty from July 1, 2005, to September 30, 2006. We used survival analysis methods to determine incidence rates and risk f…
The Age Structure of Contemporary Homelessness
Amidst concern about the implications of an aging U.S. population, recent evidence suggests that there is a unique aging trend among the homeless population. Building on this, we use data from New York City and from the last three decennial Census enumerations to assess how the age composition of the homeless population-both single adults and adults in families-has changed over time. Findings show diverging trends in aging patterns for single adu…
Public assistance receipt among older youth exiting foster care
Factors Contributing to the Receipt of Housing Assistance by Low-Income Families with Children in Twenty American Cities
The excess demand for housing assistance in the United States is well documented, but little is known about the factors that contribute to a family’s likeliness to receive housing assistance. This study tracks 3,237 low-income families in 20 large US cities over a 9-year study period to see which families would wind up receiving housing assistance. Thirty percent of the families subsequently received either public housing or voucher-based assista…
Homelessness and Social Issues (30 works) · Medicine (26 works) · Psychology (17 works) · Gerontology (16 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Demography (14 works) · Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations (14 works) · Political science (14 works) · Environmental health (13 works) · Population (11 works)