Robert Freestone
Biographic Data
| ID | 178501 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert Freestone |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert |
| FAMILY NAME | Freestone |
| SIGNATURE | FREESTONE R |
| AFFILIATIONS | UNSW Sydney |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4265-5059 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 74 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 108 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 73 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Prioritising placemaking, empowerment, and citizen engagement: Caroline Kelly’s pioneering social planning in post-war Sydney
Post-war suburbanisation is a foundational element of the Australian urban experience but brought a balance sheet of social costs alongside material benefits. Most development authorities were slow to acknowledge the need for a more explicit social approach to urban questions until the 1970s, a decade of questioning conventional wisdom, promoting wider community participation, and greater awareness of the importance of place in planning outcomes.…
Advancing regional and community planning in Australia: The contribution of the Office of Frank Heath 1939–1948
Australian postwar reconstruction in the 1940s saw idealistic synergies between decentralization, regional development, and ‘new town’ planning. Two architect-planners associated with this modernising impulse were Frank Heath and Ernest Fooks. Collaborating within Heath’s eponymous practice they proposed a series of plans for the expansion of 13 regional towns during and immediately after the Second World War. Melbourne-trained Heath and Viennese…
‘A map to aid the traveller’: The birth, death and afterlife of Planning History
For over 70 issues between 1979 and 2006 the Planning History Bulletin was a key communications initiative of the Planning History Group and sustained by its transformation into the International Planning History Society (IPHS) from 1993. It played a vital role in keeping members, and others who happened upon it, apprized of current happenings in the planning history world through notices of forthcoming events, reports on conferences and workshop…
Architecture, planning and civic design: The postwar Australian career of Gareth Roberts
The golden age of the architect-planner was arguably the 1950s-60s, when aspirations of progressive architects rose above standalone edifices and veered towards a more holistic shaping of a better built environment. Certainly in Australia this was the case, as town planning became institutionally established in the post-world war two years. The interface of architecture and planning created a niche for the emergence of urban design. Australian ar…
John Lea, 1940–2025
Robert John Solomon (2.11.31–14.6.24)
Bob Solomon (Figure 1) was a foundation member of the Institute of Australian Geographers (IAG). He taught and researched in human geography at the University of Tasmania for over a decade from the late 1950s before serving a term in the House of Representatives as the Liberal member for the Hobart seat of Denison. Thereafter he pursued a somewhat peripatetic career mainly in the private sector and pursued his interests in urban affairs and writi…
Visualizing city incompleteness: Incremental urban change in Central Sydney 1965–2020
Urban theorists and observers have pointed towards a persistent if elusive character of incompleteness within cities. This paper responds to these ideas both theoretically and visually. Building on a definition of incompleteness as encompassing a perceptual absence or missing, the paper addresses a gap in theoretical understanding of how incompleteness can be critically understood and depicted as a temporal urban process. The focus goes beyond a …
Sharing the good life: Colin Clark’s contributions to urban studies
Colin Clark (1905–1989) was foremost an economist and secondly an urban thinker, but in the latter role, based in both Britain and Australia, he made a significant contribution to the early emergence of urban studies as an interdisciplinary field. His interests ranged broadly across planning, transportation, settlement, population and spatial structure. He was suspicious of theory and pragmatically set all his work in real urban settings. This ar…
Social sustainability, smart cities and the Global South: Learning from the Indian experience
British Allotment to American Park: An Atlantic Crossing of the Garden Suburb Movement 1910–1930
Endorsement of open spaces internalized within residential blocks was an iconic concept promoted by the British garden city movement in the early twentieth century. Advancing various social goals, they were associated within a gendered ideology of domesticity, child safety, local food production, and community-centeredness. This article examines American responses through theoretical reformulation, endorsement, opposition, and uneven practical ex…
Urban Policy to Deliver Transformation
This statement summarises a submission (Webb et al. 2024a) on the May 2024 Consultation Draft of the National Urban Policy (NUP). The submission drew substantially on insights from two recently pub
Governing an Airport Region in China: The Case of Ezhou Huahu Airport
Airport-related development raises important city-regional planning and governance issues. The paper examines the development of a new Chinese airport and associated changes in nearby cities. Ezhou Huahu Airport was initiated by one of China's largest delivery and logistics companies. The analysis focuses on the development patterns, growing visions, and changing governance around the airport as well as how the provincial government plays a cruci…
Raymond Bunker (1929–2023)
It is with deep sadness that we note the passing of Dr Raymond Bunker who made significant contributions to planning education, research and practice in Sydney, Adelaide and Canberra over seven dec
Redefining local social capital: The past, present and future of bowling clubs in Sydney
Bowling clubs have been local institutions in Australia for over 150 years. Once a booming pastime, the popularity of lawn bowls has waned and subsequently so has the number of clubs. Sydney has lost nearly half the number of clubs from 1980, many of them in the past decade. Drawing on Ray Oldenburg’s concept of the ‘third place’ as a vital and inclusive local social hub, this paper charts the evolving geography and governance of the bowling club…
‘Creation of a better urban environment’: Sydney’s Civic Design Society 1962–1984
The increasing acceptance of urban design as an important planning and development framework from the 1960s was mediated through different institutional and place-based circumstances. In Sydney, Australia, a now largely forgotten body, the Civic Design Society, made a significant contribution as ‘a central rallying point for all persons and organizations concerned with fighting ugliness and with making our towns and cities better and more beautif…
Informing future Australian settlement planning through a national-scale suitability analysis
Australia’s population is projected to triple by 2101, yet the nation lacks coordinated planning based on systematic regional analysis. This paper documents a novel national-scale suitability analysis of Australia which identifies the most appropriate regions for future urban development. The central research question is ‘Where should Australian federal and state governments encourage urban development to maximise climatic liveability, protect na…
Evaluating scenarios for twenty-first-century Australian settlement planning: A Delphi study with planning experts
This paper presents findings from a national survey of Australian planning experts examining future settlement patterns and locations at the continental scale. Collective judgement supported efforts to achieve population decentralisation and favoured three possible scenarios – Satellite Cities, Boosted Secondary Capital Cities, and East West Megaregions. The findings on preferred settlement pattern scenarios can inform future efforts to develop a…
Long-Term Settlement Scenarios for Australia: A Survey and Evaluation of Community Opinions
The projected long-term growth of Australia’s population to over 50 million people raises significant implications for infrastructure planning and liveability. Concomitantly, support for population growth through immigration is, according to some measures, waning. This paper presents findings from a national survey, Plan My Australia, measuring support for alternative national settlement patterns for accommodating population growth. The responses…
The social sustainability of smart cities: A conceptual framework
Implications of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Canvassing Opinion from Planning Professionals
By the end of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had exceeded 83 million cases worldwide. Given the shared origins of planning and public health, new living and social conditions have prompted an interest in how urban planning could respond to the pandemic’s associated implications. In 2020, a national online survey Plan My Australia was conducted among planning experts (n = 161), in part, to identify new challenges facing urban planning and design due …
Planning Practice and Academic Research: Views from the Parallel Worlds
Despite their different roles, academic and professional planners share many common goals. Both are concerned with the future of cities, and committed to goals of sustainability, equity and prosperity. Many academics hope to contribute knowledge that will influence practice and many practitioners wish to draw upon current research to promulgate best practice. Yet while this symbiotic relationship may appear clear in principle, in practice the two…
Will-o’-the-wisp’: The Extended Campaign for Town Planning Legislation in New South Wales
Implementing widely shared visions of better cities in the twentieth century required legislative backing. This was a protracted process in every Australian state and certainly in New South Wales where it was linked distinctively to metropolitan governance reforms. Unpacking a tortured political narrative of anticipation and rejection, this article charts the interplay of the professional, parliamentary, and popular quests for effective town plan…
Sydney Post-war Metropolitan Planning: The Rise and Fall of the Satellite Town as a Spatial Imaginary
Taming metropolitan expansion by developing satellite towns was conventional wisdom by the mid-twentieth century, but Sydney's early attempts highlight the disjuncture between theory and practice. Viewed through the theoretical lens of the spatial imaginary, longer term metropolitan planning was problematised and tested through inadequate governance, flawed population projections, and aggressive public and private sector developers. Archival reco…
Revisiting the Australian Government’s Growth Centres programme 1972–1975
From 1973 to 1975 a new Australian Government led by Gough Whitlam actively pursued plans to develop regional and sub-metropolitan Growth Centres with significantly boosted populations following a national strategy published in June 1973 which mapped a national coverage of prospective locations. The intention was for these centres to alleviate pressure on the capital cities considered overcrowded and deteriorating in efficiency and quality of lif…
The spatial distribution of employment around major Chinese airports
Employment and Socio-spatial Relations in Australia's Cultural Economy
This paper examines the significance and contribution of Australian 'creative' industry activities in light of recent debates on the emergence of the 'cultural economy of cities'. First, census employment data and business location counts are used to illustrate patterns of metropolitan primacy and concentration in the cultural industries both across states and in Sydney. Second, the specificities of the locations of cultural production, and the l…
Housing Differentiation and Renewal in Middle-ring Suburbs: The Experience of Sydney, Australia
Many suburban areas in Australian cities built between the 1930s and 1960s are facing major challenges from socio-demographic change, ageing housing, long-term disinvestment and entrenched pockets of social disadvantage. Yet despite emerging relative disadvantages, these middle ring or ‘third city’ suburbs are experiencing locally generated piecemeal market-led reinvestment and renewal. This paper explores housing, household and housing investmen…
Owner-Driven Suburban Renewal: Motivations, Risks and Strategies in ‘Knockdown and Rebuild’ Processes in Sydney, Australia
Decisions by individual owners about reinvesting capital in their homes are important drivers of wider processes of suburban renewal. This paper examines the motivations for owners in mostly middle-ring suburbs of Sydney, Australia, to reinvest through ‘knockdown and rebuild’ (KDR). This process—not unique to Australia—involves the wholesale demolition of older detached houses and their replacement with completely new dwellings. Until recently, e…
Supersized Australian Dream: Investment, Lifestyle and Neighbourhood Perceptions among “Knockdown-Rebuild” Owners in Sydney
Increasingly popular “supersized” dwellings, often twice as big as the traditional detached suburban house, have been widely criticized on social, environmental, economic and aesthetic grounds. This paper examines the emergence of infill-supersized dwellings in the older post-war suburbs of Sydney, Australia, through piecemeal replacement of older houses in a process known as knockdown-rebuild. The paper explores the reasons which encourage owner…
Managing Neoliberal Urban Spaces: Commercial Property Development at Australian Airports
Airports are remaking Australian cities as they remake themselves as privatised enclaves of commercial entrepreneurialism. In line with overseas trends towards airport cities, all major federally leased Australian airports now derive a significant proportion of their revenue from non-aeronautical property development. New land uses such as direct factory outlets, big-box retailing, and even brickworks have proven most controversial. State governm…
Airports in their urban settings: Towards a conceptual model of interfaces in the Australian context
Student Experiences of Work-Based Learning in Planning Education
Of various approaches to teaching planning in practice, work-based or integrated learning retains vital relevance in many planning programs. There are strong rationales in pedagogic, professional development, employment, and personal terms. But what of student experiences of work experience? How do student planners approach, experience, and reflect on workplace engagements? This article explores these experiential dimensions through a survey of a…
Queue city: Authority and trust in the waiting line
The Making of an Australian Technoburb
North Ryde in Sydney provides an instructive case study of the emergence in little over a generation of a new suburban activity centre on a greenfield site. While its image is that of a siliconised ‘technopole’, the real significance lies in the evolution of the wider locality into some‐thing more akin perhaps to an American ‘edge city’. The notion of the ‘technoburb’ seems the most apposite. The evolution of North Ryde is seen as exemplifying th…
Heritage, urban planning, and the postmodern city
KEY WORDS: Built environmentheritage conservationNSW Heritage ActpostmodernismSydneyurban planning
Redefining local social capital: The past, present and future of bowling clubs in Sydney
Bowling clubs have been local institutions in Australia for over 150 years. Once a booming pastime, the popularity of lawn bowls has waned and subsequently so has the number of clubs. Sydney has lost nearly half the number of clubs from 1980, many of them in the past decade. Drawing on Ray Oldenburg’s concept of the ‘third place’ as a vital and inclusive local social hub, this paper charts the evolving geography and governance of the bowling club…
From icons to institutions: Heritage conservation in Sydney
Over the course of the twentieth century, the Identification of heritage values in the urban environment has undergone a slow but in recent years quite dramatic shift from an elite emphasis on individual landmarks to a more inclusive appreciation also characterised by bureaucratisation, institutionalisation and commodification. Heritage is no longer an ‘add on’ to the planning system, although management, financial and philosophical problems rema…
The spatial distribution of employment around major Chinese airports
The Making of an Australian 'Airport City
Globally, the changing nature of airports, and particularly the juxtaposition of general commercial land uses alongside aviation functions, is captured in the concept of the 'airport city'. In Australia, commercialisation has impacted nearly all privatised capital city and general aviation airports. Essendon Airport's contested transformation from a run-down general aviation facility into an emergent business and retail hub in Melbourne's north-w…
Reconciling Beauty and Utility in Early City Planning: The Contribution of John Nolen
In the history of city planning, the dichotomy between the aesthetic aspirations of the City Beautiful and City Practical movements is overstated. The aesthetic impulse did not disappear but persisted as an important thread through the development of comprehensive planning approaches into the 1920s. The nexus between beauty and utility was negotiated and expressed across four main discourses: broad social improvement, aesthetic functionality, eco…
A Methodology for Assessing the Heritage of Planned Urban Environments: An Australian Study of National Heritage Values
Although urban planning has made strategic and notable contributions to the production of the built environment, these are under‐represented in heritage discourse. Planned environments deserve more attention as a particular class of place because a better understanding of planning and planning excellence can inform best heritage practice. A stepwise methodology for the heritage assessment of planned environments is presented. It is drawn from an …
The functions of Australian towns, revisited
This paper reports an inter‐temporal investigation of urban employment and spatial trends in Australian urbanisation over nearly a half century using city classification methodology. Published in this journal in 1965, Robert Smith's classic paper, ‘The Functions of Australian Towns’, provides the benchmark analysis. Smith used 1954 employment census data to group the then national total of 422 urban places into functional categories which provide…
The garden city idea in Australia
Ebenezer Howard's Garden City idea occupies an important place in the history of British planning, and in various guises it made a significant international impact. A preliminary exploration of the history of the idea in Australia is attempted, focussing on its meaning as a schema for social reform and on its impact on the landscape. The first two ‘phases’ saw the rise of ‘garden city principles’ to describe a model house and garden suburbia whic…
All of London's a stage: The 1943 County of London Plan Exhibition
The post-war reconstruction era was marked by numerous planning exhibitions which provide a window on the contemporary nature of communication and consultation in planning practice. The 1943 Exhibition of the County of London Plan prepared by J.H. Forshaw and Patrick Abercrombie was a major event with the king and queen making a high-profile visit. This article describes the making of the exhibition, considers its content, design and historical s…
Cold War heritage and the planned community: Woomera Village in outback Australia
The heritage of the Cold War is attracting increasing international interest. Much of that revolves around technological legacies; less attention has been paid to the community infrastructure which supported defence research, weapons testing and military installations. Security and operational logistics meant that research and development was conducted not only in restricted settings but also in often geographically remote situations. An archetyp…
Commentary: Ranking Planning Journals in the Australian Research Assessment Exercise, 2008-2010
Commonwealth Urban Policy in Australia: The case of inner urban regeneration in Sydney, 1973–75
Urban regeneration has intermittently been identified within Commonwealth policy circles as central to the functioning of Australian cities since the 1940s. This paper adds to existing knowledge by exploring the role of the Commonwealth Department of Urban and Regional Development (DURD) in the 1970s in facilitating a series of urban regeneration projects in Sydney. Drawing upon ministerial correspondence and minutes recently out of confidential …
Community Valuations of Historic Pocket Parks: A Melbourne Study
The internal reserve – an historic form of planned open space creating semi-private parks at the rear of residential allotments and without street frontages S can be found in Australian suburban areas of diverse socio-economic status. Internal reserves commonly express the idealism of the early town planning movement, which envisaged the internal reserve as an embedded community-building mechanism with multiple potential uses. En vogue from 1910–…
Preserving Sydney's built heritage in the early twentieth century∗
Modernity has been antithetical to heritage conservation in the twentieth century. The value of inherited buildings was not widely acknowledged by government officials, politicians, architects, planners and the broader community until the' 1970s. From the turn of the century, a coalition of pioneering preservationists in Sydney confronted a formidable growth mentality, which linked preservation with economic and cultural stasis. This article expl…
The Melbourne metropolitan town planning commission, 1922‐30
Planning for Profit in Urban Australia 1900–1930: A Descriptive Prolegomenon
Marcel Aurousseau and the true tint of geography
In the broadest and most important sense, Marcel Aurousseau's geographical contributions extend over more than half a century. His ‘formal’ geographical papers on settlement patterns and population problems were published between 1918 and 1927. During this period his only appointment as a geographer was at the American Geographical Society of New York in 1923–4. He spent nearly four years in the U.S. and met some of the leading American geographe…
The garden city idea in Australia
Ebenezer Howard's Garden City idea occupies an important place in the history of British planning, and in various guises it made a significant international impact. A preliminary exploration of the history of the idea in Australia is attempted, focussing on its meaning as a schema for social reform and on its impact on the landscape. The first two ‘phases’ saw the rise of ‘garden city principles’ to describe a model house and garden suburbia whic…
Canberra as a Garden city 1901–1930
(1986). Canberra as a Garden city 1901–1930. Journal of Australian Studies: Vol. 10, No. 19, pp. 3-20
The Sydney Regional Plan Convention: An Experiment in Metropolitan Planning 1921–1924
The Mittagong Maltings: History, cultural significance and conservation
The Maltings at Mittagong in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales is a disused industrial site offering a challenging opportunity for adaptive re‐use. The complex operated between 1899 and 1980. Over the last decade there have been proposals to rehabilitate the buildings for new uses, but economic circumstances have intervened. This paper has several sets of objectives. The first is to provide an outline history of The Maltings, establish it…
Heritage, urban planning, and the postmodern city
KEY WORDS: Built environmentheritage conservationNSW Heritage ActpostmodernismSydneyurban planning
Cities and Their Environment — Legacy of the Past: Conference, Hong Kong, June 1994
From icons to institutions: Heritage conservation in Sydney
Over the course of the twentieth century, the Identification of heritage values in the urban environment has undergone a slow but in recent years quite dramatic shift from an elite emphasis on individual landmarks to a more inclusive appreciation also characterised by bureaucratisation, institutionalisation and commodification. Heritage is no longer an ‘add on’ to the planning system, although management, financial and philosophical problems rema…
The Making of an Australian Technoburb
North Ryde in Sydney provides an instructive case study of the emergence in little over a generation of a new suburban activity centre on a greenfield site. While its image is that of a siliconised ‘technopole’, the real significance lies in the evolution of the wider locality into some‐thing more akin perhaps to an American ‘edge city’. The notion of the ‘technoburb’ seems the most apposite. The evolution of North Ryde is seen as exemplifying th…
The Shattered Dream: Postwar Modernism, Urban Planning, and the Career of Walter Bunning
The vision of modern urban planning after World War 2 was a remarkably standardized project around the world. Implementation was also universally problematic, the heady reformism of 1940s reconstructionism never being comprehensively realized. Moreover, by the 1970s the early 'heroic' modernism had evolved into a counterrevolutionary 'high' modernism. Exemplifying these themes was the career of the Sydney-based architect-planner Walter Bunning (1…
An Imperial Aspect: The Australasian Town Planning Tour of 1914–15
The international diffusion of town planning theory, techniques and ideology was facilitated by many agencies in the early twentieth century, with lecture tours a popular mechanism. Driven by a mix of evangelism and imperialism, the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association (GCTPA) became a logical focus for the export of British planning ideals relating to better housing and planned local environments. The Australasian Town Planning Tour of 19…
The Melbourne metropolitan town planning commission, 1922‐30
Preserving Sydney's built heritage in the early twentieth century∗
Modernity has been antithetical to heritage conservation in the twentieth century. The value of inherited buildings was not widely acknowledged by government officials, politicians, architects, planners and the broader community until the' 1970s. From the turn of the century, a coalition of pioneering preservationists in Sydney confronted a formidable growth mentality, which linked preservation with economic and cultural stasis. This article expl…
Polycentricity or Dispersion: Changes in Center Employment in Metropolitan Sydney, 1981 to 1996
Much recent literature in urban studies, geography, and planning portrays an inexorable evolution toward polycentricity as a new “postmodern” metropolitan form. However, detailed and comparable empirical investigations, at once both comprehensive and disaggregated, are more elusive. A study by Gordon and Richardson (1996) of employment trends in Los Angeles—the archetypal polycentric metropolis—produced the surprising conclusion that a process of…
Employment and Socio-spatial Relations in Australia's Cultural Economy
This paper examines the significance and contribution of Australian 'creative' industry activities in light of recent debates on the emergence of the 'cultural economy of cities'. First, census employment data and business location counts are used to illustrate patterns of metropolitan primacy and concentration in the cultural industries both across states and in Sydney. Second, the specificities of the locations of cultural production, and the l…
Community Valuations of Historic Pocket Parks: A Melbourne Study
The internal reserve – an historic form of planned open space creating semi-private parks at the rear of residential allotments and without street frontages S can be found in Australian suburban areas of diverse socio-economic status. Internal reserves commonly express the idealism of the early town planning movement, which envisaged the internal reserve as an embedded community-building mechanism with multiple potential uses. En vogue from 1910–…
The functions of Australian towns, revisited
This paper reports an inter‐temporal investigation of urban employment and spatial trends in Australian urbanisation over nearly a half century using city classification methodology. Published in this journal in 1965, Robert Smith's classic paper, ‘The Functions of Australian Towns’, provides the benchmark analysis. Smith used 1954 employment census data to group the then national total of 422 urban places into functional categories which provide…
Sydney, 1901: Federation, National Identity and the Arches of Commemoration
Triumphal arches are part of a long tradition of urban spectacle. They were employed in colonial and early postcolonial Australian cities to mark major state events including centenaries and royal visits. They signposted the official parade route for the inauguration of the Australian Commonwealth in Sydney on 1 January 1901. This article describes the temporary arches and the events leading up to them in the context of the Federation movement an…
The rise and fall of the internal reserve
The ‘internal reserve’ distinguished world's best practice for the early garden suburb movement. These ‘hidden’ spaces were designed for a variety of reasons: to encourage the formation of community, promote safe play for children, offer sites for small‐scale agricultural pursuits, address topographic and drainage constraints, and facilitate conservation of natural features. They were a feature of progressive plans for British icon developments s…
Student Experiences of Work-Based Learning in Planning Education
Of various approaches to teaching planning in practice, work-based or integrated learning retains vital relevance in many planning programs. There are strong rationales in pedagogic, professional development, employment, and personal terms. But what of student experiences of work experience? How do student planners approach, experience, and reflect on workplace engagements? This article explores these experiential dimensions through a survey of a…
A Methodology for Assessing the Heritage of Planned Urban Environments: An Australian Study of National Heritage Values
Although urban planning has made strategic and notable contributions to the production of the built environment, these are under‐represented in heritage discourse. Planned environments deserve more attention as a particular class of place because a better understanding of planning and planning excellence can inform best heritage practice. A stepwise methodology for the heritage assessment of planned environments is presented. It is drawn from an …
From Progressivism to Conservatism: The decline of the Town Planning Association of New South Wales in the 1930s1
The 1930s marked a transition in the town planning movement from early progressivism toward a more pragmatic problem-oriented focus setting the scene for wider reforms after World War II. The decade saw a shift from amateur advocacy towards a more professional outlook and organisation. The surviving capital city-based Town Planning Associations which had led the early movement confronted new challenges during this period. Formed in 1913 as the fi…
The Limits to Nationalism: Moves Toward an Australian Town Planning Association 1913–1917
Town planning for Australia's cities and towns emerged as a new community and public policy concern in the years after Federation. In 1913, George A. Taylor, the Sydney-based editor of Building magazine, mooted the formation of the Town Planning Association of Australia as a unifying nation-building force. Drawing on newly discovered records of the New South Wales Town Planning Association, this paper investigates moves towards this national volu…
Airports in their urban settings: Towards a conceptual model of interfaces in the Australian context
Sociology (45 works) · Political science (44 works) · Geography (43 works) · Engineering (31 works) · Law (27 works) · Economics (26 works) · Business (21 works) · Civil engineering (21 works) · History (21 works) · Archaeology (20 works)