John J Ray
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 179464 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | John J Ray |
| NOMBRES | John J |
| APELLIDO | Ray |
| FIRMA | RAY J J |
| AFILIACIONES | UNSW Sydney |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 63 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 188 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 63 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1971 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1998 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
On Not Seeing What You Do Not Want to See
Meloen, van der Linden, and de Witte (1996) were puzzled by their finding that their various scales of authoritarian attitudes all correlated at similar low levels with approval for a racist political party. They also reported that the “Directiveness” behavior inventory correlated not at all with political variables. If the validity characteristics of the various scales used are taken into account, however, the implications of their results are c…
Are Subtle Racists Authoritarian? Comment on Duckitt
Defining Authoritarianism
If ‘A–B’ does not predict heart disease, why bother with it? A comment on Ivancevich & Matteson
A recent article by Ivancevich & Matteson notes many problems with research into the ‘A–B’ personality but recommends continued research into the construct. It is pointed out that these authors omit consideration of much of the relevant literature and that, when the omitted work is included, the ‘A–B’ construct must be viewed as a false trail which should now be abandoned
The workers are not authoritarian
Middendorp and Meloen (1990) claim that working class people are more authoritarian than others on the basis of research which used as its measure of authoritarianism versions of the California F scale. It is pointed out that this scale does not measure what it purports to measure and therefore tells us nothing about levels of authoritarianism in any group. Better evidence on the question is referred to which shows no tendency for working class p…
Authoritarianism is a dodo
Scheepers, Felling and Peters have rediscovered the amazing fact that the California F scale predicts racism. They essentially accept the explanation for this given by Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson & Sanford (1950). They seem totally oblivious to the vast amount of research and writing over nearly 40 years that has questioned this explanation. The present paper attempts to point out briefly what these authors have ignored
The Old-Fashioned Personality
It is noted that the authoritarian personality theory of Adorno et al. is now seldom referred to in race relations research and that the scale used to operationalize the theory (the Fscale) is a very poor measure of what it purports to measure (right-wing authoritarianism). The Fscale does have many correlates, however, and the work of Pflaum is referred to support the contention that the F scale in fact taps an old-fashioned orientation. A large…
Authoritarianism as a cause of heart disease
Byrne, Reinhart & Heaven (1989) report a study which replicates many findings of the present author. They interpret their findings, however, to create the impression that they somehow undermine a theory advanced by the present author. Reasons for this are explored and important omissions are noted
Authoritarianism and Political Racism
Äuthoritarianism and Group Identification
Why the F Scale Predicts Racism
This paperpoints out the paradox that although there is now a considerable accumulation of evidence against almost every single aspect of authoritarian personality theory, the F scale still continues to predict racism even after the methodological criticisms of the original work by Adorno, et al. (1950) are allowed for. Aspects of the Fscale that might be involved in this prediction are considered. Major themes in the F scale are identified as in…
A-B personality type and dominance
Sexual liberation, old‐fashioned outlook, and authoritarianism
Authoritarianism, Racism, and Anarchocapitalism
In his critique of my paper Eckhardt correctly identifies me as an anarchocapitalist but assumes that I vote conservative. I, in fact, vote for nobody. Eckhardt goes on to mention a number of studies which in his view support the authoritarian personality theory of Adorno et al. (1950). I systematically examine each such study and show why it is inadequate to the task Eckhardt asks of it. Problems in defining conservatism are then examined. It is…
Cognitive Style as a Predictor of Authoritarianism, Conservatism, and Racism
The theory that variables from the psychology of perception can be used to explain personality originated with the Nazi Jaensch but was propagated by the Adorno group. Research in the 1950s and 1960s failed to show the expected relationship between cognitive complexity and authoritarianism/conservatism. Cognitive complexity/rigidity was found to be highly multidimensional rather than unidimensional. Recent work in the field is reviewed with simil…
Intolerance of ambiguity among psychologists
Sources and themes of papers in The Australian Journal of Psychology , 1970–1985
A survey of all papers published in the Australian Journal of Psychology from 1970 to 1985 (inclusive) showed that personality and social psychology was the main topic area published, that of the various Australian cities most papers came from Adelaide and that the institution most represented was Flinders University. The most published author was N. Feather. Lists of the top 12 authors and institutions are also given
Measuring Achievement Motivation by Self-Reports
Selected references to methods of measuring achievement motivation ate listed
Personal Qualities of Students Selected for Entry to Medical School
The Traits of Immigrants
Racism and rationality
Random Sampling Might Not Be Impossible after All
Treatises on sampling generally seem to assume that a random sample has been obtained. In real-life sampling, however, this seems never to be sodue to refusals to cooperate on the part of some of those drawn. Most of our statistics are therefore based on mythical assumptions. A way out of this problem would seem to emerge from a recent paper by Heaven (1983) which reports that in a door-to-door survey of white South Africans there were 106 comple…
Authoritarianism across Cultures
What Old People Believe
Many demographic variables have political importance. The role of occupation and education has been discussed elsewhere (Ray, 1983a), so here the concentration will be on sex and age. The focus, however, will be on political ideology rather than on the vote. Voting statistics are normally readily available from commercial polling organizations. Over the past 15 years, the present author has carried out a wide range of surveys in which multi-item …
Smoking and intelligence in Australia
Do Authoritarians Hold Authoritarian Attitudes
It is pointed out that there is little evidence that authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian behavior are associated. An attempt is made to construct a new scale which will predict authoritarian behavior. Against a peer-rating validity criterion, the new scale (in behavior inventory format) correlated .54, compared to a correlation with the same criterion by an attitude scale of .19
Half of All Authoritarians Are Left Wing
Evidence is summarized to show that: (1) if authoritarianism is measured by a behavior inventory, it is uncorrelated with either political party vote or ideology; (2) if measured by the California F scale, it shows little if any correlation with vote; and (3) scales of leftist political sentiment can be constructed which have high positive correlation with the F scale. As voting is arguably the most important political behavior for most people in…
An “attitude to authority” scale
(1971). An “attitude to authority” scale. Australian Psychologist: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 31-50
Authoritarianism in California 30 Years Later-With Some Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Since the original work on authoritarianism was done in California, it was desired to compare California today both with itself 30 years ago and with other English-speaking cultures. In so doing it was also desired to incorporate the methodological improvements that have come from 30 years of research in this field. Random doorstep samples of people in Los Angeles, Sydney, London, Glasgow, and Johannesburg received, therefore, scales to measure a…
A new balanced f scale and its relation to social glass
Militarism, authoritarianism, neuroticism, and antisocial behavior
There is no doubt that of all psychological dispositions one often sees as opposed to the goals of conflict resolution and international amity is militarism. In this context the attempts by Eckhardt and his colleagues to introduce objective measures of militarism are of no small importance (see Eckhardt et al., 1967). This work is extended in Eckhardt and Newcombe (1969), where an attempt is made to relate militarism to personality type and other…
Cognitive Style as a Predictor of Authoritarianism, Conservatism, and Racism
The theory that variables from the psychology of perception can be used to explain personality originated with the Nazi Jaensch but was propagated by the Adorno group. Research in the 1950s and 1960s failed to show the expected relationship between cognitive complexity and authoritarianism/conservatism. Cognitive complexity/rigidity was found to be highly multidimensional rather than unidimensional. Recent work in the field is reviewed with simil…
Authoritarianism, conservatism and racism
1984). Authoritarianism, conservatism and racism. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 406-412
Racism and rationality
A quick measure of achievement motivation—validated in Australia and reliable in Britain and South Africa
A 14 item short form of the Ray Achievement Motivation scale was developed. When tested on seven samples from Sydney, London, Glasgow and Johannesburg it showed reliabilities of over .70 when applied to English speakers. It is also balanced against acquiescent response set and has validities well comparable with other longer scales. General population norms obtained in the four countries revealed the English, Scots and Australians to have similar…
Are Scottish Nationalists Authoritarian and Conservative
The psychology of Scottish Nationalism has been little explored. Using a mainly student sample, Britton (1971) showed S.N.P. voters to be low on authoritarianism where theory would predict them to be high. The Ray (1976) Directiveness scale and 10 items from the Wilson (1973a) conservatism scale were applied to 100 randomly sampled Glaswegians. The S.N.P. voters were neither authoritarian nor conservative. The S.N.P. was identified as being suppo…
Half of All Racists Are Left Wing
Although right-wing authoritarian attitudes as measured by the F always predict racism (E), this could be due to any one of several components built into the by its authors. Another designed to measure much the same thing (the A scale) has been found in a sample of army conscripts, not to predict ethnocentrism. It was therefore readministered to a random Australian sample of 99 Sydney people together with a derivative (the AA scale), a balanced F…
Explaining Australian attitudes towards Aborigines
1981). Explaining Australian attitudes towards Aborigines. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 348-352
Antisemitic types in Australia
Militarism and psychopathology
references given by Eckhardt and Newcombe in support of their case are in fact to papers written by Eckhardt himself-either alone or in collaboration with others. These papers are mostly to be found only in very obscure sources. Periodicals such as The Journal of Contemporary Revolutions and Peace Research Reviews do not appear to be taken by any Australian library and as a consequence I have simply not been able to sight them. Nonetheless I thin…
The Old-Fashioned Personality
It is noted that the authoritarian personality theory of Adorno et al. is now seldom referred to in race relations research and that the scale used to operationalize the theory (the Fscale) is a very poor measure of what it purports to measure (right-wing authoritarianism). The Fscale does have many correlates, however, and the work of Pflaum is referred to support the contention that the F scale in fact taps an old-fashioned orientation. A large…
Toward a Definitive Alienation Scale
Alienation is one of the most widely used constructs in sociology. Unfortunately, it is not clear that it is always the same construct as a wide diversity of scales is used to measure it. In the present work an attempt has been made to gather together all items of published scales said to measure alienation and see what they had in common: 168 items were collected and administered to a diverse community sample and were found to form a highly reli…
Do Authoritarian Attitudes or Authoritarian Personalities Reflect Mental Illness
It is pointed out that authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian behaviour are generally not associated. The few studies that have been made of authoritarian behaviour directly are reviewed. In studies of Nazi Germany, of police and army personnel and of educational methods, no evidence is found that authoritarian behaviour is psychopathological. Ray's (1976) Directiveness scale measuring authoritarian behaviour and a balanced F-scale were presen…
Dogmatism in relation to sub‐types of conservatism
An examination of the relation between authoritarianism and conservatism is made using newly developed balanced forms of the ‘D’ and ‘F’ scales together with scales to measure political, social, moral and economic conservatism. Neither ‘BD’ nor ‘BF’ scales predicted voting preference. The ‘BD’ scale was significantly, positively related to the political, social and moral conservatism scales but was non‐significantly, negatively related to economi…
A new reliability maximization procedure for likert scales
A method for scale reliability maximization is presented here which is derivable from the intercorrelation matrix of the items. This contrasts with the usual procedure for item selection of seeking correlations of each item with the total score on the protoscale (Guilford, 1954). The new method depends on the equivalence of the Kuder-Richardson and the Spearman-Brown formulas. Both are cases of coefficient “alpha” (Cronbach, 1951; Lord and Novick…
The workers are not authoritarian
Middendorp and Meloen (1990) claim that working class people are more authoritarian than others on the basis of research which used as its measure of authoritarianism versions of the California F scale. It is pointed out that this scale does not measure what it purports to measure and therefore tells us nothing about levels of authoritarianism in any group. Better evidence on the question is referred to which shows no tendency for working class p…
Äuthoritarianism and Group Identification
Sexual liberation, old‐fashioned outlook, and authoritarianism
Authoritarianism, Racism, and Anarchocapitalism
In his critique of my paper Eckhardt correctly identifies me as an anarchocapitalist but assumes that I vote conservative. I, in fact, vote for nobody. Eckhardt goes on to mention a number of studies which in his view support the authoritarian personality theory of Adorno et al. (1950). I systematically examine each such study and show why it is inadequate to the task Eckhardt asks of it. Problems in defining conservatism are then examined. It is…
Intolerance of ambiguity among psychologists
An “attitude to authority” scale
(1971). An “attitude to authority” scale. Australian Psychologist: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 31-50
Australians Authoritarian
Religiocentrism and Ethnocentrism
The assumption that Roman Catholics are more religiocentric is challenged. New attitude scales to measure religiocentrism and ethnocentrism were constructed. In a study of Australian fifth form students in two Catholic and two public schools, religiocentrism and ethnocentrism were shown to be uncorrected with religious background. The implications of this for teachers and for social science are briefly explored
Non-Ethnocentric Authoritarianism
Militarism and psychopathology
references given by Eckhardt and Newcombe in support of their case are in fact to papers written by Eckhardt himself-either alone or in collaboration with others. These papers are mostly to be found only in very obscure sources. Periodicals such as The Journal of Contemporary Revolutions and Peace Research Reviews do not appear to be taken by any Australian library and as a consequence I have simply not been able to sight them. Nonetheless I thin…
A new reliability maximization procedure for likert scales
A method for scale reliability maximization is presented here which is derivable from the intercorrelation matrix of the items. This contrasts with the usual procedure for item selection of seeking correlations of each item with the total score on the protoscale (Guilford, 1954). The new method depends on the equivalence of the Kuder-Richardson and the Spearman-Brown formulas. Both are cases of coefficient “alpha” (Cronbach, 1951; Lord and Novick…
A new balanced f scale and its relation to social glass
Militarism, authoritarianism, neuroticism, and antisocial behavior
There is no doubt that of all psychological dispositions one often sees as opposed to the goals of conflict resolution and international amity is militarism. In this context the attempts by Eckhardt and his colleagues to introduce objective measures of militarism are of no small importance (see Eckhardt et al., 1967). This work is extended in Eckhardt and Newcombe (1969), where an attempt is made to relate militarism to personality type and other…
Dogmatism in relation to sub‐types of conservatism
An examination of the relation between authoritarianism and conservatism is made using newly developed balanced forms of the ‘D’ and ‘F’ scales together with scales to measure political, social, moral and economic conservatism. Neither ‘BD’ nor ‘BF’ scales predicted voting preference. The ‘BD’ scale was significantly, positively related to the political, social and moral conservatism scales but was non‐significantly, negatively related to economi…
Antisemitic types in Australia
Are trait self-ratings as valid as multi-item scales? a study of achievement motivation
Death Anxiety and Death Acceptance
Death acceptance is not necessarily the opposite of death anxiety. The two could in fact correlate positively. A third category of “death denial” should also be considered. A new scale to measure death acceptance was devised. It was found to be reliable and, in a group of students, correlated positively ( rs = .242 and .263) with two existing death anxiety scales. People can therefore accept death and be anxious about it at the same time. Religio…
Do Authoritarians Hold Authoritarian Attitudes
It is pointed out that there is little evidence that authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian behavior are associated. An attempt is made to construct a new scale which will predict authoritarian behavior. Against a peer-rating validity criterion, the new scale (in behavior inventory format) correlated .54, compared to a correlation with the same criterion by an attitude scale of .19
Determinants of racial attitudes
Are Scottish Nationalists Authoritarian and Conservative
The psychology of Scottish Nationalism has been little explored. Using a mainly student sample, Britton (1971) showed S.N.P. voters to be low on authoritarianism where theory would predict them to be high. The Ray (1976) Directiveness scale and 10 items from the Wilson (1973a) conservatism scale were applied to 100 randomly sampled Glaswegians. The S.N.P. voters were neither authoritarian nor conservative. The S.N.P. was identified as being suppo…
A quick measure of achievement motivation—validated in Australia and reliable in Britain and South Africa
A 14 item short form of the Ray Achievement Motivation scale was developed. When tested on seven samples from Sydney, London, Glasgow and Johannesburg it showed reliabilities of over .70 when applied to English speakers. It is also balanced against acquiescent response set and has validities well comparable with other longer scales. General population norms obtained in the four countries revealed the English, Scots and Australians to have similar…
Is the Dogmatism Scale Irreversible
A review of various attempts to produce balanced versions of the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale (‘D’ scale) shows that the highest positive-negative correlation obtained on a general population sample was-0,32. This was obtained with the Ray (1974a) ‘BD’ Scale Mark 11. An attempt to improve on this figure was made by administering only the best eight items of this scale to a community sample of 87 Sydney people. The positive-negative correlation obtaine…
White South Africans’ views of blacks
(1979). White South Africans’ views of blacks. Patterns of Prejudice: Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 15-17
Opposition to the Common Market in England and Scotland
opposltlon v A related question is who does this opposition come from? What sections of the British public harbour the Common Market opponents ? In the Parliament both the extreme Left and the extreme Right appear to oppose British membership. Is this true among the population at large? In Scotland the SNP waged a dogged 'No' campaign. Is this sentiment shared by SNP voters ? Since the EEC could be very convenient to an independent Scotland, uneq…
How Many Answer Categories should Attitude and Personality Scales Use
General population data were sought on the question of what is the optimal number of response categories for attitude and personality scale items. When an ethnocentrism scale was administered to 100 randomly sampled residents of Johannesburg, it was found to show a reliability of 0,73 with five-point options. Scoring the extreme options as the same gave also a three point version of each item. So scored, the scale reliability dropped to 0,65. In …
Dissecting the A‐B personality type
It is suggested that ‘freneticism’ might be an appropriate name for the type of personality said by Rosenman, Friedman and Jenkins to be at risk from coronary heart disease. In study 1 the measure of this personality type (the JAS) was given a uniform answer format and, as such, was found to give improved reliability. It was administered to a random postal sample of Australians. A short form of 24 items was also produced. In study 2 a similar sam…
Authoritarianism in California 30 Years Later-With Some Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Since the original work on authoritarianism was done in California, it was desired to compare California today both with itself 30 years ago and with other English-speaking cultures. In so doing it was also desired to incorporate the methodological improvements that have come from 30 years of research in this field. Random doorstep samples of people in Los Angeles, Sydney, London, Glasgow, and Johannesburg received, therefore, scales to measure a…
Modernization and Development among Indian Farmers
Short reviews
Ernest Cashmore, RASTAMAN: THE RASTAFARIAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1979, 263 pp., £10.00 (h.b), £3.95 (p.b.). Jeffrey Butler, Robert I. Rotberg and John Adams, THE BLACK HOMELANDS OF SOUTH AFRICA: THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BOPHU‐THATSWANA AND KWAZULU, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977, 250 pp., £9.35 Newell M. Stultz, TRANSKEI'S HALF LOAF: RACE SEPARATION IN SOUTH AFRICA, New Haven, Yale Uni…
Do Authoritarian Attitudes or Authoritarian Personalities Reflect Mental Illness
It is pointed out that authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian behaviour are generally not associated. The few studies that have been made of authoritarian behaviour directly are reviewed. In studies of Nazi Germany, of police and army personnel and of educational methods, no evidence is found that authoritarian behaviour is psychopathological. Ray's (1976) Directiveness scale measuring authoritarian behaviour and a balanced F-scale were presen…
Psychology (48 obras) · Social Psychology (42 obras) · Political science (39 obras) · Law (31 obras) · Social Psychology (28 obras) · Sociology (25 obras) · Law (23 obras) · Politics (23 obras) · Authoritarianism (22 obras) · Democracy (19 obras)