E Bleich
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 181038 |
|---|---|
| NOME | E Bleich |
| PRENOMES | E |
| SOBRENOME | Bleich |
| ASSINATURA | BLEICH E |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Middlebury College |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0887-7013 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 44 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 523 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 44 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1998 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
The Politics of Language
Politicized semantic change occurs when ideological actors strategically alter the meaning of existing terms to undermine opponents and to strengthen allies. We develop the concept of politicized pejoration through a case study of the term “woke” in the United States. This word originated in the US Black community as an encouragement to stay aware of social and racial injustices; it was subsequently transformed by the political right to indicate …
Social proximity, discursive opportunity structures, and the diffusion of the culture wars
Culture war dynamics have generated political and social polarization in a range of countries. We identify two key factors—social proximity and discursive opportunity structures—that influence the timing of the arrival and the meaning of the term “woke” in France, comparing its usage to that in Britain and Spain. We track “woke” and similar phrases by examining their frequency as well as their contextual meaning, drawing on extensive data from ma…
Looking in the Mirror
We demonstrate how sociological theories of discursive opportunity structures illuminate key elements of US and French media coverage of Black Lives Matter (BLM) in France. Fundamental discursive differences between the two countries shape the visibility, resonance, and legitimacy of claims made on behalf of racially identified groups. A textual analysis of thirty-five articles from each country that discuss BLM and France published between 2015 …
Response to Elisabeth Ivarsflaten and Paul M. Sniderman’s Review of Covering Muslims
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Assessing the Effect of Media Tone on Attitudes Toward Muslims
Media coverage of Muslims has been repeatedly shown to be negative, and attitudes toward Muslims in American society are typically more negative than attitudes toward other social groups. Does the tone of media coverage directly affect public attitudes? This relationship is not well established with respect to Muslims, nor as a proposition about social groups in general. We use an online between-subjects experiment to examine whether exposure to …
Diplomats in Robes
A substantial body of scholarly research has examined decision-making in domestic high courts, but international judicial behavior remains relatively poorly understood. Building on research that uses judges’ career background as a proxy for their motivations at the European Court of Human Rights, we deploy a new measure of judicial career backgrounds and a new dataset of the Court’s free expression decisions. We combine quantitative analysis of j…
The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations
In recent years, a variety of efforts have been made in political science to enable, encourage, or require scholars to be more open and explicit about the bases of their empirical claims and, in turn, make those claims more readily evaluable by others. While qualitative scholars have long taken an interest in making their research open, reflexive, and systematic, the recent push for overarching transparency norms and requirements has provoked ser…
Atheism in US and UK Newspapers
Atheists are among the most disliked "religious" groups in the United States, but the origins of this aversion remain poorly understood. Because the media are an important source of public attitudes, we analyze coverage of atheism and atheists in American and British newspapers. Using computational text analysis techniques, including sentiment analysis and topic modeling, we show that atheism is portrayed negatively by the print media. Significan…
Group status, geographic location, and the tone of media coverage
Studies demonstrate that both group status and geographic location influence media coverage of immigrants, ethnic groups, and marginalized communities. We examine a systematic sample of headlines about Muslims and Jews from The New York Times and The Guardian between 1985 and 2014 to understand these two factors. We find that headlines about Jews have a more positive tone than those about Muslims, and that headlines about each group situated with…
Afro-Pessimist or Africa Rising? US Newspaper Coverage of Africa, 1994–2018
Is media coverage of Africa systematically negative or increasingly positive? Several scholars have argued that too little empirical evidence exists to address the debate between “Afro-pessimist” and “Africa Rising” perspectives. We contribute to this discussion by analyzing 139,012 articles drawn from The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and USA Today over the 25-year period between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 201…
Leveraging identities
Media Coverage of Muslim Devotion
Scholars have identified Muslims’ religiosity and faith practices, often believed to be more intense than those of other religious groups, as a point of friction in liberal democracies. We use computer-assisted methods of lexical sentiment analysis and collocation analysis to assess more than 800,000 articles between 1996 and 2016 in a range of British, American, Canadian, and Australian newspapers. We couple this approach with human coding of 10…
Media portrayals of Muslims
Are Muslims portrayed more negatively than other religious groups? If so, what factors are associated with this negativity? We apply computer-assisted, lexicon-based coding to over 850,000 articles that mention Muslims, Hindus, Jews, or Catholics in 17 national and regional US newspapers over the 20-year period of 1996–2015 and compare them to a representative baseline of articles. We show that the average tone of articles about Muslims is consid…
Investigating status hierarchies with media analysis
Media analyses can help expand our understanding of how hierarchies are expressed and of how they evolve across time and place. In this article, we compare coverage of Muslims, Jews, and Catholics in The New York Times and The Guardian headlines over a 30-year time period. In aggregate, our data show that media portrayals of groups are relatively stable over the span of decades rather than highly sensitive to the impact of events at any given poi…
Historical Institutionalism and Judicial Decision-Making
This article integrates insights from different veins of historical institutionalism to offer an analytical framework that specifies how ideas, institutions, and actors account for key aspects of judicial decision-making, including change over time. To the extent that ideas are widely distributed, highly salient, and stable among actors in the judicial field, they can affect patterns of rulings in a particular issue area. The distribution, salien…
L’avènement des lois contre les discours et les crimes de haine dans les démocraties libérales
Depuis les années 1960, de nombreuses démocraties libérales ont instauré des lois pénalisant les discours et les crimes de haine, limitant ainsi l’expression du racisme. Cet article examine cette législation et la mise en oeuvre des dispositions punissant l’incitation à la haine raciale, le négationnisme et les crimes motivés par des préjugés raciaux dans l’Europe de l’ouest et aux États-Unis. Sur le long terme, on observe moins un effet de « pen…
The effect of terrorist events on media portrayals of Islam and Muslims
This article examines whether media portrayals of Islam and Muslims are overwhelmingly negative, whether they have evolved over time, and what factors most consistently affect their tone. We analyse every fourth New York Times headline about Islam or Muslims between 1985 and 2013. We find that headlines have not been predominantly negative. In addition, New York Times headlines about Islam and Muslims have become more positive over the long term,…
Deux poids, deux mesures
Contre l'idée d'une justice qui ferait du « deux poids, deux mesures », l'examen des arrêts de la Cour de cassation relatifs aux discours de haine entre 1972 et 2012 montre que les discours islamophobes sont tout autant réprimés que les autres discours racistes. Sur la base de la loi de 1972 contre le racisme, la plus haute cour française considère que l'humour n'excuse pas toutes les provocations, mais que la liberté des discours politiques doit…
Media Portrayals of Minorities
To better understand the public portrayal of minorities, we propose a new and systematic procedure for measuring the standing of different groups that relies on the tone of daily newspaper headlines containing the names of minority groups. This paper assesses the portrayal of Muslims in the British print media between 2001 and 2012, focusing especially on testing scholarly propositions that Muslims are depicted in a systematically negative way. W…
Migrants, Minorities and the Media
Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors
Que faire des discours de haine en démocratie
International audience
What Makes Muslims Feel French
In this article, we analyze the extent to which Muslims self-identify as French. A common interpretation of Muslim political attitudes assumes that Islam fundamentally conflicts with mainstream European society and that when Muslims are more attached to their religion they will be less likely to identify as French. We examine this assumption by exploring whether Muslim national identification is more strongly related to religiosity or other facto…
Freedom of Expression versus Racist Hate Speech
The USA and European countries have developed radically different approaches to regulating racist hate speech over the past 50 years. This divergence is largely a function of rulings by the US Supreme Court and the European Court of Human Rights. While the Supreme Court has elected to uphold the freedom to express inflammatory racism in public, the European Court has almost always sided with its 47 member states when they have enforced laws curbi…
Why Are Racist Associations Free in Some States and Banned in Others? Evidence from 10 Liberal Democracies
This article examines factors that explain cross-national variation in states' willingness to repress racist associations. Non-democratic regime history is the primary factor that predisposes a country toward repression. Yet three situational triggers also matter when accounting for the development and application of a state's provisions. First, the immediate aftermath of the transition to democracy can spark new laws and bans; second, ratifying …
Social Research and ‘Race’ Policy Framing in Britain and France
This article assesses the effect of social research on the origins and evolution of race frames and race policy-making in Britain and France. Social research can provide new ideas and information within an existing system, and in so doing, it may spur a shift in policy frames. Social research may seldom be the most important influence on policy frames or policy outcomes, but its timing, its fit with the interests of powerful actors and the ways i…
What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept
Islamophobia is an emerging comparative concept in the social sciences. Yet there is no widely accepted definition of Islamophobia that permits systematic comparative and causal analysis. This article explores how the term Islamophobia has been deployed in public and scholarly debates, emphasizing that these discussions have taken place on multiple registers. It then draws on research on concept formation, prejudice, and analogous forms of status…
The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations
In recent years, a variety of efforts have been made in political science to enable, encourage, or require scholars to be more open and explicit about the bases of their empirical claims and, in turn, make those claims more readily evaluable by others. While qualitative scholars have long taken an interest in making their research open, reflexive, and systematic, the recent push for overarching transparency norms and requirements has provoked ser…
Where do Muslims stand on ethno-racial hierarchies in Britain and France? Evidence from public opinion surveys, 1988–2008
Bleich assesses levels of anti-Muslim prejudice in two important European countries—Britain and France—to begin a process of systematically evaluating the status of Muslims on national ethno-racial hierarchies. He reviews major scholarly and institutional public opinion polls from 1988 through 2008 to discern attitudes towards Muslims over time and in comparison to other religious and ethnic groups. The findings support the following conclusions:…
Integrating Ideas into Policy-Making Analysis
This article argues that systematically integrating ideas into policy-making analysis greatly enhances our understanding of policy outcomes. Variables emphasized by other schools of thought—such as power, interests, institutions, and problems—often provide an inadequate explanation of policy choices. To demonstrate the contribution of ideas to policy-making analysis, this article examines the impact of policy frames, showing how they help actors …
The Danish Cartoon Affair
Migrants, Minorities and the Media
Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors
Media Portrayals of Minorities
To better understand the public portrayal of minorities, we propose a new and systematic procedure for measuring the standing of different groups that relies on the tone of daily newspaper headlines containing the names of minority groups. This paper assesses the portrayal of Muslims in the British print media between 2001 and 2012, focusing especially on testing scholarly propositions that Muslims are depicted in a systematically negative way. W…
From International Ideas to Domestic Policies
Political scientists are increasingly interested in the interaction between ideas and policies. Some research has used ideas as independent variables to demonstrate how a change in ideas has determined a policy outcome.1 Other studies have looked at how different national institutions funnel, shape, and adopt similar international ideas.2 This study follows in the second tradition by focusing on the application of the idea of multiculturalism to …
Muslims and the State in the Post-9/11 West
Recent events have layered a security dimension on top of pre-existing concerns about Muslim integration in liberal democracies. The contributions to this collection address four central themes related to the emerging interactions between Muslims and states in contemporary Europe and North America: the timing of the securitisation trend in these countries; the types of state policy being produced; the effectiveness of different policies in managi…
Media portrayals of Muslims
Are Muslims portrayed more negatively than other religious groups? If so, what factors are associated with this negativity? We apply computer-assisted, lexicon-based coding to over 850,000 articles that mention Muslims, Hindus, Jews, or Catholics in 17 national and regional US newspapers over the 20-year period of 1996–2015 and compare them to a representative baseline of articles. We show that the average tone of articles about Muslims is consid…
The legacies of history? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France
Historical Institutionalism and Judicial Decision-Making
This article integrates insights from different veins of historical institutionalism to offer an analytical framework that specifies how ideas, institutions, and actors account for key aspects of judicial decision-making, including change over time. To the extent that ideas are widely distributed, highly salient, and stable among actors in the judicial field, they can affect patterns of rulings in a particular issue area. The distribution, salien…
Social Research and ‘Race’ Policy Framing in Britain and France
This article assesses the effect of social research on the origins and evolution of race frames and race policy-making in Britain and France. Social research can provide new ideas and information within an existing system, and in so doing, it may spur a shift in policy frames. Social research may seldom be the most important influence on policy frames or policy outcomes, but its timing, its fit with the interests of powerful actors and the ways i…
The effect of terrorist events on media portrayals of Islam and Muslims
This article examines whether media portrayals of Islam and Muslims are overwhelmingly negative, whether they have evolved over time, and what factors most consistently affect their tone. We analyse every fourth New York Times headline about Islam or Muslims between 1985 and 2013. We find that headlines have not been predominantly negative. In addition, New York Times headlines about Islam and Muslims have become more positive over the long term,…
The Rise of Hate Speech and Hate Crime Laws in Liberal Democracies
Since the 1960s, many liberal democracies have instituted laws that penalise hate speech and hate crimes in ways that limit the freedom for racists to express themselves. This article examines the legislation and enforcement of provisions against incitement to racial hatred, Holocaust denial, and crimes motivated by racial bias in Western Europe and the United States. Viewed over time, the pace of change has more closely resembled a slow creep th…
State responses to ‘Ethnic Riots’ in liberal democracies
The study of ethnic riots has a substantial pedigree in the social sciences, but so far there has been no systematic attempt to unify insights from scholars working on different areas of the world, nor has there been any extensive application of existing knowledge to the study of Western Europe. We address these two lacunae by drawing on contemporary scholarship to generate testable hypotheses about state responses to ethnic riots in liberal demo…
Antiracism without Races
Why Are Racist Associations Free in Some States and Banned in Others? Evidence from 10 Liberal Democracies
This article examines factors that explain cross-national variation in states' willingness to repress racist associations. Non-democratic regime history is the primary factor that predisposes a country toward repression. Yet three situational triggers also matter when accounting for the development and application of a state's provisions. First, the immediate aftermath of the transition to democracy can spark new laws and bans; second, ratifying …
State Responses to ‘Muslim’ Violence
This essay examines contemporary state responses to associations between Muslims and violence in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. It stresses the critical role of violence as a spur to recent policy developments, but argues that state actions since 9/11 have to be seen in the context of rising associations between Muslims and violence since the 1980s. States have responded to these associations with an overlapping three…
Immigration and Integration Studies in Western Europe and the United States
This article examines the significant contributions of recent research on immigration and integration in Europe and North America and highlights the potential of such research to influence the social sciences. The first part of the article advances a framework for analyzing four types of scholarship and then applies that framework to the study of immigration and integration. Type 1 scholarship develops theoretical or conceptual insights for schol…
Afro-Pessimist or Africa Rising? US Newspaper Coverage of Africa, 1994–2018
Is media coverage of Africa systematically negative or increasingly positive? Several scholars have argued that too little empirical evidence exists to address the debate between “Afro-pessimist” and “Africa Rising” perspectives. We contribute to this discussion by analyzing 139,012 articles drawn from The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and USA Today over the 25-year period between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 201…
Investigating status hierarchies with media analysis
Media analyses can help expand our understanding of how hierarchies are expressed and of how they evolve across time and place. In this article, we compare coverage of Muslims, Jews, and Catholics in The New York Times and The Guardian headlines over a 30-year time period. In aggregate, our data show that media portrayals of groups are relatively stable over the span of decades rather than highly sensitive to the impact of events at any given poi…
Hate Crime Policy in Western Europe
In recent years, the British, German, and French states have increasingly turned their attention to the problem of racist violence. Yet in spite of their common participation in the European Union, each country has pursued a distinctive path in response to such hate crimes. Britain has focused primarily on policing and on the judicial process for prosecuting racially aggravated offenses, Germany has devoted substantial resources to civil society …
Assessing the Effect of Media Tone on Attitudes Toward Muslims
Media coverage of Muslims has been repeatedly shown to be negative, and attitudes toward Muslims in American society are typically more negative than attitudes toward other social groups. Does the tone of media coverage directly affect public attitudes? This relationship is not well established with respect to Muslims, nor as a proposition about social groups in general. We use an online between-subjects experiment to examine whether exposure to …
Leveraging identities
From International Ideas to Domestic Policies
Political scientists are increasingly interested in the interaction between ideas and policies. Some research has used ideas as independent variables to demonstrate how a change in ideas has determined a policy outcome.1 Other studies have looked at how different national institutions funnel, shape, and adopt similar international ideas.2 This study follows in the second tradition by focusing on the application of the idea of multiculturalism to …
Antiracism without Races
Integrating Ideas into Policy-Making Analysis
This article argues that systematically integrating ideas into policy-making analysis greatly enhances our understanding of policy outcomes. Variables emphasized by other schools of thought—such as power, interests, institutions, and problems—often provide an inadequate explanation of policy choices. To demonstrate the contribution of ideas to policy-making analysis, this article examines the impact of policy frames, showing how they help actors …
Race Politics in Britain and France
Britain and France have developed substantially different policies to manage racial tensions since the 1960s, in spite of having similar numbers of post-war ethnic minority immigrants. This book provides the first detailed historical exploration of race policy development in these two countries. In this path-breaking work, Bleich argues against common wisdom that attributes policy outcomes to the role of powerful interest groups or to the constra…
Histoire des politiques françaises antidiscrimination
D'abord négligée, la lutte contre la discrimination devient depuis peu une priorité de l'Etat français. La première loi est promulguée en 1972. Peu efficace, elle a le mérite de l'interdire officiellement et de donner une base d'action juridique. Le véritable tournant a lieu à la fin des années quatre-vingt-dix, quand l'État crée des agences et des organisations dévolues à l'intégration des minorités. Cela contribue à faire de la France l'un des …
The legacies of history? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France
Institutional Continuity and Change
This article advances an integrated perspective on institutional continuity and change. It argues that continuity in informal institutions (such as norms or embedded ideas) can influence change in formal institutions (such as laws and written rules) when lesson-drawing from external sources becomes an informal institution, and when foreign exemplars inject new ideas into domestic debates. The history of race relations policies in Great Britain il…
The Danish Cartoon Affair
Ethnicity and Electoral Politics by Johanna Kristin Birnir
Journal Article Ethnicity and Electoral Politics by Johanna Kristin Birnir Get access Ethnicity and Electoral Politicsby Jóhanna Kristín Birnir. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 280pp. $85.00. Erik Bleich Erik Bleich Middlebury College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 122, Issue 4, Winter 2007, Pages 703–705, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2007.tb01708.x P…
Hate Crime Policy in Western Europe
In recent years, the British, German, and French states have increasingly turned their attention to the problem of racist violence. Yet in spite of their common participation in the European Union, each country has pursued a distinctive path in response to such hate crimes. Britain has focused primarily on policing and on the judicial process for prosecuting racially aggravated offenses, Germany has devoted substantial resources to civil society …
From Republican Citizens to ‘Young Ethnics’ in the ‘Other France’? Race and Identity in France and the United States
Immigration and Integration Studies in Western Europe and the United States
This article examines the significant contributions of recent research on immigration and integration in Europe and North America and highlights the potential of such research to influence the social sciences. The first part of the article advances a framework for analyzing four types of scholarship and then applies that framework to the study of immigration and integration. Type 1 scholarship develops theoretical or conceptual insights for schol…
Quantifying Hate
This article examines and explains the rise of 'hate crime' as a category recognised by the German state. It documents the transition from a fluid and unspecific concern about violence against vulnerable groups in the immediate post-unification years to the formal adoption of 'hate crime' and its counterpart 'right-wing politically motivated crime' as official statistical categories. It uses theories of policymaking coupled with insights from sch…
Where do Muslims stand on ethno-racial hierarchies in Britain and France? Evidence from public opinion surveys, 1988–2008
Bleich assesses levels of anti-Muslim prejudice in two important European countries—Britain and France—to begin a process of systematically evaluating the status of Muslims on national ethno-racial hierarchies. He reviews major scholarly and institutional public opinion polls from 1988 through 2008 to discern attitudes towards Muslims over time and in comparison to other religious and ethnic groups. The findings support the following conclusions:…
State Responses to ‘Muslim’ Violence
This essay examines contemporary state responses to associations between Muslims and violence in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. It stresses the critical role of violence as a spur to recent policy developments, but argues that state actions since 9/11 have to be seen in the context of rising associations between Muslims and violence since the 1980s. States have responded to these associations with an overlapping three…
Muslims and the State in the Post-9/11 West
Recent events have layered a security dimension on top of pre-existing concerns about Muslim integration in liberal democracies. The contributions to this collection address four central themes related to the emerging interactions between Muslims and states in contemporary Europe and North America: the timing of the securitisation trend in these countries; the types of state policy being produced; the effectiveness of different policies in managi…
State responses to ‘Ethnic Riots’ in liberal democracies
The study of ethnic riots has a substantial pedigree in the social sciences, but so far there has been no systematic attempt to unify insights from scholars working on different areas of the world, nor has there been any extensive application of existing knowledge to the study of Western Europe. We address these two lacunae by drawing on contemporary scholarship to generate testable hypotheses about state responses to ethnic riots in liberal demo…
Social Research and ‘Race’ Policy Framing in Britain and France
This article assesses the effect of social research on the origins and evolution of race frames and race policy-making in Britain and France. Social research can provide new ideas and information within an existing system, and in so doing, it may spur a shift in policy frames. Social research may seldom be the most important influence on policy frames or policy outcomes, but its timing, its fit with the interests of powerful actors and the ways i…
What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept
Islamophobia is an emerging comparative concept in the social sciences. Yet there is no widely accepted definition of Islamophobia that permits systematic comparative and causal analysis. This article explores how the term Islamophobia has been deployed in public and scholarly debates, emphasizing that these discussions have taken place on multiple registers. It then draws on research on concept formation, prejudice, and analogous forms of status…
The Rise of Hate Speech and Hate Crime Laws in Liberal Democracies
Since the 1960s, many liberal democracies have instituted laws that penalise hate speech and hate crimes in ways that limit the freedom for racists to express themselves. This article examines the legislation and enforcement of provisions against incitement to racial hatred, Holocaust denial, and crimes motivated by racial bias in Western Europe and the United States. Viewed over time, the pace of change has more closely resembled a slow creep th…
Why Are Racist Associations Free in Some States and Banned in Others? Evidence from 10 Liberal Democracies
This article examines factors that explain cross-national variation in states' willingness to repress racist associations. Non-democratic regime history is the primary factor that predisposes a country toward repression. Yet three situational triggers also matter when accounting for the development and application of a state's provisions. First, the immediate aftermath of the transition to democracy can spark new laws and bans; second, ratifying …
What Makes Muslims Feel French
In this article, we analyze the extent to which Muslims self-identify as French. A common interpretation of Muslim political attitudes assumes that Islam fundamentally conflicts with mainstream European society and that when Muslims are more attached to their religion they will be less likely to identify as French. We examine this assumption by exploring whether Muslim national identification is more strongly related to religiosity or other facto…
Freedom of Expression versus Racist Hate Speech
The USA and European countries have developed radically different approaches to regulating racist hate speech over the past 50 years. This divergence is largely a function of rulings by the US Supreme Court and the European Court of Human Rights. While the Supreme Court has elected to uphold the freedom to express inflammatory racism in public, the European Court has almost always sided with its 47 member states when they have enforced laws curbi…
Deux poids, deux mesures
Contre l'idée d'une justice qui ferait du « deux poids, deux mesures », l'examen des arrêts de la Cour de cassation relatifs aux discours de haine entre 1972 et 2012 montre que les discours islamophobes sont tout autant réprimés que les autres discours racistes. Sur la base de la loi de 1972 contre le racisme, la plus haute cour française considère que l'humour n'excuse pas toutes les provocations, mais que la liberté des discours politiques doit…
Media Portrayals of Minorities
To better understand the public portrayal of minorities, we propose a new and systematic procedure for measuring the standing of different groups that relies on the tone of daily newspaper headlines containing the names of minority groups. This paper assesses the portrayal of Muslims in the British print media between 2001 and 2012, focusing especially on testing scholarly propositions that Muslims are depicted in a systematically negative way. W…
Political science (42 obras) · Sociology (37 obras) · Law (34 obras) · Law (20 obras) · Politics (20 obras) · Gender Studies (13 obras) · Migration, Refugees, and Integration (12 obras) · History (11 obras) · Media studies (11 obras) · Political economy (11 obras)